ARATILES 

(Muntigia calabura) AS AN ANTI-BACTERIAL SOAP

Situational Analysis

Presented by:

BARUZO, FRANKLIN Y.

FERRER, DAFNY B.

GALVAN, SHERLY N.

GALVEZ, CLARAGEN FAYE A.

LOPEZ, ALAIKA ANN R.

LLAMERA, ANGELO G.

YAPIT, RYSAL D.

Presented to:

Dr. CRISTITA C. FERRER

School Year: 2020-2021

 ARATILES (Muntigia calabura) AS AN ANTI-BACTERIAL SOAP

Situational Analysis

Introduction

Soap is an essential cleaning agent that aids in keeping people and their surroundings clean.
When soap is mixed with water, it forms a more effective lather than water alone at removing
dirt and grease. Fats and lye are the main ingredients, and both can be made from materials
that can be found all over the world. Saponification is a process that can be used to create it. 

People usually suffer from skin problems like being rough and dark nowadays due to too
much exposure to heat from the sun and lack of nutrients to moisturize the body. That is why
there is a reliable soap wherein the aratiles tree leaves can be used as a component for a soap
due to their high anti-oxidant value and moisturizing capability. Furthermore, according to the
article entitled "The Aratiles Tree," M.Calabura poses a potential antibacterial property
comparable to the standard antibiotics. (M. Calabura)

Aratiles (Muntigia calabura) is a fast-growing tree native to the Philippines with spreading
branches and a height of 5 to 10 meters. It’s hairy, sticky, oblong-ablate leaves are edible,
sweet, and juicy, and the fruit contains a large number of tiny (0.5millimetres) yellow seeds. Its
flowers can also be used to make antiseptics and as a therapy for abdominal cramps. The bark
is also used in the production of soap. (Cresandra Reyes)

Aratiles fruit, on the other hand, is a small but well-known and healthy fruit produced by a
multipurpose tree and thus deserves to be included. The plentiful fruits are small, with red and
yellow skin, smooth, thin, tender-skin and light-brown, thick, juicy pulp with sweet, musky, fig-
like pulp, filled with highly minute, yellowish seeds, too fine to be noticed when eating. The
fruit has become naturalized and is readily available. It is widely known, especially in the
Philippines. (Cresandra Reyes)

A lot of aratiles trees are planted around us. Still, we didn't know that this can be an
antibacterial agent, so the researcher has decided to make the aratiles leaves as antibacterial
soap. We can see a lot of aratiles tree cause it grows everywhere like an ordinary tree, which is
why this is well known in our country. 
People thought that the only use of aratiles tree is to bear fruits to be eaten, but this tree is
different for it has many nutrients and uses that some people didn't know, like the leaves of it
can use a bar of antibacterial soap.
    
This research aims to see if Aratilis (Muntigia calabura) soap can be used as an effective
antibacterial for us nowadays. The researchers will use this method to see how effective Aratilis
(Muntigia calabura) leaves in soap are at Anti-Bacterial. This is how a research study is
conceived.
The Objective of the Study

             The concern of this study is to find out the effectiveness of Aratilis (Muntingia calabura)
leaves extract as antibacterial soap.
      
Specifically, it aimed to:

1. Determine the effectiveness of Aratiles soap to all the users of this soap
2. Determine the quality of the Aratiles soap in terms of:
1. pH Level
2. Lather product
3. Fragrance
4. Visual appearance
3. If there is a significant difference in the quality of the soap and ordinary soap in terms of:
1. pH Level
2. Lather product
3. Fragrance
4. Visual appearance
4. If the produced soap beneficial to the skin in terms of:
1. Antibacterial
2. Anti-inflammatory
3. Moisturizing
4. Lightening
5. Anti-aging
6.
Null Hypothesis

1. The Aratiles leaves extract does not affect an antibacterial soap 

2. The Aratiles leaves extract soap has a low quality as soap 
3. The Aratiles leaves extract has no significant difference between the quality of an
ordinary 
4. The Aratiles leaves extract has no beneficial effect on the skin 

Alternative Hypothesis 

1. The Aratiles leaves extract has an antibacterial soap. 

2. The Aratiles leaves extract soap has a high quality as an antibacterial soap 
3. The Aratiles leaves extract has a significant difference between the quality of an
ordinary soap 
 4. The Aratiles leaves extract has a beneficial effect on the skin.

Significance of the Study 

   This study will be conducted to extend the known knowledge about Aratiles, its contents,
benefits, and uses. Moreover, the study will prove that it is possible to produce a soap using a
natural extract of Aratiles leaves. The concept of the study was to make an alternative soap
with an antibacterial agent. The success of this study will be beneficial to the following:

Grade 11 and 12 students. For them to have a reference on the preparations of making soap
and how Aratiles soap was made. It can also help them understand the benefits they can
receive by using it as an alternative soap.

Parents. For them to be informed and guide their children properly in their proper hygiene
through an organic soap. It will also help them to take care of their skin since it aims to know if
it is beneficial to the skin.

Consumers. For them to try and test a new feature of a soap that is not yet available in the
market. Since our study is to produce a soap using Aratiles leaves, they may also use this study
to find some facts on how the soap will benefit the skin.

Society and Community. Soap is personal hygiene that can prevent skin illness from one person
to another throughout a community. Because Aratiles soap is an antibacterial formula that can
help society and the community lessen communicative skin diseases.

For economy and Education system. If the Aratiles soap is proven effective, they can use this
study to sell soaps or experimental variables.

Environment. Aratiles soap is an organic soap; it's suitable for any skin type of skin, for children,
especially for people with sensitive skin, it is environmentally friendly. We can protect the
environment from poisoning it with the toxic chemicals contained in ordinary soap.

Future researchers. For them to have a reference if they would have a topic related to this
study. This research can serve as a related study for future researchers who will plan to make
any related study about Aratiles.

Time and Place of the Study 

This study was conducted at San Juan, La Union, from April 2021-July 2021.
   
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
Parameters
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE Sensory Evaluation of Aratiles
Concertration of Aratilis leaves Extract Soap in terms of:
Extracts in the soap mixture
a. pH Level
(30g)
b. Lather Production
Extract Others c. Fragrance
d. Visual Appearance
70% 30%

60% 40%
Skin reaction of using Aratiles
soap in terms of:
50% 50%
a. Anti-Bacterial
b. Anti-inflammatory
c. Moisturizing
d. Lightening
e. Anti-aging

Figure 1: Conceptual Framework

Definition of terms 

Anti-Aging - Designed to prevent the appearance of getting older.

Antibacterial- The leaves of Aratiles can be used as antibacterial soap because it contains
chemical ingredients that purportedly assist in killing bacteria.

Anti-Inflammatory- is a property of a substance or treatment that reduces inflammation or

swelling.

Aratiles- Is a fast-growing tree native to the Philippines with spreading branches and a height of
5 to 10 meters. It’s hairy, sticky, oblong-ablate leaves are edible, sweet, and juicy, and the fruit
contains a large number of tiny (0.5millimetres) yellow seeds.

Fragrance- The pleasant sweet smell of Aratiles soap.

Lather- a frothy white mass of bubbles produced by Aratiles soap or a similar cleansing
substance mixed with water.

Moisturizing- Aratiles tree leaves have a moisturizing capability.

Saponification- Is a process that can be used to create soap.

Soap- Is an essential cleaning agent that aids in keeping people and their surroundings clean.

Skin whitening, also known as skin lightening and skin bleaching, uses chemical substances to
lighten the skin or provide an even skin color by reducing the melanin concentration in the skin.

Visual appearance- The visual appearance of Aratilis soap is given by how they appeal to the
respondents.
 CHAPTER ll

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Medicinal plants are essentials sources of therapeutic assistance in human ailments.

Traditional medicine relies on approximately 80% of people in developing countries and
worldwide from primary health care. Surprisingly, plant extract is used in nearly 85 % of
traditional medicine. Understanding the health risks and toxicities associated with the
unsystematic use of synthetic drugs and antibiotics has reignited interest in using plant and
plant-based medications worldwide. However, there are still many medicinal plants that need
to be researched for their potential pharmacological value. Muntigia calabura L. is one of the
plants that has recently been designed as a medicinal plant (Elaeocarpaceae).

  Muntigia calabura is known throughout the world as "Jamaican cherry," and Malaysia,
particularly along with the Malay, is known as "kerukup siam." Being the only species within the
genius Muntigia, It is native to Southern Mexico, Tropical South America, Central America, the
Greater Antilles, Trinidad, and St. Vincent. It is also widely grown in India and Southeast Asia;
Muntigia calabura is commonly cultivated as roadside trees in Malaysia (Morton, 1987; Sani et
al., 2012; Yusof et al., 2011; et al., 2006a,b, 2010, 2011; Zakaria et al., 2006a,b, 2007a-f, 2008,
2010, 2011).

This plant is a slender, incredibly quickly growing tree with nearly horizontal extending
branches that grow to a height of 7.5-12 meters. Muntigia calabura has evergreen leaves that
are 5-12.5 centimeters diameter, alternate lanceolate or oblong on shape, long-pointed at the
apex, oblique at the base, dark green in color and minutely hairy in the upper surface, gray or
brown hairy on the underside, and irregularly toothed.

The flowers are about 1.25-2 centimeters are borne singly or in the group of two or three
on the leaf axils. They have five green sepals and white petals, as many prominent yellow
stamens. The fruit is plentiful, round, and about 1-1.2 centimeters tall, with red and yellow thin,
smooth, tender skin and light-brown, soft juicy pulp with a lovely, musky, fig-like flavor, and
packed with tiny, yellowish seeds (Morton).

REASONS

Foreign Studies
 The only species in the Muntigia genus, M. calabura, is the Synonym of M. Rosea H. karst.
This flowering plant is native to America and Southern Mexico and widely grown in tropical
Asian Countries, including Inda, Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam, and
Singapore (Morton 1897; Sani et al. 2012; Yusof et al. 2011 Zakaria et al. 2010, 2011)

Traditional folklore used M. calabura (leaves, fruits, roots, and barks) to treat various
diseases. However, because this plant is undervalued or neglected in Malaysian, there is limited
information on M. Calabura Traditional (Zakaria et al.)

According to Pharma Chemica (2015), The Muntigia calabura leaves exhibited potential
anti-tumor and anti-oxidant activities attributed to their high content of phenolic compounds.
The leaves also exerted potential anti-tyrosinase and anti-oxidant activities. The aqueous leaf
extract at concentrations of 10%, 50%, and 100% showed significant anti-nociceptive, anti-
inflammatory, and antipyretic activities. The chloroform-methanol and aqueous leaf extracts
exhibited antibacterial activity against typical S. aureus infection and other bacteria. 

Other studies reported the isolation of cytotoxic chalcones and flavonoids from the leaves
and cytotoxic flavonoids from the leaves and stems of Muntigia calabura. Furthermore, the
aqueous leaf extract of M. calabura elicited both transient and delayed hypothesis effects
through NO production. The activation of the NO/sGC/cGMP signaling pathway may mediate
the M. calabura-induced hypotension. Steam distillation-extraction of the fruit, followed by
GC/MS analyses, resulted in the identification of 56 compounds composed of esters (31.4%),
alcohols (15.9), phenolic compounds (11.3%), sesquiterpenoids (10.6%), and Fur a derivative
(8.3%).

Local literature

           Muntigia calabura, commonly known as aratilis or aratiles in the Philippines, has other
local name such as datiles in Bicolano and manzanitas and cereza in Ilocano. Other international
names of aratiles include Jamaican cherry, Panama berry, and Strawberry Tree in English;
bolania in Yamanza and memizo in Spanish; kersen in Indonesian; and trungca in Vietnamese.
(Muntigia, 2016) Aratilis is a small tree measuring five meters to, at most, 10 meters high with
spreading branches.

 That is why fruits are easily reached by children. Leaves are light green, oblong-ovate to
broadly oblong-lanceolate a measuring 8-13cm long-toothed margins. White flowers are long-
pedicelled, about two centimeters in diameter, and solitary in pairs. Fruits are Globose, about
one centimeter in diameter, smooth, light red, sweet, and numerous tiny seeds. The tree
originated in Tropical America, and it was introduced during the Spanish Era in the Philippines,
where it was widely distributed and became thoroughly adapted. (Aratilis, 2016).

One of the distinct characteristics of the aratiles tree is its ability to grow in poor soil and
tolerate acidic and alkaline conditions and drought; it a good "pioneer" plant.
 In addition, aratiles is also a fast-growing fruit tree and is very prolific. Once the berries
ripened and harvested, the tree flowers again are pollinated by birds and insects such as bees
and butterflies. These make for many seeds spread by man and animals as the next generation
of aratiles trees.

Aratilis trees can shed many leaves and branch litter. Therefore, they can be used for
reforestation projects in a level open area as they contribute to improving the soil, resulting in a
better adaption by other Trees. (Liza Barral, 2017)