COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES:

At the end of this lesson, the students should be able:

1. Analyze engineering problems in relation to the computation of volumes of prisms,

cylinders and sphere.
2. Familiarize with the concept of Cavalieri’s Theorem and Volume theorem.
3. Familiarize with the properties of prism, cylinder and sphere.

CAVALIERI'S THEOREM
THEOREM:
“If in two solids of equal altitude the sections made
by planes parallel to and that the same distance
from their respective bases are always equal, the
volumes of the solids are equal.
PRINCIPLE:
To better understand the principles behind
Cavalieri’s Theorem, consider a part of uniform
cards stop in the form of a rectangular
parallelepiped as shown in Figure(a). This file may
be distorted into the forms of various irregular solids
such as the one shown in figure (b). Obviously, the
volume of the file has not been changed.
Now consider a second part of parts of such
size that it is possible to stop them in the form of the
solid shown in figure c. here again we made a start
this file into the forms of various irregular solids
such as the one shown in figure d without changing
its volume. The parts need not be of the same shape in order to afford files of equal
volume.
For a file consisting of 100 square cards would have the same volume as a file
100 circular cards sim in figures (e) and (f) of the same area and thickness.

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VOLUME THEOREM

The volume states that “if the bases of a solid are equal in area and lie in parallel planes
and every section of the solid parallel to the base is equal in area to that of the base, the
volume of the solid is the product of its base and altitude

PRISM - prism is a polyhedron with a uniform cross-section. It is named in accordance

with its uniform cross-sectional area.

KINDS OF PRISM

PROPERTIES OF PRISM
1. The bases are the equal polygons; the lateral area is the sum of the areas of the
remaining faces.
2. the intersections of the lateral faces are called the lateral edges. These lateral
edges are equal and parallel.
3. the sections of a prism made by parallel planes cutting all the lateral edges are
equal polygons.
4. The altitude of a prism is the perpendicular distance between the planes of its
bases.

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 5. A right section of a prism is a section perpendicular to the lateral edges.
6. A right prism is a prism whose lateral edges are perpendicular to its bases; its
lateral faces are rectangles.
GENERAL FORMULA FOR THE VOLUME OF PRISM:

𝑉 = 𝐴𝑅𝐸𝐴 𝑂𝐹 𝑈𝑁𝐼𝐹𝑂𝑅𝑀 𝐶𝑅𝑂𝑆𝑆 − 𝑆𝐸𝐶𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 𝑿 𝐻𝐸𝐼𝐺𝐻𝑇

𝑽𝑷𝑹𝑰𝑺𝑴 = 𝑨 𝑿 𝑯

Note: General formula is applicable for any type of prism/solid with a uniform cross-
section. For example,

𝑽𝑹𝑬𝑪𝑻.𝑷𝑹𝑰𝑺𝑴 = 𝑨𝑹𝑬𝑪𝑻𝑨𝑵𝑮𝑳𝑬 𝑿 𝑯

𝑽𝑻𝑹𝑰𝑨𝑵𝑮𝑼𝑳𝑨𝑹𝑷𝑹𝑰𝑺𝑴 = 𝑨𝑻𝑹𝑰𝑨𝑵𝑮𝑳𝑬 𝑿 𝑯

𝑽𝑻𝑹𝑨𝑷𝑬𝒁𝑶𝑰𝑫𝑨𝑳 𝑷𝑹𝑰𝑺𝑴 = 𝑨𝑻𝑹𝑨𝑷𝑬𝒁𝑶𝑰𝑫 𝑿 𝑯

CYLINDER – although cylinders are not prism, they have uniform cross-section (which is
a circle). So, the general formula cam still be used to determine the volume of a regular
cylinder. That is,

𝑽𝑪𝒀𝑳𝑰𝑵𝑫𝑬𝑹 = 𝑨𝑪𝑰𝑹𝑪𝑳𝑬 𝑿 𝑯

𝑽𝑪𝒀𝑳𝑰𝑵𝑫𝑬𝑹 = 𝝅𝒓𝟐 𝑿 𝑯

EXAMPLE:

1. Compute for the volume of the cylinder shown.

SOLUTION :
𝑽𝑪𝒀𝑳𝑰𝑵𝑫𝑬𝑹 = 𝑨𝑪𝑰𝑹𝑪𝑳𝑬 𝑿 𝑯

𝑽𝑪𝒀𝑳𝑰𝑵𝑫𝑬𝑹 = 𝝅𝒓𝟐 𝑿 𝑯 = 𝝅(𝟏𝟓 𝒄𝒎) 𝑿 (𝟐𝟎 𝒄𝒎)

𝑽𝑪𝒀𝑳𝑰𝑵𝑫𝑬𝑹 = 𝟏𝟒, 𝟏𝟑𝟕. 𝟏𝟕 𝒄𝒎𝟑

2. Compute the volume of the slice of bread with a uniform cross-sectional area of
8000 mm2 and a thickness of 17 mm.

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 SOLUTION:
Since the cross-sectional area of the bread is given to be 8,000 mm 2 and
the thickness t=17mm which is the height of the object. Thus,

𝑽𝒃𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒅 = 𝑨𝑩𝑹𝑬𝑨𝑫 𝑿 𝒕
𝑽𝒃𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒅 = 𝟖, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝟐 𝑿 𝟏𝟕 𝒎𝒎
𝑽𝒃𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒅 = 𝟏𝟑𝟔, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝟑
3. Compute for the height, h of the triangular prism as
shown in the figure.

SOLUTION:
Give V=6.6 m3 ; b=2m; t=1.1 m
𝑽𝑻𝑹𝑰𝑨𝑵𝑮𝑼𝑳𝑨𝑹𝑷𝑹𝑰𝑺𝑴 = 𝑨𝑻𝑹𝑰𝑨𝑵𝑮𝑳𝑬 𝑿 𝑯

𝟏
Where 𝑨𝑻𝑹𝑰𝑨𝑵𝑮𝑳𝑬 = 𝒙𝒃𝒙𝒉
𝟐

𝟏
𝑽𝑻𝑹𝑰𝑨𝑵𝑮𝑼𝑳𝑨𝑹𝑷𝑹𝑰𝑺𝑴 = 𝒙𝒃𝒙𝒉𝒙𝑯
𝟐

𝟏
𝟔. 𝟔 𝒎𝟑 = 𝒙 𝟐𝒎 𝒙 𝒉 𝒙 𝟏. 𝟏 𝒎
𝟐

𝒉 = 𝟔. 𝟎 𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒔

Therefore, the height of the prism is 6 meters.

VOLUME OF SPHERES AND COMPOSITE OBJECTS

SPHERES -are unique (but common) objects that deserve special attention.

𝟒
FORMULA: 𝑽𝑺𝑷𝑯𝑬𝑹𝑬 = 𝝅𝒓𝟑 where: r=radius
𝟑

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VOLUME OF COMPOSITE OBJECTS:

COMPOSITE OBJECTS - comprising two or more different common prisms,

pyramids or spheres. The volume of a composite object is found by adding the
volumes of the individual common figures or deducting volumes.

𝑽𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒆 = 𝑽𝟏 + 𝑽𝟐 + 𝑽𝟑 +. . . +𝑽𝒏

OR 𝑽𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒆 = 𝑽𝟏 − 𝑽𝟐

EXAMPLE:

1. A soccer ball is packaged in a cube-shaped box.

What is the volume of the space in the package that is
not occupied by the ball?

SOLUTION:

The space is the volume of the air if the ball is inside the cube/box. Thus,

𝑽𝒂𝒊𝒓 = 𝑽𝒃𝒐𝒙 − 𝑽𝒃𝒂𝒍𝒍

𝟒
𝑽𝒂𝒊𝒓 = (𝒍 𝒙 𝒘 𝒙𝒉) − ( 𝞹 𝒙 𝒓𝟑 )
𝟑
𝟒
𝑽𝒂𝒊𝒓 = (𝟐𝟎𝒄𝒎𝒙𝟐𝟎𝒄𝒎𝒙𝟐𝟎𝒄𝒎) − 𝞹𝒙(𝟏𝟎𝒄𝒎)𝟑
𝟑
𝑽𝒂𝒊𝒓 = 𝟑, 𝟖𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟏 𝒄𝒎𝟑

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 2. Compute for the capacity of the given container:

SOLUTION:
The capacity of the container is the total volume of the composite figure
which is composed of the volume of the cylinder at the top and the square-based
prism at the bottom. Thus, 𝑽𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒓 = 𝑽𝒄𝒚𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓 + 𝑽𝒔𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒎

𝑽𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒓 = (𝑨𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒍𝒆 𝒙𝑯𝒄𝒚𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓 ) + (𝑨𝒔𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒙𝑯𝒔𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒎 )

𝑽𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒓 = (𝞹𝒓𝟐 𝒙𝑯𝒄𝒚𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓 ) + (𝒍𝟐 𝒙𝑯𝒔𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒎 )

𝑽𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒓 = [𝞹𝒙(𝟔𝒄𝒎)𝟐 𝒙𝟐𝟎𝒄𝒎] + [(𝟏𝟖𝒄𝒎)𝟐 𝒙𝟐𝟓𝒄𝒎)]

𝑽𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒓 = 𝟏𝟎, 𝟑𝟔𝟏. 𝟖𝟓 𝒄𝒎𝟑

***The capacity of the container is 10,361 cm 3 or 10.361 liters.