EXTRA STRUCTURE QUESTIONS

17. Some students investigated the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis.
They used the apparatus shown in Figure 2.
Fig 2

The students:
 placed the lamp 10 cm from the pondweed
 counted the number of bubbles of gas released from the pondweed in 1 minute
 repeated this for different distances between the lamp and the pondweed.

(a) (i) The lamp gives out heat as well as light.

What could the students do to make sure that heat from the lamp did not affect
the rate of photosynthesis? [1mark]

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(ii) What is the function of the lamp here? [1mark]

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(b) The table below shows the students’ results

 (i) At distances between 15 cm and 50 cm, light was a limiting factor for
photosynthesis. What evidence is there for this in the table? [1mark]

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(ii) Give one factor that could have limited the rate of photosynthesis when the
distance was between 10 cm and 15 cm. [1mark]

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(c) The diagram below shows a section through a plant leaf.

State the special anatomy that this plant leaf has to reduce photorespiration. [1mark]

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ANSWER :

No. Answers Marks Sub total Total

marks marks
17 5
a. i any one from: 1 2
 add a water bath
 heat screen
 use LED
 low energy bulb / described

ii sunlight 1
bi rate / number of bubbles decreases 1 5
or
less oxygen / gas released
 accept converse with reference to increasing light or
shorter distance ignore reference to rate of
photosynthesis

ii temperature / CO2 (concentration) 1

accept ‘it was too cool’ or not enough CO2

accept number of chloroplasts / amount of chlorophyll
allow heat
allow CO2
do not allow CO2
c The following points are all acceptable but beyond 1
the scope of the specification:
 (waxy) cuticle – reduce water loss
 epidermis – no chloroplasts so allows light to
penetrate
 stomata / guard cells – allow CO2 in (and O2 out) or
controls water loss
 palisade (mesophyll) – many chloroplasts to trap light

– near top of leaf for receiving more light

 spongy (mesophyll) – air spaces for rapid movement
of gases

16. The diagram shows a simplified section through a mitochondrion of a muscle cell.

(a)Which of the labels A to E show the location of the following:

(i) the enzymes catalysing the Krebs cycle reactions
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(ii) phosphorylation of glucose by ATP [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………..………………
(iii) most ATP production by the cell [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………..………………………
(iv) a high H+ concentration as a result of proton pumping [1 mark]

……………………………… …………………………………………………………………………
(v) where lactate may be formed. [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) The inner membrane of a mitochondrion forms many folds called cristae. Explain how this is an
adaptation which helps the mitochondrion to carry out its function. [2 marks]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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(c) Explain the difference between substrate level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation.[2 marks]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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ANSWER:

NO ANSWER SUBTOTAL TOTAL

16(a) (i) C 1 5
(ii) A 1
(iii) D 1
(iv) E 1
(v) A 1
(b) The inner membrane is the site of ATP synthesis in the 1 2
mitochondrion.
The folds result in an increased surface area of the membrane 1
allowing more ATP synthesis.

(c) Substrate level phosphorylation is the formation of ATP from ADP 1 2

using phosphate derived from substrates of the glycolysis pathway.
Oxidative phosphorylation is the formation of ATP from ADP and 1
inorganic phosphate, coupled with the electron flow (oxidations) in
the electron transport chain.

17. The diagram below summarises the biochemical pathways involved in photosynthesis.

(a) Name molecule A. [1 mark]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) (i) Describe how NADP is reduced in the light-dependent reaction. [2 marks]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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(ii) Describe the role played by reduced NADP in the light-independent reaction. [2 marks]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(c) Explain why a poison that inhibits an enzyme of the Calvin cycle will also inhibit the light
reactions. [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

ANSWER :

17(a) ATP 1 1

(b) (i) Electrons raised to higher energy level; 1 2

passed through chain of hydrogen acceptors; hydrogen ions; 1
from photolysis/water 1

(ii) Reduces; 1 2
glycerate phosphate/GP 1
(c) The light reactions require ADP and NADP+, which would not be 1 1
formed in sufficient quantities from ATP and NADPH if the
Calvin cycle stopped.

SMK ST ANTHONY, SARIKEI

16 What is meant by the Michaelis-Menten constant, Km in a chemical reaction involving an enzyme? [1]
(a)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(b) State the importance of determining Km for an enzyme [1]

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(c) The diagram below shows a Lineweaver-Burk plot of an enzyme-catalysed reaction.

(i) With reference to the graph above, determine the values Km and Vmax. [2]

Km = Vmax =
(ii) State the Michaelis-Menten equation [1]

(iii) When the Km = [S], prove that V = Vmax / 2 [1]

(iv) On the diagram given in (c), sketch the graph showing the effect with the presence of a competitive [1]
inhibitor and label it “P”

(v) On the diagram given in (c), sketch the graph showing the effect with the presence of a non-competitive [1]
inhibitor and label it “Q”

ANSWER :
Q16 Marking scheme 4.2c Marks
(a) The substrate concentration that produces one half Vmax. [1]

(b) Km shows the affinity of binding of an enzyme for its substrate // [1]
The lower the Km , the greater the affinity of binding between the enzyme and its substrate

(c)(i) Correct working step, answer and unit [2]

- 1/ Km = -1 x 103 M-1 1 / Vmax = 2 x 109 mol-1 min

Km = 1 x 103 M Vmax = 0.5 x 10-9 mol/min / 5 x 10-10 mol min-1
(ii) Vo = Vmax [s] / Km + [S] [1]

(iii) When Km = [S] [1]

V = Vmax [s] / Km + [S]
= Vmax [s] / [S] + [S]
= Vmax [s] / 2[S]
= Vmax / 2
(iv) P[1]
(v) Q[1]

17 The diagram below represents an outline of the stages in anaerobic respiration in the muscles: [1]
(a) Name the compounds represented by Y and Z. Y: …………………….. Z: …………………….. [2]

(b)(i) At which step is ATP produced? ……………………………. [1]

(b)(ii) How many molecules of ATP are produced in anaerobic respiration? ……………………………. [1]
(c) What is the role of NAD+ in the diagram? [1]

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(d) State one effect if compound Z accumulates in the muscles during anaerobic respiration [1]

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(e) Give an example of food industry that applies this anaerobic respiration. [1]
…………………………………….. …………………………….

ANSWER :

Q17 Marking scheme 5.3a + 5.3b Marks

(a) Y = reduced NAD / NADH Z = lactate [2]

(b)(i) Step 1 [1]

(b)(ii) 2 ATP molecules [1]

(c) (Regeneration of )NAD+ allows glycolysis to continue in the anaerobic condition. [1]

(d) It will cause muscle fatique & pain / cramping / lowers blood pH [1]

(e) Yogurt / cheese / dairy products [1]