SOC SCI 101: ETHICS

DISTRIBUTIVE
JUSTICE
JUSTICE
is derived from the Latin word Jus.
Jus which means joining or fitting.

William A. Dunning

"Justice was described as the regular virtue

which produces a general harmony in

character and general good order in

conduct."
 Aristotle classified

justice into two types

such as:

1. Distributive
Justice

2.Corrective
Justice
 DISTRIBUTIVE

JUSTICE
is a concept that addresses the ownership of goods in a

society. It assumes that there ought to be a large of

fairness in the distribution of goods based on:

Productivity and merit (Plato)
Social Utility, public interest (J.S. Mill)
Need and ability (Socialism: Marx0
Equal Opportunity (welfare liberalism: Rawls
Ownership of property, free choices (Classical

Liberalism:Nozick)

DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE - is absent when

equal work does not produce equal

outcomes or when an individual or a

Equal work should provide indviduals

group requires a disproprortionate

with an equal outcome in terms of goods

amount of goods.
acquired or the ability to acquire goods.
PRECONDITIONS THAT LEADS

THREE ISSUES
TO DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE CONTINUED AND THREE
1. Scarcity of resources PRECONDITIONS
2. Technology Development
3. Normativity: what should Think the relationship between the scope,
be right / wrong/ or shape, and currency of the distributive justice
good/bad. as follows:

What patterns(shape) should be used to determine

who (scope) gets what (currency)
 PRINCIPLES OF

DISTRIBUTIVE

JUSTICE
FUNDAMENTAL: distribute benefits and burdens equally to equals and unequally to
unequals.

EGALITARIAN: distribute equally to everyone

CAPITALIST: distribute by contributions
SOCIALIST: distribute by need and ability
LIBERTARIAN: distribute by free choices
RAWLS: distribute by equal liberty, equal opportunity, and needs of disadvantaged
 SOME OF THE EGALITARIAN S HA VE

TRIED TO STRENGT HEN T HE I R

POSITION BY DIST INGUISHI N G

BETWEEN TWO KINDS OF EQUA L IT Y;

POLITICAL EQUALITY AND E CONOMIC

EQUALITY.

1. Political equality: refers to an equal participation

in, and treatment by, the means of controlling and

directing the political system. This includes rights to

participate in the legislative process, equal civil

liberties and equal rights to due process..

2. Economic equality: refers to the equality of

income and wealth and equality of opportunity. The

criticisms levelled against equality, according to

some egalitarians, their criticisms about equality

only apply to economic equality not political

equality.
The main question that is raised by contributive
justice is how the value of contribution of each
should be measured, some say it should be
measures in terms of work effort, the harder
one works the more one deserves.

This is the assumption behind the Puritan

ethic, which held that individuals had a
religious obligation to work hard at their
calling (the career to which God summons
each individual) and that God justly
rewards hard work with wealth and A second part says that contribution

success, while He justly punishes laziness should be measured in terms of

with poverty and failure. productivity, the better quality of a

person’s contributed product, the

more he or she should receive.

 CORRECTIVE
JUSTICE
is the idea that liability rectifies the injustice inflicted.

by one person on another. This idea received its

classic formulation in. Aristotle's treatment ofjustice

in NicomacheanEthics

Corrective Justice - recognizes the intagible aspect

of harm resulting from the actions of wrong doer.

However, Corrective Justice offers

Through the use of compensatory damages ,

the same response to such harm as

corrective justice seeks to correct inequality

restitution does for material

created through the interference with the

loss, namely a transfer from the

wrongdoer to sufferer.
sufferer's right
 CORRECTIVE

JUSTICE
thus, the old adage ' two wrongs don't make a
right' holds true here. Making the wrongdoer
worse off in fact moves us further away from
the ideal of social equality, and, thus, further
away from meeting the demands of justice.

Corrective justice then shares with restorative

justice the recognition that the harms begging

redress after wrongdoing involve more than

simply the direct material loss suffered - that,

first and foremost, wrongdoing is a wrong

against the right of the victim.

 JOHN RAWLS
John Rawl's theory of justice is
perhaps the best-known modern
conception of justice.

He combine utilitarian and right based concepts

in his theory of distributive justice.

Rawls believes that any inequalities should be to the

benefit of those who are least advantaged:

Each person is to
Social and economic

have an equal
inequalities are to be

right arranged
RAWLS

Rawls uses a heuristic device that he calls the veil of

ignorance to explain the idea the people will develop

fair principles of distribution only if they are ignorant of

their position in society, for they just as easily may be

"have-nots" as "haves".
 JOHN RAWLS
The Kantian commitment: each individual is a member

of the kingdom of ends

Rawls’ theory is intended as a corrective to the

possibility that utilitarianism will fail to honor the

moral distinctiveness of individuals

The right is defined prior to the good
Social contract theory
Justice as fairness
Distillation of modern liberalism
Liberal democracy
Market economies
 RAWLS 'S SOCIAL

CONTACT

Links up moral choice (consent) and rational choice: the

original position and the veil of ignorance as a way to avoid the
principles of justice being infected by self-interest
Hypothetical contract that identifies the most basic principles
of justice
Such a contractarian approach could also be (and has been)
used to justify utilitarianism.
 RAWLS’S PRINCIPLES

OF JUSTICE
Each person is to have an equal right to the most

extensive total system of equal basic liberties

compatible with a similar system of liberty for all

Social and economic inequalities are to be

arranged so that they are both: (a) to the greatest

benefit of the least advantaged (the difference

principle) and (b) attached to offices and positions

open to all under conditions of fair equality of

opportunity

_ The lexical ordering of the principles (the

priority of liberty)
-Utilitarianism, Rawls’s principles,

egalitariansim
-Desert: defined by the principles of justice
LAISSEZ-FAIRE
is a policy of minimum governmental interference in

the economic affairs of individuals and society. The

doctrine of laissez-faire is usually associated with

the economists known as Physiocrats, who flourished

in France from about 1756 to 1778. The term laissez-

faire means, in French, “allow to do..

The French phrase laissez faire literally means "allow to do," with

the idea being "let people do as they choose." The origins of

laissez-faire are associated with the Physiocrats, a group of 18th-

century French economists who believed that government policy

should not interfere with the operation of natural economic ..

 LAISSEZ-FAIRE:

CAPITALISM/SOCIALISM

Economic system which develops during

the Enlightenment .

A belief that the Government should have

a 'hands-off' approach to business.

. In his first book, The Theory of Moral Sentiments, Smith

proposed the idea of an invisible hand—the tendency of

free markets to regulate themselves using competition,

ADAM SMITH supply and demand, and self-interest. He believed that a

was an 18th-century Scottish economist,

free market with unregulated exchange of goods and

philosopher, and author who is considered the

father of modern economics. services would help all.

 Max and Engels believe industral

capitalism created a gap between the rich

LAISSEZ-FAIRE
and the poor. Socialism Emerges:
Laissez-faire capitalism focused on

individual rights, Max and Engels will

focus on the society in general.

Their solution= Socialism. Individuals would

not own the " means of production.

 MARX EXPLAINS

CLASS STRUGGLES WEALTH

WOULD
AND
BE
POWER
EQUALLY
SHARED BY ALL

Marx begins advocating for communism, which was

a form of socialism.

BELIEVED THAT THE STRUGGLE BETWEEN DIFFERED

SOCIAL CLASSES WOULD LEAD TO THE CREATION OF A

CLASSLESS SOCIETY, WHERE THE MEANS OF

PRODUCTION" IS OWNED BY THE COMMUNITY.

Marx sees history as a struggle between the 'haves"

and "have-nots".

"HAVES' = THE BOURGOEOISIE

"HAVE NOTS = THE PROLETARIAT"
Marx saw the proletariat rising up and overthrowing the bourgeoisie

, replacing capitalism with a classless scociety.

 STATE
SOCIALISM
WHO INTRODUCED STATE SOCIALISM?

The 1880s were a period when Germany started on

its long road towards the welfare state as it is
today. The Centre, National Liberal and Social
Democratic political parties were all involved in
the beginnings of social legislation, but it was
Bismarck who established the first practical
aspects of this program

State socialism is a political and economic ideology, theorised by

Ferdinand Lassalle, within the socialist movement which is against

private ownership and advocating state ownership of the means of

production, either as a temporary measure or as a characteristic of

socialism in the transition from the capitalist to the socialist mode of

production or communist society. It refers to the theory, doctrine and

movement that advocates a planned economy controlled by the state

in which all industries and natural resources are state owned

 CONTINUATION

STATE

SOCIALISM
is a classification for any socialist
It is often used interchangeably
State socialism is held in contrast with

libertarian socialism, which rejects the view

with state capitalism in

political and economic perspective that socialism can be constructed by using

reference to the economic

existing state institutions or by

advocating state ownership of the

systems of Marxist-Leninist

governmental policies. By contrast,

proponents of state socialism claim that the

means of production either as a

states such as the Soviet Union
state-through practical considerations of

governing--must play at least a temporary

temporary measure in the

to highlight the role of state
part in building socialism. It is possible to

conceive of a democratic state that owns

planning in these economies,

transition from capitalism to

the means of production, but it is internally

with the critics of said system

organized in a participatory, cooperative

socialism, or as characteristic of
referring to it more commonly

fashion, thereby achieving both social

ownership of productive property and

socialism itself as "state capitalism". workplace democracy in day-to-day

operations.
 Democratic Socialism
- Democratic socialists reject most self-described

socialist states and Marxism–Leninism.

Democratic Socialism is a form of socialism that developed in

the late 19th century and became popular across much of the
western world in the 20th century. In general, democratic
socialism built upon the earlier ideas of Utopian Socialism and
Marxism. For example, democratic socialism supports the idea
of cooperation and collective-interest in the economy. Similar
to other socialist ideologies, democratic socialists believe in
using government intervention and influence in the economy in
order to solve some of the perceived harms created by laissez-
faire capitalism, such as: income gap between the wealthy
and the working-class, dangerous working conditions for
workers and basic worker’s right
 Let's take a look the

difference between

democratic socialism and

socialism
 PROS CONS
1) Gives Opportunity to Pursue

Success
2) Offer More Room for Value
1) Create More

Judgments Bureaucracy
3) Creates an Efficient Economy 2) Prevents Corruptible

4) Creates Income Equality within

Government
Society
5) Eliminates the Threat of Price-
3) Creates More

Fixing Government Spending

6) Reduces Classicism within Local
4) Create Lack of

Societies
7) Reduces Threat of Economic

Societal Motivation
Cycles

DEMOCRATIC

SOCIALISM PROS

AND CONS