B. Sc.

Biotechnology (CBCS STRUCTURE)

Paper 1 Environmental Biotechnology (THEORY)
SEMESTER–III
CREDITS: 4

UNIT 1 Water pollution

● Sources of Water Pollution
● Measurement of Water Pollution (BOD, COD, TOC),
● Detection of Pathogenic organisms in potable water (Indicator organisms, Standard
qualitative procedure: Presumptive test/MPN test, confirmed and completed tests for
fecal coliforms, Membrane filter technique, IMViC)

UNIT 2 Bioremediation
● Types of Bioremediations
⮚ In-situ remediation
⮚ Ex-situ Bioremediation
● Bioremediation of soil & water contaminated with oil spills, heavy metals
● Phyto-remediation.
● Degradation of pesticides and other toxic chemicals by microorganisms- degradation
of aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons and petroleum products.

UNIT 3 Biofuels and Mineral recovery

● Biofuels: Bioethanol, Biomethane Biohydrogen and Biodiesel
● Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery (MEOR)
● Mechanism of Bioleaching (Direct and Indirect Bioleaching)
● Process of Bioleaching (Dump leaching, Heap leaching)

UNIT 4 Applications of Environmental Biotechnology

● Treatment of municipal waste and Industrial effluents.
● Treatment of Liquid wastes: Preliminary treatment, Primary treatment, secondary
treatment and tertiary treatment.
● Bio-fertilizers
o Symbiotic and asymbiotic nitrogen fixing bacteria
o Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria
o Potassium Mobilizing bacteria
o Algal and fungal biofertilizers (VAM)
Suggested Readings:
1. Environmental Biotechnology by B.C. Bhattacharyya and R. Banerjee
2. Environmental Biotechnology by G. M. Evans and J. C. Furlong
3. Environmental Biotechnology by A. Scragg, Oxford
4. Microbial Ecology: Fundamentals and Applications by RM Atlas and Richard Bartha,
(4th Edn). Pearson Education
5. Environmental Biotechnology by SK Agarwal, ABH Pubs
6. APHA, AWWA Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste-water,
(16th Edn), American Public Health Association, Washington DC
7. Introductory Text of Environmental Policies and Laws by Garg VK, Bishnoi MS and
CP Malik (2002), Kalyani.
8. Biotechnology, U. Satyanarayana, 1st Edition (Reprinted 2008), Books and Allied (P)
Ltd. Kolkata
9. Biotechnology: Expanding Horizons - BD Singh
 B. Sc. Biotechnology (CBCS STRUCTURE)
PAPER 2 Biochemistry (THEORY)
SEMESTER–III
CREDITS: 4

UNIT 1 Metabolism of Amino acids

● Introduction to amino acid metabolism
● Transamination reactions
● Deamination reactions : Oxidative and Non-oxidative
● Decarboxylation reactions
● Glucose alanine shuttle
● Urea cycle
● Disorders of amino acid metabolism

UNIT 2 Metabolism of Lipids

● Introduction to lipid metabolism
● β-Oxidation of saturated fatty acid, Unsaturated fatty acid and odd chain fatty acids
● α and ω- oxidation
● Ketone bodies synthesis & utilization
● Fatty acid biosynthesis
● Disorders of lipid metabolism

UNIT 3 Metabolism of Nucleic Acid

● Introduction to nucleic acid metabolism
● Degradation of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides
● De novo biosynthetic pathway
● Salvage pathway
● Disorders of purine and pyrimidine metabolism

UNIT 4 Energetics and regulation of metabolism

● Introduction to energy metabolism
● Energetics of Carbohydrate metabolism
● Regulation of oxidative phosphorylation
● Regulation of Carbohydrate metabolism by hormones (Insulin and Glucagon)
Suggested Readings:

1. Biochemistry, 4th Edition. U. Satyanarayana and U. Chakrapani. Elsevier; 2013

2. Lehninger’s Principles of Biochemistry, Nelson and Cox (2012) : Principles of
Biochemistry (Worth Publ. Inc. USA)
3. Voet, D. and Voet, J.G. (2012) : Biochemistry 4th ed., ( John Wiley & Sons Inc/, New
York)
4. Biochemistry. 7th edition. Berg JM, Tymoczko JL, Stryer L. New York: W H Freeman;
2014
 B. Sc. Biotechnology (CBCS STRUCTURE)
PAPER 3 ENZYMOLOGY (THEORY)

SEMESTER–III
CREDITS: 4

UNIT 1 Introduction to enzymes

● Historical Background and Introduction to enzyme
● Nature of enzymes
● Other forms of enzymes (Abzymes, Ribozymes, Synzymes, Extremozymes)
● Nomenclature and Classification
● Characteristics of enzyme
● Applications of enzymes
UNIT 2 Enzyme Kinetics
● Enzyme Specificity
● Factor influence enzyme activity
● Mechanism of Enzyme action
● Enzyme Catalysis
● Enzyme Inhibitions (Reversible, Irreversible and allosteric)
● Regulation of Enzyme activity
UNIT 3 Enzyme technology
● Methods for large scale production of enzymes
● Immobilized enzymes and their comparison with soluble enzymes
● Methods of immobilization of enzymes
● Immobilized enzyme reactors
● Enzyme engineering
UNIT 4 Industrial Enzymes
● Enzymes in Pharmaceutical industry
● Enzymes in Food processing industry
● Enzymes in Diagnostics
● Enzymes in Detergents
● Enzymes in Biofuel
● Enzymes in Paper and pulp industries
Suggested Readings:

1. M. Dixon, E. C. Webb, C.J.R Thorne and K.F. Tipton (1979) Enzymes. 3rd Edition,
Longmans, Green & Co., London, and Academic Press, New York.
2. Price NC and Stevens L: Fundamentals of Enzymology, (1999) 3rd Edition, Oxford
University Press, USA
3. Foster R L: The nature of enzymology, Wiley (1980)
4. Palmer T: Understanding Enzymes (1995), 4th Edition, Ellis Horwood Ltd
5. Palmer T: Enzymes: Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Clinical Chemistry, Horwood Series
(2001)
6. Conn and Stumpf: Outlines of Biochemistry (2009), 5th Edition, John Wiley and Sons
7. Nelson DL and Cox MM: Lehninger’s Principles of Biochemistry (2014), 6th Edition, W.
H. Freeman
 B. Sc. Biotechnology (CBCS STRUCTURE)
General Elective: BIOINFORMATICS AND BIOSTATISTICS (THEORY)

SEMESTER–III
CREDITS: 4

UNIT 1 Introduction to Bioinformatics

● Bioinformatics and its relation with molecular biology
● Basics of Computer systems and its component
● Types of Operating systems
● File formats
● Basic tools and Software in Bioinformatics.
● Applications of Bioinformatics
UNIT 2 Biological Database
● Nucleic acid databases: NCBI, DDBJ, and EMBL
● Protein Sequence and Structure databases: Swissport, PIR and PDB
● Pathway Database: KEGG
● Chemical Database: PubChem, Zinc database
● Literature Database: PubMed
UNIT 3 Analysis of Biochemical Data
● Introduction and scope biostatistics
● Sampling Methods: Random and Non-Random Methods
● Representation of data: Textual, Tabular, and Graphical Methods
● Tools and software used in Biostatistics.
● Applications of Biostatistics
UNIT 4 Central Tendency and Deviations
● Measures of spread: Range, Variance and Standard Deviation
● Measurement of central tendency: Mean, Mode Median.
● Concept of Hypothesis test and null hypothesis, t-test (concept and calculation).
● ANOVA, One way ANOVA (concept and calculation), Two-way ANOVA (definition
only), SPSS and its application
Suggested Readings:

1. Fundamentals of Biostatistics, 2006 – Bernard A Rosner

2. Fundamentals of Biostatistics,5th edition, Khan and Khanum
3. Methods in Biostatistics, 2010, B.K. Mahajan
4. Fundamentals of Biostatistics, 2009, V.B. Rastogi
5. Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques, 2004, C. R. Kothari
6. Bioinformatics databases, tools and algorithms, O. Bosu & S. K. Thukral
7. Bioinformatics: Sequence and Genome Analysis by Mount D., Cold Spring Harbor
Laboratory Press, New York. 2004
8. Introduction to bioinformatics by Teresa K. Attwood, David J. Parry-Smith. Pearson
Education. 1999 Old editions
 B. Sc. Biotechnology (CBCS STRUCTURE)
SKILLS ENHANCEMENT COURSE: ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY
SEMESTER–III

UNIT 1 Introduction to Entrepreneurship and Start–Ups

● Introduction; Entrepreneur and Entrepreneurship
● Role of entrepreneurship in economic development of country and world
● Entrepreneurial competencies and motivation
● Definition of Start-up
● Policy initiatives for Start- up
UNIT 2 Industrial Structure, Practices and Benchmarks
● Organization Structure
● Human resource, R&D, Operation, Production and QA, Regulatory and Managerial
sectors
● Industrial practices: GLP, GMP, GILSP, TQM
● Industrial benchmarks: BIS, ISO
UNIT 3 Biotechnology support in India
● Status of Biotechnology industries in Gujarat and India
● Support mechanisms for entrepreneurship ( Bioincubators)
● Organizations supporting biotech growth: ICGEB, GSBTM, DBT (BCIL, BIRAC) and
CSIR, ICMR, ICAR.
● Biotechnology policy initiatives: Government of India and Government of Gujarat
● [Activity : Case study for Biotechnology industry in India (any one)]
UNIT 4 Intellectual Property Rights:
● Introduction and Basics of Intellectual Property Rights: Patents, trademarks, copyright,
design, geographical indications, Plant variety protection, farmer and breeder rights,
● Basics of Patenting process in India and PCT application for international patent
● Patenting of living organisms and genes; issues regarding gene and organism patents
● [Activity] : Case study of biotechnology patents (Oncomouse case, BRCA case)
Suggested Readings:

1. Entrepreneurship and Business of Biotechnology by S. N. Jogdand, Himalaya Pub House

Mumbai (2007).
2. Government of Gujarat Biotechnology Policy 2022-2027
https://btm.gujarat.gov.in/Portal/Document/1_88_1_2022-02-11-BT-Policy-2022-27.pdf
3. Student Startup and Innovation Policy (SSIP 2.0) Government of Gujarat
http://www.ssipgujarat.in/datafiles/SSIP_2.0_Education_Department_Gujarat.pdf
4. What is Intellectual Property? World Intellectual Property Organization
https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_450_2020.pdf
5. Biotechnology by U. Satyanarayana. Books and Allied (P) Ltd. Kolkata (2008)