Linking words

Function Expressions Examples

Addition  And 1. John likes to fish and hunt.
 ………….; In addition, ……………. 2. People who exercise regularly have
 ………; Moreover, …….. more energy during the day and
 ………; Besides,………… sleep better at night; In addition,
 .............;Furthermore,……… they tend to live longer.
 ott 3. People who exercise regularly have
 oslt more energy during the day and
 osltotuo....ottoottsn....... sleep better at night; moreover,
 What’s more they tend to live longer.
4. People who exercise regularly have
more energy during the day and
sleep better at night; furthermore,
they tend to live longer.
5. Japanese food is not only delicious
to eat but also beautiful to look at
Contrast/  ………;However,…………..  I like to eat fish but not to catch
Concession  But them.
 Otherwise  It was raining; but/ yet/ and yet, Ann
 Apart from that went out without an umbrella .
 ……….;Nevertheless ..............,  Although / though/ Even though it
 ............,tttoensnll;......... was raining, Ann went out without an
 ………..;Still ..........., umbrella.
 ………;Yet ............,  Despite / In spite of the rain, Ann
 On the one hand, …/ on the other went out without an umbrella.
hand, …  It was raining; however,
 Although / though /even though… / nevertheless,/ nonetheless , Ann
 Despite / in spite of ……….. went out without an umbrella.
 No matter how……
Cause / reason  Because  I am a little hungry, for I didn't eat
 Because of breakfast this morning.
 Due to  I am a little hungry, because /since I
 Owing to didn't eat breakfast this morning.
 since  The football match was delayed due
 For to the weather
 for these reasons,  Owing to her hard work, She had
 the cause of great marks in the exam
 the reason for  The cause of / the reason for her
 to cause great marks is her hard work
Effect / result  So  I did not eat breakfast this morning, so
 as a consequence, . .. I am a little hungry.
 as a result, ...  I did not eat breakfast this morning, as
 consequently, ... a result/as a consequence/
 hence, ... consequently / hence / therefore /
 therefore, ... thus I am a little hungry.
 thus, ...
Summarizing/  all in all, . .. Karim is never late to school. He always
concluding  in brief, ... participates in class. He does his
 in short, .. . exercises and home works. All in all /in
 to conclude, ... brief /in short/to conclude/to
 to summarize, ... summarize/in conclusion/in summary,
 in conclusion, . Karim is a hardworking student.
 in summary, ...
Purpose  So that  Many people emigrate in order that
 In order to their children can have a better life.
 So as to  Many people emigrate so that their-
 So as not to children can have a better life.
 In order that
 to
similarity …………;Similarly,……….  Hawaii has sunshine and friendly
…………;likewise,……….. people; similarly, Mexico's weather is
alike, like, just like sunny and its people hospitable.
as, just as  Hawaii has sunshine and friendly
as well people; ; likewise, Mexico's weather is
compared with or to sunny and its people hospitable.
in comparison with or to  Salma ; Just like her sister, loves
to be similar (to) basketball
Giving examples for example Sohayb plays many sports; For example/
for instance for instance/such as /as basketball,
such as aikido and karate.
as

list ideas in order first, second , third,...  After I left school. I went to America.
of time first of all, ...  First, take the underground to
before West-minster Station. Then walk up
to begin with Parliament Street until/ till you get
after to Downing Street. Next go to
the first (reason, cause, step, etc.) number 10. Smile at the policeman
next, ... while another ... before you ring the bell..
then . . . as soon as the last ...
after that, ... since the final ...
meanwhile, ...
in the meantime, .. .
finally, ...
last, ...
last of all, ...
subsequently, ...
 Exercises
1. Read the paragraph and identify the linking words in it.

When diplomats met to form the United Nations in 1945, one of the things they discussed was setting up a global
health organization. As a result, World Health Organization was set up on 7 April 1948. WHO is responsible for
providing leadership on global health matters. It also accounts for shaping the health research agenda such as
setting norms and standards, providing technical support to countries, monitoring and assessing health trends. Since
health is a shared responsibility. WHO’s job is to provide equitable access to essential care and collective defence
against transitional threats. In brief, WHO’s greatest concern must always rest with disadvantaged and vulnerable
groups; that is to say. The groups who often live in remote rural areas or shanty towns and have little political voice.

a. Explaining .....................................
b. Cause .....................................
c. Summarizing .....................................
d. Consequence .....................................
e. Addition .....................................
f. Giving examples …..................................

2. Connect the linking words with their use.

Linking words When to use them

And, also, as well as, moreover, further, in addition, To make comparisons
additionally, next, secondly, thirdly
Similarly, likewise, in the same way, equally To make concession
Although, however, yet, but, despite To add information or ideas
Whereas, in contrast, while, conversely To provide reasons
For this reason, to this end, for this purpose, because, To show contrast
since, so that.
As, as a consequence, as a result, hence, therefore, To provide examples
thus, so.
For example, for instance, in other words, such as To explain results
As has been noted, finally, in brief, in short, to To draw conclusion
summarize, consequently, therefore, in conclusion

3. Choose the correct word to fill in the blanks.

a. Zahra got an award from UNESCO .............................. she was the first to fight illiteracy in her village.

(even though – because – but)

b. ................................ the school is far away, Zahra attends all afternoon classes.

(However – Although – Because)

c. She gets higher marks ....................... studying in difficult conditions.

(although – despite – however)

d. UNESCO works to promote different fields of interest ....................... education, science and culture.

(likewise – example – such as)