CERTC – ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING R G S Review Guide Series Basic Math & Number Theory R G S 1

65. Which equation illustrates the multiplicative

75. Who invented the symbol “n!” for factorial of 1.1 - NUMBER SYSTEM THE SET OF REAL NUMBERS
n?
identity property for real numbers?
A. x+0=x C. x ⋅1= x *
A. Christian Kramp* COMPLEX NUMBERS Rational Numbers
B. Francois Viete Are numbers which can be expressed in
B. x ⋅ 1/ x = 1 D. x ⋅ 0 = 0 C. Ptolemy REAL IMAGINARY
the form m/n, where m and n are integers
66. The terms of a sum may be grouped in any D. Augustus de Morgan
RATIONAL IRRATIONAL and n ≠ 0 .
manner without affecting the result. This is 76. Who gave the symbol “i” for −1 ?
known as: INTEGERS NON

A. Commutative Law C. Associative Law*

A. George Boole C. Bhaskara INTEGERS EXAMPLES: {2, 5, − 4, 0, 2 / 3, − 3 / 4, etc}
B. Euclid D. Leonard Euler*
B. Distributive Law D. Reflexive Law WHOLE NUMBERS (-)INTEGERS

77. If the roots of an equation are zero, the Irrational Numbers

67. If equals are added to equals, the results are NATURAL NOS. 0 Are numbers, which cannot be expressed
then are classified as
equal. A. hyperbolic solution in the form m/n.
A. corollary C.axiom* B. zeros of function
B. postulate D.theorem C. extraneous roots
D. trivial solution *
COMPLEX NUMBER EXAMPLES: { 2, 3, π, 4 2,etc }
68. A mathematical argument that appears to Complex number is an expression
prove something that we know is incorrect. Integers
78. Binary number system is a system of involving a combination of real and Are the natural numbers, along with their
A. axiom C. fallacy * notation for real numbers that uses the imaginary numbers. They are written in
B. theorem D. lemma negatives, and zero (0).
place value method with 2 as the base. the form:
What is another name of binary number
69. It is an algebraic expression consisting of
system?
EXAMPLES: {−3, −1,0,3,5,etc.}
two terms. a + bi
A. binomial* C. monomial A. Binary digits
B. Binumber system Natural Numbers
B. dinomial D. dounomial Where a and b are real numbers.
C. Dyadic number system* Are numbers, except 0, formed by one or
70. “Googol” is one of the smallest large D. Bits more of the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
numbers. What does it stands for? 79. The number o.123123123… is a/an
Thus, the complex number -2 + 3i has the and 0. Also known as Positive Integers or
A. 1 followed by a hundred 0s* A. irrational number C. surd real part -2 and the imaginary part 3. counting numbers.
B. 1 followed by a thousand 0s
B. rational * D. transcendental
C. 1 followed by a million 0s If:
D. 1 followed by a billion 0s
EXAMPLES: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,...}
80. MCMXCIV is the Roman Numeral a = 0: a + bi → is a pure imaginary
71. Irrational numbers are also known as? equivalent to b =0: a + bi → is a real number Whole numbers
A. tetrahedral numbers A. 1974 C. 1984 Are the positive integers and 0.
B. prime numbers C. 1994 * D. 2994 REAL NUMBERS
C. transcendental numbers* Real Numbers are the rational and EXAMPLES: {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,...}
D. vulgar numbers 81. Any combination of symbols and numbers irrational numbers taken together.
related by the fundamental operation of
72. A number which is divisible by the sum of its Even Numbers
algebra is called a/an
own digits is called
A. abundant number C. palindrome A. Equation {2, 5, − 4, 0, 2 / 3, − 3 / 4, 2, 3, π, 4 2,etc } Are integers divisible by 2 such as 2, 4, 6,
B. algebraic expression* 8,..etc.
B, Harshad number* D. friendly number
C. term IMAGINARY NUMBERS
73. Who introduced the multiplication symbol “X” D. algebraic sum General Form: 2n
Imaginary numbers are the square roots of
in mathematics? negative numbers.
Odd Numbers
A. John Wallis
B. Pierre de Fermat
C. Leonard Euler
D.William Oughtred*
"When you are not practicing, Are integers not exactly divisible by 2
remember, someone somewhere is −3 = i 3 → is an imaginary number such as 7, 11, 5,…etc.
practicing, and when you meet him
74. Who introduced the symbol “=” for equality?
he will win".
A. Robert Recorde* C. Bramaguptha General Form: 2n + 1
B. Rene Descartes D. Pythagoras
Where n is an integer.

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 CERTC – ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING R G S Review Guide Series Basic Math & Number Theory R G S 1

Some few examples are: 3, 7, and 31, etc. 44. If In x2 = (In x)2 solve for x:
Composite Numbers A. 2 in x
B. e2*
C. In x
D. e2x
Objective
Are natural numbers that are neither 1 nor
a prime number.
Quick facts about 0,1 and 2 that you
should know: 45. If (2 log x to the base 4) –(log 9 to the base Questions
4) = 2, find x,
EXAMPLES: {4,6,8,10,12,etc.} A. 12* C. 9
The number 0 (zero) is not a natural number, but B. 21 D. 8 56. Which of the following equations defines the
Prime Numbers is considered as a whole number. associative property of addition?
46. Solve for x if log3 81x = 16 A. (a + b) c = ac + bc
Are natural numbers that are divisible by 1 Number 1 is neither a prime number nor a
A. 12 C. 3 B. a + b = b + a
and itself only. composite number.
B. 4* D. 2 C. a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c*
The number 2 is the only even number that is
also a prime number. 47. How many factors does 96 have? D. a + b = c + d
EXAMPLES: {2,3,5,7,11,etc.} A. 12* C. 9 57. Which equation illustrates the additive
PROPERTIES OF REAL NUMBERS B. 14 D. 19 inverse property of real numbers?
TYPES OF PRIME NUMBERS:
48. If ( x − 3 ) is a factor of the polynomial 1
A. a ⋅ = 1 C. a + 0 = a
1. Euler primes or Symmetric primes 1. Closure Property a
The set of real numbers is closed under x 4 − 4x 3 − 7x 2 + kx + 24 , what is the value B. a + ( −a ) = 0 * D. a + ( −a ) = −1
Theses are pairs of prime numbers that
addition and multiplication. This means that of k?
are equidistant from a given number on a A. 11 C. 22* x
number line. adding or multiplying two or more real 58. What is the multiplicative inverse of (
numbers always results to another number B. 12 D. 24 2
that belongs to the same set of real numbers. x ≠ 0 )?
Some few examples are: 3 & 5, 3 & 7, 5 & 7, 49. If x : y : z = 4 : −3 : 2 and 2x + 4y − 3z = 20
A. –x/2 C. 2/x*
and 5 & 11, etc. 2. Commutative Property , find x,y,z. B. 1 D. 0
The order of adding two or more numbers of a A. -8, 6, -4 * C. 7,-5, 6
B. -5, 4,-6 D. 9, -4, 5 59. What is the additive inverse of -2a?
sum or multiplying two or more factors of a
A. 2a* C. 1/2a
product does not affect the result. 50. Determine the number of proper factors of
1 2 Ž 4  6 ’ 8 9 10 11 12 13 B. 2/a D. a/2
3. Associative Property of Addition 98.
A. C. 8 60. What is the identity element for addition?
2. Twin primes When two or more real numbers are added or 6
A. 0* C. 1
These are pairs of two consecutive odd multiplied together, no matter how the B. 4* D. 10
B. -1 D. 2
prime numbers that differ by 2. numbers are grouped, or associated, when 51. How many positive real solutions are
performing the operation the result is not 61. What is the identity element for
there in the polynomial: multiplication?
Some few examples are: 3 & 5, 5 & 7, and 11 & affected.
13, 17 & 19, etc. x4 -4x3 +7x2 -6x-18=0 . A. 0 C. 1*
4. Distributive Property A. 3 or 0 C. 1 or 0 B. -1 D. 1/a

3. Emirp The product of a number a by the sum of two B. 1 or 2 D. 3 or 1* 62. If a = b =a. This illustrates which axiom in
Are prime numbers that remain a prime or more numbers (b +c +d +…) is equal to 100 Algebra?
52. How many digits are there in 2 ?
the sum of the products ab, ac, ad, … A. Transitive axiom
when its digits are reversed. A. 31* C. 55
B. Replacement axiom
5. Identity Property B. 21 D. 42 C. Reflexive axiom
Some few examples are: 11, 13, 17, 31, 71, 73, D. Symmetric axiom*
Additive Identity Property 53. How many digits do 100! have?
79, 101, 113, etc.
When zero (0) is added to a real A. 158* C. 115 63. In algebra, the operation of root extraction is
4. Mersenne primes number, the sum is the real number B. 178 D. 118 called ________.
These prime numbers can be made from the 35 A. convolution C. revolution
itself. 54. Determine the unit’s digit of 13 .
expression 2n − 1 . This method for A. 1 C. 3 B. evolution* D. resolution
generating prime numbers works only when Multiplicative Identity Property
When one (1) is multiplied to a real B. 5 D. 7* 64. Find the value of x which will satisfy the
n itself is prime, but not always. For
30
example, it works when n = 2, 3, 5 or 7 but number, the product is the real 55. Determine the unit’s digit of 57 . following expression x - 2 = x +2
not when n is 11, and not when n = 23 as number itself. A. 4 C. 9* A. 3/2 C. 9/4
well as several other prime values. B. 1 D. 0 B. 9/2 D. no solution *

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 CERTC – ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING R G S Review Guide Series Basic Math & Number Theory R G S 1

20. Find the value of x to satisfy the following 4 9 5. Inverse Property 1.5 - LAWS OF EXPONENTS
32. Solve for x: + =2.
equations: Additive Inverse
x−3 x+2 xm
x + y = 7 ; x 2 + 2y 2 = 34 The additive inverse of a real number ☞ xm ⋅ xn = xm + n ; = xm − n ,
A. 5 C. 7 * xn
A. 3 C. 4 * B. 6 D. 4 is its opposite, so that the sum of that x≠0
B. 2 D. 5 number and its additive inverse is 0
33. What is the sum of the additive inverse and n
☞ xm( ) = xmn ; x 0 = 1, x ≠ 0
21. Solve for x if log 2 ( x + 2 ) + log 2 ( x − 2 ) = 5 ? multiplicative inverse of 2?
A. 3/2 C. -3/2 Multiplicative Inverse
A. 9 C. 7 1 p
⎡( x m )n ⎤ = x mnp
B. ½ D. -1/2 The multiplicative inverse of a real ☞ x −n = ,x≠0 ;
B. 8 D. 6 * number is its reciprocal, so that the xn ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
22. Solve for x: 2x − 2x −1 = 6 x − 2 . 34. Solve for x if In (x2+x-2) = In 2x+In(x-1) product of that number and its
m
(ax ) am x m
A. ¼ C. ½* A. 4 C. 2*
multiplicative inverse is 1. ☞ n
= , (provided b ≠ 0, y ≠ 0)
B. 3 D. 5 (by ) bn y n
B. 2 D. 4
23. Evaluate: 4
log 2 8
. 35. If 8x=3, find the value of 26x. 1.2 - SIGNIFICANT FIGURES 1.6- THEORY OF EQUATIONS
A. 24 C. 32 A. 9* C. 8
B. 64* D. 58 B. 2 D. 4 Rules regarding significant figures: ➊ The Fundamental Theorem of Algebra
36. Solve for x if 8 x = 2y+2 and 163x−y = 4 y Œ All nonzero digits are significant. States that every single-variable polynomial
3 3 x ⋅ 81 2 x
24. Simplify: . A. 1 C. 3  All zeroes between two nonzero digits with complex coefficients has at least one
9 4 x ⋅ 27 x B. 2* D. 4 are significant complex root.
A. 3-x C. 3x Ž All zeroes to the right of an understood
37. Find the value of x: ➋ The Remainder Theorem:
B. 0 D. 1 * decimal point and following a nonzero
Log 6 + x log 4 = log 4 + log (32+4x) digit are significant. FIf a polynomial f(x) is divided by ( x − k ) ,
25. Solve for x: x + x − 1− x = 1 A. 3* C. 4  For values less than one, zeroes the remainder is f(k).
A. 13/25 C. 17/25 B. 2 D. 5 immediately to the right of an
B. 16/25 * D. 22/25 − x +1 Ž The Factor Theorem:
38. Solve for x: 16 =8 understood decimal point but to the left
of a nonzero digit are not significant. FIf ( x − k ) is a factor of a polynomial f(x),
A. 1/4* C. 2
26. If 9 x = 27 y and 8 y = 16 z , then what is B. 1/2 D. 3 then, the remainder f(k)=0.
the value of x:y:z? 1.3 - GREATEST COMMON FACTOR
39. If 1/x = a + b, 1/y = a – b, then x – y is equal DESCARTES’ RULE OF SIGNS
A. 1:3:6 C. 3:1:2 RULE: To find the G.C.F., factor the given
to
B. 6:2:1 D. 6:4:3 * Descartes’ rule of signs determines the
A. 2b/(b2 – a2) * C. 2a/(a2 – b2) numbers in canonical form and MULTIPLY the
x 2x+1 . B. 1/2a D. 1/2b common prime factors with least exponent in maximum number of positive and negative
27. If 10 = 4 , find the value of 10 real roots that a polynomial will have by
A. 120 C. 240 40. Find the value of x if the given numbers.
counting the number of sign variations in the
B. 160* D. 180 x = log ca ⋅ log ab ⋅ log bc polynomial. The polynomial must have real
1 1 A. b c/a C. 1* 1.4 - LEAST COMMON MULTIPLE coefficients and be arranged in terms of
28. If 2x + 4y = 7x – 6y, then : = descending powers of x.
B. a b/c D. c a/b The Least Common Multiple of two or more
x y § The number of positive real roots of a
A. 2:1 C. 1:2 * 41. Solve for x if log x2 = (log x)2. numbers is the least integer that is a multiple polynomial f(x) = 0 is either equal to the
B. 3:1 D. 1:3 A. 1,10 C. 10,100 of each of the given numbers number of variations in sign of f(x) or
B. 1,100* D. 2,10 less than that number by an even
29. If x – 3 is a factor of kx 3 − 6 x 2 + 2kx − 12 . RULE: To find the L.C.M., factor the given
Solve for k. integer.
42. The L.C.M and G.C.F of two given numbers numbers in canonical form and MULTIPLY
A. 2 * C. 1 are 960 and 8 respectively. if one of them is all unique prime factors and the common § The number of negative real roots of a
B. 3 D. – 2 64, then the other number is : factors with the highest exponent. polynomial f(x) is either equal to the
30. The constant remainder when x30-2x+5 is A. 60 C. 240 number of variations in sign of f(-x) or
divided by x+1. B. 120* D. 480 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN H.C.F. AND less than that number by an even
A. 8* C. 6 integer .
43. If x 2 + x − 1 = 0, logα x + logα (1 + x ) = L.C.M. OF TWO NUMBERS:
B. 4 D. 2
Example:
31. If log (9!) = 5.5598. What is the log of 10! A. loga e C. logaa How many negative root(s) are there in the
B. loge e D. 0* Product of Two Numbers = (H.C.F. )(L.C.M. )
A. 6.5598* C. 7.5598 polynomial equation P(x)=x9-2x5+2x2-3x+12=0?
B. 4.5598 D. 8.5598

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 CERTC – ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING R G S Review Guide Series Basic Math & Number Theory R G S 1

10. What is the value of log 2 5 + log 3 5 ?

1.7– LOGARITHM SAMPLE PROBLEMS Take Home Exam A. 3.787 * C. 3.521
The logarithm of any number N to a given B. 3.322 D. 3.054
1. Round off 0.003086 to three significant (Answers will be posted next meeting)
base a is the index x to which the base must figures. 11. If x – y = 5 and xy = k, then x2 + y2 =
be raised to make it equal to the given 1. Given: loga x = 5 y + loga y . Find the value
A. 25k C. 25 + 2k *
number. 2. How many factors are there in 98? of x. B. 25 – k D. 25 – 2k
3. Find the LCM and GCF of 154 and 198. A. x = a 5 y C. x = 5 ay
Equation: 12. Alex has two pieces of cloth. One piece is 72
4. A choir director at your school wants to B. x = 5 a y D. x = ya 5 y * inches wide and the other piece is 90 inches
? x = loga N → logarithmic form
divide the choir into smaller groups. There wide. He wants to cut both pieces into strips
? ax = N → exponential form 2. Determine the sum of the positive valued of equal width that are as wide as possible.
are 24 sopranos, 60 altos, and 36 tenors.
solution to the simultaneous equations: xy How wide should he cut the strips?
Where, x is the logarithm of N to the base a. Each group will have the same number of
= 15 , yz = 35 , zx = 21. A. 18* C. 10
each type of voice. What is the greatest
A. 15* C. 17 B. 9 D. 6
TYPES OF LOGARITHM number of groups that can be formed?
B. 13 D. 19
➊ Natural Logarithm or Napierian Logarithm: (Using 5. A beacon flashes its light every 12 seconds, 13. Ben exercises every 12 days and
3. Simplify: logx + logx + logx 5
3
base e) another every 18 seconds and a third every Isabel every 8 days. Ben and Isabel
minute. At 12:00 noon the three flash A. l og x+x 3 +x 5
( ) C. 9 log x * both exercised today. How many days
Properties of Natural Logarithm: simultaneously. Find out the times when the will it be until they exercise together
B. log 9 x D. 15 log x again?
? ln xy = ln x + ln y ? lne = 1 three flash simultaneously again in the next
five minutes. A. 34 C. 24*
x 4. Simplify: log( x x ) x B. 12 D. 18
? ln = ln x − ln y ? lnen = n 17
Given the equation: x 3 + x - 3 =
2 2
y 6. . Find A. x 2 logx * C. xlogx 2 14. Divide x 4 - 10x 2 - 9x - 20 by x – 4. What is
n ln x
4
? ln x = n (ln x ) ? e =x the value of x. B. 2 xlogx D. xlog( 2 x ) the remainder?
A. 50 C. 40 *
7. Solve for x in the equation: 3x + 9x = 27x. B. 45 D. 38
 Common Logarithm or Briggssian Logarithm: 5. Find the LCM of the numbers 15, 21, 36.
(Using base 10) 8. Find the value of x, which will satisfy the A. 1260 * C. 3 3 ⎛ 1 ⎞
B. 9 D. 36 15. What is the value of log⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎜ ⎟⎟ ?
Properties of Common Logarithm: following expression x - 2 = x + 2 . ⎜ ⎟ ⎜
4 ⎝ 8 ⎠ ⎝ 128 ⎠
? logxy = logx + logy ? loga a = 1 3x −1 x+3 1 6. What is the GCF of 27, 81, and 108? A. 2 C. 5/4
9. Simplify: − − A. 27 * C. 81
x x2 −1 x2 + 3 x + 2 x + 2 B. 324 D. 3 B. 7/4 * D. 4/5
? log = logx − logy ? aloga n = n
y 10. The polynomial x3+4x2-3x+8 is divided by (x
3x 2 16. What is the value of x if log5 x = 3 ?
? logxn = n (logx ) ? loga an = n – 5). What is the remainder? 7. If 3x = 4y, then =
4y 2 A. 120 C. 135
logM 11. If (x + 4) is a factor of x3+2x2-7x+k what is B. 130 D. 125 *
? logN M = ? log1 = 0 A. 3/4 C. 4/3 *
the value of k?
logN B. 27/64 D. 9/16 17. Solve for x: log2 x + log x 2 = 2
12. To make x 4 − x 3 + 2x 2 + 3x + 1 exactly 8. A businessman goes to Chicago every 18 A. 1 C. 2 *
? Note:
Negative numbers have no real logarithm. divisible x – 2, one should add days for one day and another businessman B. 0 D. 4
13. If (x – 1) and (x + 1) are factors of every 24 days, also for only one day. Today,
both men are in Chicago. Within how many 18. What is the remainder when
➌ Relationship between Natural and Common 8x 3 + ax 2 + bx + 2 , the values of a and b are
Logarithm: days will the two business men be 3 x 3 + 3 x 2 − 4 x − 13 is divided by (x – 2)?
14. Solve for x: log x 27+logx3=2 . in Chicago again at the same time? A. 20 C. 15 *
Mln x = log x
A. 32 days B. 54 days B. 18 D. 16
Where: 15. Given: log (x2 + 3x) + log 5x = 1 + log 2x.
B. 72 days* D. 98 days
M = modulus of logarithm Find x. 19. If logα x = 4 and logα y = 5 , the value of logxy
9. If ( x − 2 )( x + 3 ) = k , then ( x − 4 )( x + 5 ) is
=log10e 16. If log 2 = x and log 3 = y, find log 1.2 in equal to _____. is equal to
terms of x and y. A. k – 9 C. k – 14 * A. 20 C. 5/4*
=0.434... B. 4/5 D. 1/20
17. Determine the number of digits in 100150. B. 2k – 9 D. k – 18

18. How many digits do 50! have?

4 5