SOIL AND WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT AND CONSERVATION, IRRIGATION, DRAINAGE AND ALLIED SUBJECTS

[33%, 5 hours]

md ρb
Apparent specific gravity: A s= =
V t ρw ρ w
md ρs
Real specific gravity: R s= =
V s ρw ρ w
Derived relationships:

As = Rs (1 - n)

Rs = As (1 + e)

e = void ratio

n = porosity
2
πd
Cylinder volume: V = ∗h
4
SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT

FW −OD
MC dm= x 100
OD
Vm
MC V = x 100
Vt
MC V = MC dm A s

MCdm = moisture content dry mass basis

MCV = moisture content volume basis

FW = fresh weight

OD = oven dry weight

Vm = soil moisture volume

Vt = total soil volume

MC = MPWP + %AMR (MFC – MPWP)

MC = MFC - %AMD (MFC – MPWP)

 EARTH EMBANKMENT

W= 0.4 H+1

W = width

H= height

UNIVERSAL SOIL LOSS EQUATION

A = RKLSCP

A = annual soil loss (tons/ha)

R = rainfall-runoff erosivity factor

K = soil erodibility factor

L = slope length factor

S = slope factor

C = cover management factor

P = conservation practice factor

ESTIMATION OF IRRIGATION WATER REQUIREMENTS

( n−RMC∗A s ) d rz
LSR=
∆t
LSR = land soaking reqt (mm/day)

N = soil porosity

RMC = residual MC on a dry mass basis

Drz = crop depth of root zone (mm)

∆ t = duration of land soaking (days)

 Resisting Moment
FSo =
Overturning Moment

IRRIGATION

AWHC = AM = (FC m −PWPm ) A s*drz

d n=MAD∗AWHC

d n=RAM∗AWHC∗d rz

RAM = 0.75AM

RAM = readily available moisture

Dn = net application depth/depth of water needed

MAD = management/moisture allowable deficit

AWHC = allowable water holding capacity

FC = field capacity dry mass basis

PWP = permanent wilting point dry mass basis

dn
d g=
Ea
Dg – gross application depth *default, naconsider na efficiency

Ea – Application/irrigation efficiency

dg A
t=
Q
T = irrigation period, sec

Q = discharge, lps

A = area irrigated

dn
II=
E T crop

II – irrigation interval, days

ETcrop – Eta, mm/day

 γQTDH
Pi=
Ep
Pi = input power reqt

Y = specific weight of water, 62.4 lb/ft 3 or 9810 N/m3

Q = pump discharge

TDH = total dynamic head

Ep = pump eff

OPEN CHANNEL HYDRAULICS

2 1
1
Manning’s Equation: v= R 3 S 2
n
V = velocity

N = roughness coefficient

= .020 for canals and ditches

R = radius

S = channel slope/bottom slope

Chezy’s Equation: V =C √ RS

C = chezy’s resistance factor

 Q(discharge )=VA
1
tanθ= ; slope ratio – run:rise
z(side slope)

t (top widthat water surface level)=b+ ( tanθ

2d
)
T (total top width)=b+ ( tanθ
2D
)
D ( hydraulic /actual depth )=( 1+ FB ¿ ratio) d *freeboard

Most efficient concrete channel (Trapezoidal, 60 degrees):

A=√3 y 2
Efficient Rectangular canal: θ=90 °

A=2 y 2
b=2 y
Efficient Triangular canal: θ=45 ° A = d2
 θ
Best Hydraulic cross-section (best b-d proportion), concrete canals: b=2 d x tan
2
θ
Best Hydraulic cross-section (best b-d proportion), unlined canals (no concrete): b=4 d x tan
2
Pipe circular x-section: R = d/4

ORIFICE

v2
h=
2g
H = height

V = velovity

G = gravity

PUMPS

TDH = Hs + Hj + Hfm + Hn

TDH = total dynamic head

Hs = suction head

Hj = elevation difference between the pump and the junction of main and lateral

Hfm = friction head loss along the main pipe

Hn = inlet pressure head at the lateral

γQTDH
P i=
Ep

Pi = input power requirement

ϒ = specific weight of water

= 62.4 lb/ft3

= 9810 N/m3

Q = pump discharge

Ep = pump efficiency
 2
P( force)=0.5 ρ w H

SPRINKLERS

dg
Intake/Application rate: i=
t
D = gross application depth

T = time/duration of irrigation

S = lateral length/sprinkler spacing along lateral

L = length of field/spacing between laterals)

Total ¿ of sprinklers=s x L
S = # of sprinkler per lateral

L = # of laterals

Q=A*i

Q = Sprinkler discharge

A = area to be irrigated

SPRINKLER IRRIGATION SYSTEM

Basic design equations:

For lateral and main pipe sizing

1.9
K s LQ −8
Scobey’s Equation: H f = 4.9
(1.45 x 10 )
D
Hf = friction head loss, ft

Q = discharge, gpm

D = inside diameter, ft

L = pipe length, ft

Ks = scobey’s coefficient of retardation

 U ( uplift force )=0.5 x ρ w x Hx B

RUNOFF

q = (1/360)CIA

q = peak runoff rate, m3/s or cms

C = runoff coefficient, ratio (typically 0.35 for bushy lands with 3-5% slope, 0.99 for concrete pavement, 0 for sand)

I = rainfall intensity, mm/hr

A= area, hectares or has

Q = 0.5qT

Q = runoff volume estimation, m3

T = duration of runoff, s

0. 77 −0 .385
T c =0 . 0195 L S

L = length of flow

S = watershed gradient, m/m

Tc = time of concentration

Steady Radial Flow in Confined Aquifers

2 πkt ( h2−h1 )
Q=
ln
()r2
r1

Q = discharge, lps

k = hydraulic conductivity, m/day

T = thickness, m

He =

Steady Radial Flow in Unconfined Aquifers

πk (h22−h12)
Q=

() r2
r1
 Wave height computation in Dam

H = .014df2

Df = fetch/exposure, m

WEIRS

Rectangular weir: Q = 0.0184LH3/2

Triangular V-notch weir: Q = 0.0138H5/2

V = 1.4 H5/2

Trapezoidal weir: Q=0.0186LH3/2

Q = discharge, lps

V = velocity

L = weir length, cm

H = depth/upstream head w.r.t crest, cm

BASIC PROBABILITY CONCEPTS IN HYDROLOGY

1
Return Period/Recurrence Interval: Probability= x 100
T

Event will not occur in any year: Probability= 1− ( 1

T )
x 100

( ) x 100
n
1
Event will not occur for n consecutive years: Probability= 1−
T

Event will occur at least once in n successive years: Probability=1−( 1− ) x 100

n
1
T

MATHEMATICS

Exponential growth: f(t) = Bekt

Exponential decay: f(t) = Be-kt

B and k = constants

t = time

Distance formula: |P1 P 2|= √ ( x −x ) + ( y − y )

2 1
2
2 1
2
 slope-intercept form: y = mx + b

m = slope

b = y-intercept

point-slope form: y – y1 = m (x – x1)

Equation of circle: (x-h)2 + (y-k)2 = r2

Center: (h,k)

Radius: r

STATISTICS