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In the circulatory system, blood vessels convey blood

away from and towards the heart, and the heart itself is
made up of blood vessels. Blood is transported out from
the heart by arteries, and blood is sent back to the
heart by veins. Besides transporting oxygen and
nutrients to cells, it is also responsible for removing
waste materials, including carbon dioxide, from the
body.

HUMAN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM ×

Aorta

Superior Vena Cava Left Pulmonary Artery

Right Pulmonary Artery Left Atrium

Pulmonary Trunk
Left Pulmonary Veins
Right Pulmonary
Veins Mitral (Bicuspid) Valve
Right Atrium
Aortic Valve

Pulmonary Valve
Tricuspid Valve
Left Ventricle
Right Ventricle
Papillary Muscle
Chordae Tendineae
Interventricular Septum

Epicardium

Myocardium
Inferior Vena Cava
Endocardium

The circulatory system is important for life to exist. Its

appropriate functioning ensures that oxygen and
nutrients are delivered to all cells, as well as the
removal of carbon dioxide and waste products, the
preservation of an optimal pH, and the mobility of the
immune system's components, proteins, and cells. The
circulatory system is made up of the heart, blood
vessels, lymphatic vessels, and blood vessels. However,
×
it is more commonly referred to as the vascular network
that connects the heart, which is the major cardiac
organ, because of its connection to the heart.
Although the vascular network immediately related to
the heart is more precisely defined as blood and blood
vessels, the phrases circulatory and cardiovascular are
frequently used interchangeably.
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PULMONIC/SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT ×

The cardiovascular system is divided into two

circulatory pathways: pulmonary circulation, which runs
through the lungs and oxygenates the blood, and
systemic circulation, which runs through the rest of the
body and oxygenates the blood. The two circuits are
connected via the heart, resulting in a continuous flow
of blood throughout the body. The pulmonary
circulation system is responsible for the transportation of
blood from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation and
back to the heart. When oxygen-depleted blood from
the body enters the right atrium via the superior and
inferior venae cavae, it exits the systemic circulation.
The blood is subsequently pushed into the right ventricle
via the tricuspid valve. Blood is pushed from the right
ventricle through the pulmonary valve and into the
pulmonary artery. The pulmonary artery is divided into
two branches that flow to each lung. At the lungs,
blood flows through capillary beds on the alveoli,
where gas exchange occurs, removing carbon dioxide
from the blood and adding oxygen. Gas exchange
occurs as a result of gas partial pressure gradients
across the lungs' alveoli and the capillaries that
connect them. After the blood has been oxygenated, it
is expelled from the lungs through the pulmonary veins
and returns to the left atrium, completing the
pulmonary circuit. At this point, the pulmonary circuit
comes to an end, and the systemic circuit begins to
function.
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PULMONIC/SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT ×

Systemic circulation is the transport of blood from the

heart to the body's tissues, returning deoxygenated
blood to the heart. The pulmonary veins are responsible
for supplying oxygen to the left atrium. The blood is
pushed into the left ventricle via the mitral valve. Blood
is pumped from the left ventricle into the aorta, the
body's biggest artery. This major artery of the upper
body branches into the illiac, renal, and suprarenal
arteries that supply the lower body. The arteries branch
into arterioles, then capillaries. The capillaries that pass
through the tissues exchange gas and nutrients. The
cell's metabolic waste and CO2 disperse into the
blood, while the blood's oxygen and glucose diffuse
into the cell. Except for the parenchyma of the lungs,
which is supplied by pulmonary circulation, systemic
circulation maintains the metabolism of every organ
and tissue alive. In the right atrium of the heart,
deoxygenated blood flows through capillaries to
venules, veins, and eventually venae cavae. After that,
the blood returns to the system circulation, completing
the cycle of circulatory transport. The arteries have the
greatest blood pressures in the body. Venous blood
pressure is diminished because of their distance from
the heart, but semi-lunar valves make up for this loss by
regulating it. Systemic circulation is a higher pressure
system than pulmonary circulation because it must
force more blood through the body than pulmonary
circulation.
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TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN PLANTS ×

Transportation is the physiological process of moving

substances from one part of the body to another. In
plants, the transportation system transports the food
created in the leaves to various organs. It also aids in
resource transmission from the roots to the plant's
organs. However, these are two completely distinct
paths. Plants have two types of conducting tissues. The
xylem is the tissue that sustains the plant and stores and
carries water and nutrients over long distances,
including the transmission of water-soluble growth
factors from the synthesis organs to the target organs.
The tissue is composed of vascular components,
conducting cells termed tracheids, and parenchymal
tissue. These cells' end-to-end connections form lengthy
tubes. Vessels and tracheids are extinct at maturity. The
ends of tracheids are tapered, and the secondary cell
walls are thick. The tracheids' thick walls provide
support for the plant and enable it to reach amazing
heights. Tall plants have a selective advantage over
shorter plants because they can reach unfiltered
sunlight and scatter their spores or seeds further,
allowing them to expand their range. By growing taller
than other plants, tall trees throw a shadow on shorter
plants and reduce competition for water and nutrients
in the soil. The tracheids, unlike the vessels, do not have
end apertures, although their ends do overlap with
pairs of pits. Water can flow horizontally across cells due
to the pit pairs.
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TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN PLANTS ×

The phloem tissue is responsible for translocation, or the

transit of soluble organic molecules such as sugar,
throughout the body. Other types of cells, such as
companion cells, parenchyma cells, and fibers, are
present in addition to the sieve components, which
transport the chemicals through the body. End walls, in
contrast to vessel members in the xylem, do not have
huge apertures. Small pores in the end walls, on the
other hand, allow cytoplasm to flow freely from one cell
to another as it moves from one end to another. These
porous connections are referred to as sieve plates in
the industry. When sieve-tube members reach maturity,
they lack nuclei despite the fact that their cytoplasm is
actively involved in the transfer of food items. The
activity of the sieve tubes is controlled by companion
cells through the use of plasmodesmata. It also
happens to be vascular tissue. The employment of the
phloem transportation process will occur in a plant
where there is a requirement for food molecules to be
transported. The phloem contains a variety of elements,
including sieve elements, phloem parenchyma, fibers,
and companion cells, among others. These cells
include all of the cellular machinery necessary to
sustain their own viability as well as the viability of the
sieve tube element that is adjacent. And, while
companion cells do not transport food up the plant's
stem, they are critical for food loading into and out of
the sieve tube elements.
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Direction ×
Compare and contrast plant transport and animal
circulation using the diagram. You may use
keywords in your writing, then provide a short
explanation to your answer.

• Xylem and phloem • Heart and blood

• Without transport vessels
pump • With transport pump
• Single-direction or • System that is either
upward and two- open or closed
• Both provide
direction • Blood is the liquid
transportation
• No such roles are transport medium
• Both transport
played by solutions in • The heart is in control
systems rely on
the xylem and • Functions in the
water
phloem presence of a
• Both animals and
• No central control sufficient volume of
plants have
• Works with the blood
specialized tissues
resources that are for transport • They use blood to
available carry oxygen and
• Instead of xylem and carbon dioxide
phloem solutions, plants • Pulmonary and
use an interconnected systemic circuit
series of air spaces

• Plants use a • They use blood in

different mechanism defense (platelets,
• Active transport white cells etc.)
occurs in the • Mammalian
phloem circulation is energy
• Mitochondria in • Both transport intensive
partner cells close to systems • ATP is essential for
sieve tube elements support the heartbeat
supply ATP organisms maintenance
• Phloem sugar • Made up of a vast • Vasodilation and
transport rate can be array of tubes constriction are
increased or lowered • Combining liquids techniques used to
to meet metabolic and solids modulate blood flow
needs • The animal circulation
• The xylem and move solutions
• phloem move solutions significantly faster
significantly slower
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Direction ×
Compare and contrast plant transport and animal
circulation using the diagram. You may use
keywords in your writing, then provide a short
explanation to your answer.

• Xylem vessels, • Specialized tubes -

tracheids, and arteries, veins and
phloem sieve tubes capillaries
• Tubes do not form a • Tubes form a closed
circulatory system circulation system
• Require an
but system is closed • The transport
internal
• Not all components of network is made up
transportation
the transport system of live cells
system
are living • The gut transports
• Both include
• Sucrose, amino acids, metabolites/horm glucose, amino acids,
fatty acids, glycerol, ones between fatty acids, glycerol,
vitamins, and parts of organism vitamins, minerals,
hormones are and hormones
transferred from • Concentration of
production to storage metabolites in blood
sites in the phloem controlled
• No homeostatic homeostatically
• control of metabolite
• concentration

• Respiratory gases • Blood transports

not carried by dissolved O2 to
transport system respiring tissues while
• Solutions in xylem removing CO2
and phloem have • Blood helps
no such roles • Both systems coagulate and
• No pump. ATP thus exploit water’s destroy infections that
energy required only excellent properties enter the body
for phloem sieve as a solvent to carry • Much ATP energy
tube translocation essential necessary for
and root pressure metabolites and transport
hormones from one • Rate of blood flow
• The stomata
part of the organism can be controlled by
influence the xylem
to another vasoconstriction
flow rate
• Rate of flow slower – • Rate of flow of entire
immobile, no temperature system quite rapid -
control therefore ATP reflects huge ATP
and is much lower demand for mobile
homeotherms
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EXPLANATION
Multicellular creatures require a transport system to
supply oxygen, water, and nutrients to each cell, as
diffusion would be too slow. Thus, the development of
a transport system is inextricably linked to the surface
area: volume ratio of an organism. While organisms
with a high surface area to volume ratio, such as
protozoans, can rely on diffusion, as an organism
grows larger, its surface area to volume ratio
diminishes, necessitating the need of a specialized
transport system. In both plants and animals, transport
is accomplished via a network of specialized tubes.
Capillaries, the smallest of these tubes, have a lumen
diameter of 5-8m, whereas veins have a lumen
diameter of 3cm. In animals, this results in the
formation of a circulatory system comprised of
arteries, capillaries, and veins. Transport in flowering
plants is not circulatory and takes place in the tiny
xylem and phloem. Both modes of conveyance rely
on water as a solvent since it is a strong conductor of
heat, has a high specific heat capacity, is not
excessively viscous, and is inert (inert). Both animals
and plants have multiple types of tissue that are
specialized to facilitate transfer. In xylem, the vessels
and tracheids are composed of dead, lignified cells.
Phloem tubes, like all mammalian transport cells and
tissues, are alive. Blood is the liquid medium of
transport in animals. Blood is made up of 55 percent
plasma and 45 percent cells and cell fragments,
according to the American Heart Association. Plasma
is made up of water, proteins such as fibrinogen, and
inorganic ions such as sodium and calcium, among
other elements and substances. Plasma serves a
variety of purposes: a) regulates blood pressure; b)
distributes digestion products - amino acids,
carbohydrates, fatty acids, minerals, and vitamins - to
where they are needed; and c) transports metabolic
waste products (excretory products) away from the
tissues. This includes carbon dioxide, which is ×
transported via dissolved bicarbonate ions; d)
transports proteins involved in blood clotting, such as
fibrinogen; e) transports hormones from endocrine
organs to target organs; and f) transports inorganic
ions, which are required for maintaining osmotic
potential and a variety of physiological processes.
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EXPLANATION
The pigment hemoglobin is found in red blood cells
and is responsible for transporting oxygen during
aerobic respiration. White blood cells are critical in
combating diseases, whereas platelets aid in the
clotting process. Plants use their xylem to transport
water and minerals such as nitrate ions. The phloem
transports a solution of sucrose (made during
photosynthesis), amino acids, fatty acids, and
glycerol, as well as minerals like as nitrate and
phosphate and hormones such as gibberelins. Both
systems thus make use of water's exceptional
characteristics as a solvent to transport critical
chemicals and hormones throughout the organism.
However, animals utilize their blood to transfer oxygen
and carbon dioxide, whereas plants use an
interconnected series of air spaces instead of their
xylem and phloem solutions. Both modes of transport
give support for the organisms, but by far the most
significant contributor is the dead, lignified cells of the
xylem tissues. Finally, animals rely on blood (platelets,
white cells, etc.) for defense, but plants use a
completely distinct process based on tissue
compartmentalization that has little to do with
transport mechanisms. Mammalian circulatory
systems are closed, which means that blood
constantly circulates from a pump through a series of
tubes and back to the pump. Unless a blood vessel is
cut or ruptured, the cells are never exposed to blood.
Rather than that, they are bathed in a fluid (tissue
fluid) that leaks from the blood vessels with the
thinnest walls, called capillaries. Veins carry the blood
back to the pump (the heart). Much of the blood flow
in veins occurs against gravity, which is overcome in
part by the contraction of the skeletal muscles
surrounding the veins. Valves prevent backflow.
Eventually, the tissue fluid re-enters the bloodstream
via capillaries or the lymphatic system. The situation is
somewhat different with plants. Water enters the ×
xylem via root hairs and travels up the plant's xylem
via vessels to the leaves, where it diffuses out through
a process called transpiration. Water loss from plant
surfaces maintains a diffusion gradient across the leaf
to the leaf's xylem vessels. The loss of water ensures
that water column in the xylem continues to move.
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EXPLANATION
As a result, liquid flow in the xylem is unidirectional - in
this case, upward - whereas material movement in
the phloem can occur in any direction at any time.
Glucose, which is created in leaves by chloroplasts,
can be transported to any actively developing region
(meristem) in the plant, whether it is above or below
the site of production. Cell walls made of cellulose are
capable of transporting sucrose and other beneficial
compounds from the phloem to the other tissues,
whereas pits in the lignified walls of xylem vessels and
tracheids are capable of transporting water and
minerals from the vessels and tracheids to the tissues.
The circulation of mammalian blood is a high-energy
process. Heartbeat maintenance, contraction of
arterial walls, contraction of skeletal muscle
surrounding veins, and all of these functions are
dependent on ATP for proper blood return to the
heart are all facilitated by this energy source. Aside
from that, active transport takes place in the phloem.
The mitochondria in companion cells that are
adjacent to sieve tube elements are responsible for
generating the ATP required to facilitate active
transport. When it comes to the transfer of water and
minerals through plant tissues, ATP is not required.
Instead, the transport of water and minerals through
plant tissues is called "transpiration," and it does not
require any ATP. The rate at which blood flows into
certain vessels in animals can be controlled by the
actions of vasodilation and constriction processes,
respectively. In addition, homeostatic control of
blood pressure is a viable alternative treatment
option. Additionally, the rate of sugar transport
through the phloem can be raised or lowered in
response to metabolic requirements, as previously
mentioned. The rate of transpiration, on the other
hand, can only be controlled by controlling the
opening and closing of stomata, which is significantly
influenced by external variables such as light intensity, ×
temperature, and water availability. Unlike the rate at
which blood flows through the mammalian circulatory
system, the rate at which solutions travel through
these two organs is substantially slower, reflecting the
larger metabolic demands of mobile, endothermic
organisms.