INTERPRETING TEST SCORE

PREPARED BY :
HUMA NAZ
PERCENTILE RANK
 A percentile is a measure that
tells us what percent of the total
frequency scored at or below that
measure. A
percentile rank is the percentage
of scores that fall at or below a
given score.
ADVANTAGES
 Laypeople easily understand
them

 Easy to interpret
LIMITATIONS
 Percentile differences are not
equal
 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

▶Introduction ▶An average is a single value, which represents

the set of data as whole. Since the average tends to lie in the
center of distribution they are also called measure of central
tendency. There are three methods of measuring the center of
any data.
▶Arithmetic mean ▶The Median ▶The Mode
 MEAN OR AVERAGE

▶Arithmetic Mean ▶It is defined as the sum of all the

observations divided by
the number of observations. It is denoted by X. ▶When to use
Arithmetic Mean ▶We use arithmetic mean, when we are
required to study
social, economic and commercial problems like production,
price, export and import. It helps in getting average income,
average price, average production etc.
 EXAMPLE OF MEAN

▶Example: ▶5, 10, 12, 16, 8, 42, 25, 15, 10, 7 ▶Solution:
5+10+12+16+8+42+25+15+10+7=150/10 ▶ Mean = 15
 ADVANTAGES OF MEAN

▶It should be rigidly defined and easy to understand.

▶It should be easy to calculate.
▶It should be based on all the observations of the data.
▶It should be unaffected by extreme observations.
▶It should have sampling stability
 DISADVANTAGES OF MEAN

▶It is highly affected by extreme values.

▶It cannot be accurately calculated for open end frequency
distribution.
▶It cannot be calculated accurately if any observation is
missing.
 MEDIAN

▶Median is the middle most value of a set of data when the

data is arranged in order of magnitude. If the number of
observations is in odd form, then median is the mid value and
if the number of observations is even form, then median is the
average of two middle values.
CONT….

▶When we Apply Median ▶We apply median to the situations,

when the direct
measurements of variables are not possible like poverty,
beauty and intelligence etc.
 EXAMPLE MEDIAN

▶Median ▶Example: 12,15, 10, 20, 18, 25, 45, 30, 26 ▶We
need to make order of the data

10, 12, 15, 18, 20, 25, 26, 30, 45 ▶

So Mean = 20
 ADVANTAGES MEDIAN
▶It is easy to calculate and understand.
▶It is not affected by extreme values.
▶It can be computed even in open end frequency
distribution.
▶It can be used for qualitative data.
▶It can be located graphically.
 DISADVANTAGES MEDIAN

▶It is not rigorously defined.

▶It is not based on all the observations.
▶It is not suitable for further algebraic treatment.
 MODE

▶The most frequent value that occurs in the set of data is

called
mode. A set of data may have more than one mode or no
mode. When it has one mode it is called uni-modal. When it
has two or three modes it is called bi-modal or tri-modal
respectively. ▶Example ▶12, 24, 15, 18, 30, 48, 20, 24 ▶So
Mode = 24
 APPLICATION OF MODE

▶When to apply Mode ▶We apply mode when it is required to

study the problems
like average size of shoes, average size of readymade
garments, and average size of agriculture holding. This
average is widely used in Biology and Meteorology.
 ADVANTAGES OF MODE

▶It is easy to understand. ▶It is not affected by extreme values.

▶It can be computed even in open-end classes. ▶It can be
useful in qualitative data.
 DISADVANTAGES OF MODE

▶It is not clearly defined. ▶It is not suitable for further

algebraic treatment. ▶It is not based on all the observations.
▶It may not exist in some cases.
 MEASURES OF DISPERSION

▶The measure of central tendency does not tell us

anything about the spread data because any two sets of data
may have same central tendency with vast difference
magnitude of variability. Consider two types of data sets have
same mean but different reliability. ▶10, 12, 11, 14, 13 ▶10,
2, 18, 27, 3
 MEASURES OF DISPERSION

▶These two data have same mean 12, but differ in their
variations. There is more variation in data (b) as compared to
data (a). This illustrates the fact that of central tendency is not
sufficient. We therefore need some additional information
concerning with how the data are dispersed about the
average. This is measuring the dispersion. By dispersion we
mean the degree to which data tend to spread about an
average value.
 TYPES MEASURES OF DISPERSION

There are two types of measures of dispersion, absolute and

relative dispersion.
CONT…
▶Measures of Dispersion

▶The Range

▶The semi Interquartile Range or the Quartile Deviation

▶The Mean Deviation

▶The variance and the standard deviation

 RANGE

▶It is defined as difference between largest and smallest

observations in a set of data. Range = R = Xm - X0 ▶Where Xm =
the largest observation X0 = the smallest
observation. The range is very simple measure of variability
and only concerned with two most extreme observations. Its
relative measure is known as the co- efficient of dispersion.
Xm - Xo ▶Co-efficient of Range = Xm + Xo
 EXAMPLE OF RANGE

▶Example: ▶Calculate Range and Co-efficient of Range from

the
following data. 15, 20, 18, 16, 30, 42, 12, 25 ▶Solution: ▶Xm
= 42, Xo = 12 R = Xm — Xo =42-12 = 30
 STANDARD DEVIATION

Standard deviation is the most commonly

used and the most important measure of
variation. ▶ It determines whether the scores are generally
near or far from the mean. ▶ In simple words, standard
deviation tells how tightly all the scores are clustered
CONT…

▶ When the scores are close to the mean,

standard deviation is small. And large
standard deviation tells that the scores are
spread apart. Standard deviation is simply
square root of variance
 VARIANCE

▶Variance (σ2) in statistics is a measurement of the spread

between numbers in a data set. That is, it measures how far
each number in the set is from the mean and therefore from
every other number in the set. ▶Variance measures how far a data set is
spread out. It is mathematically defined as the average of the
squared differences from the mean.
 NORMAL CURVE

▶One way of presenting out how data are distributed is to plot

them in a graph. ▶If the data is evenly distributed, our graph will come across a
curve. ▶In statistics this curve is called a normal curve and in social sciences, it
is called the bell curve. ▶Normal or bell curved is distribution of data may
naturally occur in several possible ways, with
a number of possibilities for standard deviation
 SKEWNESS

 Skewness tells us about the amount and direction of the

variation of the data set.
It is a measure of symmetry. A distribution or data set is

symmetric if it looks the same to the left and right of the

central point.
 If bulk of data is at the left i.e. the peak is towards left and

the right tail is longer, we say that the distribution is skewed

right or positively skewed.
 MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
• For a nominal variable, the mode is the only measure
that can be used.
• For ordinal variables, the mode and the median may
be used. The median provides more information
(taking into account the ranking of categories.)
• For interval-ratio variables, the mode, median, and mean
may all be calculated. The mean provides the most
information about the distribution, but the median is
preferred if the distribution is skewed.
 CIRCLE GRAPH (PIE CHART)

Displays data using a circle divided into

sectors. We use a circle graph (also
called a pie chart) to show how data
represent portions of one
whole or one group.
Notice each sector is
represented by %.
 BAR GRAPH
Displays data by using bars of equal width
on a grid. The bars may be vertical or
horizontal. Bar graphs are used for
comparisons.
 PICTOGRAPH

Uses pictures and symbols to display data;

each picture or symbol can represent more
than one object; a key tells what each picture
represents.
 BROKEN LINE GRAPH
A graph showing data points joined by line
segments to show trends over time.
 CONTINUOUS LINE GRAPH
A graph in which points on the line between
the plotted points also have meaning.
Sometimes, this is a “best fit” graph where
a straight line is drawn to fit the data
points. Notice that the
Independent variable is on the
X axis, & the dependent is
on the Y axis.
 SCATTER PLOTS

A graph of data that is a set of points.

Thanks for your attention