ROCKS

What are rocks?

• They form within the Earth and make up a large
part of our planet.
ROCK
• is the common material on Earth that is naturally
occurring and is made up of one or more mineral.

• Minerals may or may not have been formed at the

same time. What matters is that natural processes
glued them all together.
• To geologists, a rock is a natural substance
composed of solid crystals of different minerals that
have been fused together into a solid lump.
We take them for granted
ROCKS

STONES
 ROCKS vs STONES
• Rocks are made of smaller stones and stones are made
from rocks.
• Rock can be described as a large piece of stone that is
difficult to be carried in the hand. On the other hand,
stone is just a small piece or pebble that can be carried in
the hand.
• The stones can be pelted easily but one cannot do so with
rocks.
• The rocks are normally immovable and it needs much
effort. On the other hand, stones are movable and only
less effort is needed.
 ROCKS vs STONES
• As with the size, the rocks are heavier than stones.
• A stone is formed from rocks after it has been trimmed or
dressed or polished into tiny pieces.
• Rocks can be both hard and soft. On the other hand,
stones are only hard materials and not at all soft.
• Stones are used in the construction of lintels, claddings,
kitchen tops and a lot more in construction activities.
Rocks as a whole are not used in the construction industry
but are used when converted into stones.
MAJOR ROCK TYPES
1. IGNEOUS ROCKS
• Igneous Rocks – “Igneous” came from the Latin word
“Ignis” means fire. These rocks are formed by the cooling
of molten magma or lava near, at, or below the Earth’s
surface. Igneous rocks are formed from the solidification of
molten rock material.

There are two basic types:

a. Intrusive igneous rocks

b. Extrusive igneous rocks
a. INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS
• Intrusive igneous rocks crystallize below Earth's surface,
and the slow cooling that occurs there allows large
crystals to form. Examples of intrusive igneous rocks are
diorite, gabbro, granite, pegmatite, and peridotite.

Diorite is used as a base material in the

construction of roads, buildings, and
parking areas. It is also used as a
drainage stone and for erosion control.
Gabbro
Gabbro is used for flooring
and worktops, monumental
stone and sea defenses.

Granite Granite is used in buildings,

bridges, paving, monuments, and
many other exterior projects.
Indoors, polished granite slabs and
tiles are used in countertops, tile
floors, stair treads and many other
design elements.
Pegmatite Pegmatite is often mined for
industrial minerals. These are used
to make components for
electronic devices, circuit boards,
optical filters, detector windows,
and many other products.

Peridotite Peridotite is used for various purposes

starting from construction of roads,
bridges, buildings to pot in kitchen, as a
gemstone or just for decorating your
garden. Peridotite rock is not yet used in
the medical industry.
b. EXTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS
• Extrusive igneous rocks erupt onto the surface, where they cool
quickly to form small crystals. Some cool so quickly that they
form an amorphous glass. These rocks include andesite, basalt,
dacite, obsidian, pumice, rhyolite, scoria, and tuff.

Andesite Andesite is used for making tiles, road

construction, landscaping and garden
designs.
 Basalt
Basalt is used in construction (e.g.
as building blocks or in the
groundwork) and making statues.
Dacite
Dacite is sometimes used to
produce crushed stone.
Obsidian was used
to make knives,
arrowheads, spear
points, scrapers,
and many other
weapons and
tools.
Obsidian
Pumice
Pumice is used as
abrasive in
conditioning "stone
washed" denim and
an abrasive in skin
exfoliating products
a fine abrasive used
for polishing
Rhyolite
Rhyolite can be used as in the
construction and roading industries.
Obsidian was used by pre-European
Maori as a cutting tool, and can be
carved into jewelry.

Tuff

Tuff is sometimes erroneously called

"tufa", particularly when used as
construction material.

Scoria is often used in landscaping and drainage works.

Scoria
2. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
• are formed by the lithification of inorganic and organic
sediments deposited near, at, or below the Earth’s surface.
These are rocks that are formed from pieces of other rocks.

There are three kinds of sedimentary rocks:

a. Clastic Sedimentary Rocks

b. Chemical Sedimentary Rocks
c. Organic Sedimentary Rocks
a. CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
• formed by weathering processes which break down rocks
into pebble, sand, or clay particles by exposure to wind,
ice, and water. These are breccia, conglomerate,
sandstone, siltstone, and shale
Breccia

Breccia for thousands of years, the

striking visual appearance of breccias
has made them a popular sculptural
and architectural material.
Conglomerate Siltstone Siltstone is rarely
the target of
mining for use as
a construction
material or
manufacturing
feedstock.

Conglomerate are mined,

crushed, and processed as Shale
ores. Sandstone

Shale has many commercial

uses. It is a source material in
Sandstone is used as a construction material or as a the ceramics industry to make
component in the production of some products. brick, tile, and pottery.
b. CHEMICAL SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
• Chemical Sedimentary Rocks are formed by precipitation of
minerals from water. Precipitation is when dissolved
materials come out of water. Examples: Limestone,
Dolostone, and Evaporites.
Limestone Limestone is used as a soil conditioner
to neutralize acidic soils. Powdered
limestone is used in the textile, paint,
paper, rubber, glass and plastic
industries amongst others.
Dolostone Dolostone most common use for
construction industry. It is crushed
and sized for use as a road base
material.

Evaporite
Evaporite minerals are
economically important for use in
the production on fertilizer and
explosives.
c. BIOLOGIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
• Also called as Organic Sedimentary Rocks these are
formed when large numbers of living things die, pile up,
and are compressed and cemented to form rock.
Examples: Coal and Cherts.
Coal Cherts

The most significant uses of Chert has very few uses, but
coal are in electricity many ancient cultures used it
generation, steel production, to make tools for cutting and
cement manufacturing and as scraping.
a liquid fuel.
3. METAMORPHIC ROCKS
• Metamorphic Rocks – are formed when pre-existing rocks are
transformed into new rocks by heat and pressure, usually
below the Earth’s surface.

There are two types:

a. Foliated Metamorphic Rocks
b. Non-foliated Metamorphic Rocks
a. FOLIATED METAMORPHIC ROCKS
Foliated Metamorphic Rocks – are formed within the Earth's
interior under extremely high pressures that are unequal,
occurring when the pressure is greater in one direction than
in the others (directed pressure). Examples: Slate, Schist, and
Gneiss.
Slate Slate is popular for a wide variety of
uses such as roofing and flooring
because of its durability and attractive
appearance.
Schist Schist is use as a construction
aggregate, building stone, or
decorative stone.

Gneiss Gneiss has many uses as a building

material such as flooring, ornamental
stones, gravestones, facing stones on
buildings and work surfaces.
b. NON-FOLIATED METAMORPHIC ROCKS
Non-foliated Metamorphic Rocks – are formed around igneous intrusions
where the temperatures are high but the pressures are relatively low and
equal in all directions (confining pressure). Examples: Quartzite and
Marble.
Quartzite Marble

Quartzite is a decorative Marble is used for its optical

stone and may be used to properties in cosmetics,
cover walls, as roofing tiles, paint, and paper.
as flooring, and stairsteps.
 THE MARBLE TOY
A marble is a small spherical
toy often made from glass,
clay, steel, plastic or agate.
These balls vary in size. In the
early twentieth century, small
balls of stone, identified by
archaeologists as marbles,
were found on excavation
near Mohenjo-daro.
 Marbles are made using many
techniques. They can be categorized
into two general types: hand-made
and machine-made.

hand-made marble

Marbles were originally made by hand. Stone or

ivory marbles can be fashioned by grinding.
Clay, pottery, ceramic, or porcelain marbles
can be made by rolling the material into a ball,
and then letting dry, or firing, and then can be
left natural, painted, or glazed.

A very large American-made marble

making machine at Bovey Tracey,
Devon, England.
VENN DIAGRAM
Prepared By:
Ms. Jhellee Marie Aquino