SOLIDS

Definite shape, definite volume and ORDER.

Definite pattern of arrangement of

ORDER
atoms or molecules or ions.
SOLIDS

Highest intermolecular attractive forces

Molecules, atoms or ions are closely packed.

Incompressibility

Rigidity

Mechanical Strength
Classification of Solids

On the basis of order of arrangement of their constituent

particles solids are classified as

Crystalline Solids

Amorphous Solids
 Crystalline Solids

• It has, LONG RANGE ORDER i.e. there is regular pattern of arrangement

of particles which repeat itself periodically over the entire crystal.
 Amorphous Solids

It has, SHORT RANGE ORDER i.e. there is regular pattern of arrangement

of particles over short distances only.
𝐍𝐨𝐭𝐞

Isotropy :
• When measured along
different direction crystal
shows same physical
properties like electrical
resistance, refractive index etc.
This is due to SIMILAR
EXPERIENCE of particles along
different directions.
𝐍𝐨𝐭𝐞

Anisotropy :
When measured along different
direction crystal shows different
physical properties like electrical
resistance, refractive index etc.
This is due to DIFFERENT
EXPERIENCE of particles along
different directions.
 Crystalline Solids

Crystalline solids are ANISOTROPIC in nature, i.e., some of their

physical properties like electrical resistance or refractive index show
different values when measured along different directions in the
same crystal.

This is due to DIFFERENT EXPERIENCE of particles along different

directions.
 Crystalline Solids

C A

Anisotropy in crystals is due to different experience of particles along

different directions.
 Amorphous Solids

Amorphous solids are ISOTROPIC in nature, i.e., the physical property

observations would be SIMILAR ALONG ANY DIRECTION.

There are different short range orders, even though they are
irregularly arranged, but for an amorphous solid all different type of
short range orders eventually occur in all directions leading to
ISOTROPY.
 Amorphous Solids

A2

A1

Isotropy in amorphous solids

 Amorphous Solids

They soften over a range of temperature and can

be moulded and blown into various shapes.

Like liquids, they have a tendency to flow, though

very slowly. Hence, sometimes known as PSEUDO
SOLIDS or SUPERCOOLED LIQUIDS
 Amorphous Solids

Thinner

Glass panes fixed to windows or doors of old

buildings are invariably found to be slightly
thicker at the bottom than at the top.

Thicker
 Crystalline Solids
Examples

NaCl Quartz Diamond Sulphur

 Amorphous Solids
Examples

Quartz Pitch Rubber Plastic

Glass
 Crystalline Solids

Melting Point and Heat of Fusion

Heat
absorbed

Phase change

(T)
Temperature

Melt at a sharp and characteristic temperature

 Amorphous Solids

Melting Point and Heat of Fusion

Liquid
Melting Ends

Phase change
Heat
absorbed
Melting starts

Temperature (T)

Gradually soften over a range of temperature

 Crystalline Cleavage Amorphous
Solids Property Solids

When cut with a sharp edged tool, When cut with a sharp edged tool,
the newly generated surfaces are the newly generated surfaces are
PLANE and SMOOTH IRREGULAR
Distinction between Crystalline and Amorphous solids

PROPERTY CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS AMORPHOUS SOLIDS

Definite characteristic
Shape Irregular shape
geometrical shape

Arrangement of
Long range order Only short range order
Particles

Anisotropy Anisotropic in nature Isotropic in nature

Distinction between Crystalline and Amorphous solids

PROPERTY CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS AMORPHOUS SOLIDS

Melt at a sharp and Gradually soften over a

Melting point
characteristic temperature range of temperature

They have a definite and They do not have definite

Heat of fusion
characteristic heat of fusion heat of fusion

When cut with a sharp

When cut with a sharp
edged tool, they split into
Cleavage edged tool, they cut into two
two pieces and the newly
property pieces with irregular
generated surfaces are
Surfaces
plane and smooth
Types of Crystalline solids
 Bonding/
Constituent Physical Electrical Melting
Types of Solid Attractive Examples
Particles Nature Conductivity Point
forces

(1) Molecular
Molecules
Solids

Dispersion
Ar, CCl4, Very
(a) Non polar or London Soft Insulator
H2, l2, CO2 low
forces
 Bonding/
Constituent Physical Electrical Melting
Types of Solid Attractive Examples
Particles Nature Conductivity Point
forces

Dipole-
(b) Polar HCl, SO2 Soft Insulator Low
dipole

(c) Hydrogen Hydrogen

H2O (ice) Hard Insulator Low
bonded bonding
 Bonding/
Constituent Physical Electrical Melting
Types of Solid Attractive Examples
Particles Nature Conductivity Point
forces

Insulator in
solid state
but
Coulombic NaCl, Hard
conductors
(2) Ionic Solids Ions or MgO, Zns, but High
in molten
Electrostatic CaF2 brittle
state and in
aqueous
solutions
 Bonding/
Constituent Physical Electrical Melting
Types of Solid Attractive Examples
Particles Nature Conductivity Point
forces

Positive
Hard but Conductors
ions in a
(3) Metallic Metallic Fe, Cu, Ag, malleable in solid state Fairly
sea of
Solids bonding Mg and as well as in High
delocalized
ductile molten state
electrons
 Bonding/
Constituent Physical Electrical Melting
Types of Solid Attractive Examples
Particles Nature Conductivity Point
forces

SiO2 (quartz)
SiC,
(4) Covalent Hard Insulators
Diamond (C)
or Covalent Very
network
Atoms
bonding AlN, High
Solids
Graphite (C) Soft Conductor
 Classify the following as amorphous or crystalline
solids : 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Example (a) Polyurethane (a) Amorphous
(b) Naphthalene (b) Crystalline
(c) Benzoic acid (c) Crystalline
(d) Teflon (d) Amorphous
(e) Potassium nitrate (e) Crystalline
(f) Cellophane (f) Amorphous
(g) Polyvinyl chloride (g) Amorphous
(h) Fiber glass (h) Amorphous
(i) Copper (i) Crystalline
 Which of the following is a not a crystalline solid ?
Example (A) Diamond (B) NaCl
(C) CaF2 (D) Rubber

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

Ans. (D)
 Which of the following is an amorphous solid?
Example (A) Graphite (C)
(B) Quartz glass (SiO2)
(C) Chrome alum
(D) Silicon carbide (SiC)

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

Ans. (B)
 Which of the following statement is incorrect regarding amorphous
Example solids?
(A) They are anisotropic in nature.
(B) They are rigid and incompressible.
(C) They melt over a wide range of temperature.
(D) There is no orderly arrangement of particles.

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

Ans. (A)
 Which of the following is a not the characteristic of ionic solids ?
Example (A) Electrical conduction in the molten state.
(B) Low melting point.
(C) Very strong forces of interactions.
(D) Anisotropic nature.

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

Ans. (B)
 Which of the following statements is not true about amorphous solids?
Example (A) On heating they may become crystalline at certain temperature.
(B) They may become crystalline on keeping for long time.
(C) Amorphous solids can be moulded on heating.
(D) They are anisotropic in nature.

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

Ans. (D)
Lattice (Crystal lattice)
It is the periodic arrangement of the points such that the
environment at any point is the same as at any other point. Every
point in lattice should have same surroundings.
Lattice (Crystal lattice)

Each point in a lattice is called lattice point.

Lattice points are joined by straight lines

to represent the geometry of lattice.

Lattice should be infinite.

A lattice gives rise to a crystal when points are

replaced by particles such as atoms, molecules or ions.
Unit Cell
Unit Cell

Smallest Repeating Unit

Unit Cells must link-up , they cannot have gaps between them

All unit cells must be identical

This cannot be a
unit cell

Unit cells are not

identical
This also cannot be
a unit cell

Space between unit

cells not allowed
Choice of the
origin of the
unit cell is
arbitrary
Choice of the
origin of the
unit cell is
arbitrary
Choice of the
origin of the
unit cell is
arbitrary
Classification of unit cell

Primitive
1 unit cell
Unit
Cell
 Body
1 centered
unit cell

Face
2 centered
unit cell

End
3 centered
unit cell
The Seven Crystal System

To define seven crystal system certain parameter are required, which

are called lattice parameters. These are of two types:
1. Crystallographic axis(a, b, c)
2. Crystallographic angles (interfacial angles α, β, γ )

c
𝜷 𝜶
b
a
𝜸
On the basis of lattice parameters (a, b, c, α, β, γ) these 7 crystal shapes can
be defined.

Cubic

Orthorhombic

Rhombohedral

Seven Crystal Tetragonal

System

Triclinic

Hexagonal

Monoclinic
 Cubic

a=b=c

a = b = g = 90°
 Orthorhombic

a≠b≠c

a = b = g = 90°
 Rhombohedral

a=b=c

a = b = g ≠ 90°
 Tetragonal

a=bc

a = b = g = 90°
 Triclinic

abc

a  b  g  90°
 Hexagonal

a=bc

a = b = 90°,
g =120°
 Monoclinic

a≠b≠c

a = g = 90°,
b  90°
Crystal System Edge Length Angles Examples

Cubic a=b=c a = b = g = 90° NaCl, ZnS, Diamond

Tetragonal a=b≠c a = b = g = 90° SnO2, TiO2

Orthorhombic
a≠b≠c a = b = g = 90° Rhombic Sulphur, KNO3
or Rhombic
Crystal System Edge Length Angles Examples

Rhombohedral
a=b=c a = b = g  90° CaCO3, MgS
or Trigonal

a = b = 90°, Graphite, ZnO

Hexagonal a=b≠c
g =120°

a = g = 90°,
Monoclinic a≠b≠c Monoclinic sulphur
b  90°

Triclinic a≠b≠c a  b  g  90° CuSO4.5H2O, K2Cr2O7

Types of unit cell

1 Primitive Unit Cell

The constituent particles are present only at corner positions of a unit cell.
Types of unit cell

2 Centered Unit Cell

When a unit cell contains one or more constituent particles present

at centre positions in addition to those at corners, it is called a
centered unit cell.
 2 Centered Unit Cell

Centered unit cells are of three types :

A. Body-Centered Unit Cells (BC) :

One particle at its body -center and one particle at each corner.
 2 Centered Unit Cell

B. Face-Centered Unit Cells (FC) :

One particle at each face-center and one particle at each corner.

 2 Centered Unit Cell

C. End-Centered Unit Cells (EC)

One particle at any two opposite faces and one particle at each corner.
 Crystal System Bravais Lattice

Cubic Primitive, Body-centered, Face-centered

Tetragonal Primitive, Body-centered

Orthorhombic or Primitive, Body-centered, Face-centered,

Rhombic End-centered
 Crystal System Bravais Lattice

Rhombohedral or
Primitive
Trigonal

Hexagonal Primitive

Monoclinic Primitive, End-centered

Triclinic Primitive
 For a crystal, unit cell parameters are as follows a = b = 4.2 Å, c = 5.1 Å crystal
Example system may be
(A) Tetragonal (B) Orthorhombic
(C) Cubic (D) Either 1 or 3
 Crystal System Edge Length Angles Examples

Cubic a=b=c a = b = g = 90° NaCl, ZnS, Diamond

Example
Tetragonal a=b≠c a = b = g = 90° SnO2, TiO2

Orthorhombic Rhombic Sulphur, KNO3

a≠b≠c a = b = g = 90°
or Rhombic
Rhombohedral
a=b=c a = b = g  90° CaCO3, MgS
or Trigonal
a = b = 90°, Graphite, ZnO
Hexagonal a=b≠c
g =120°
a = g = 90°, Monoclinic sulphur
Monoclinic a≠b≠c
b  90°
CuSO4.5H2O, K2Cr2O7
Triclinic a≠b≠c a  b  g  90°
 For a crystal, unit cell parameters are as follows a = b = 4.2 Å, c = 5.1 Å crystal
Example system may be
(A) Tetragonal (B) Orthorhombic
(C) Cubic (D) Either 1 or 3

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

Ans. (A)
 Which of the following is the correct set of axial distances and axial angles for
Example rhombohedral system ?
(A) a = b = c, a = b = g  90° (B) a = b  c, a = b = g = 90°
(C) a  b = c, a = b = g = 90° (D) a  b  c, a  b  g  90°
 Crystal System Edge Length Angles Examples

Cubic a=b=c a = b = g = 90° NaCl, ZnS, Diamond

Example
Tetragonal a=b≠c a = b = g = 90° SnO2, TiO2

Orthorhombic Rhombic Sulphur, KNO3

a≠b≠c a = b = g = 90°
or Rhombic
Rhombohedral
a=b=c a = b = g  90° CaCO3, MgS
or Trigonal
a = b = 90°, Graphite, ZnO
Hexagonal a=b≠c
g =120°
a = g = 90°, Monoclinic sulphur
Monoclinic a≠b≠c
b  90°
CuSO4.5H2O, K2Cr2O7
Triclinic a≠b≠c a  b  g  90°
 Which of the following is the correct set of axial distances and axial angles for
Example rhombohedral system ?
(A) a = b = c, a = b = g  90° (B) a = b  c, a = b = g = 90°
(C) a  b = c, a = b = g = 90° (D) a  b  c, a  b  g  90°

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

Ans. (A)
 a  b  c, a  b  g  90° represents
Example (A) tetragonal system (B) orthorhombic system
(C) monoclinic system (D) triclinic system
 Crystal System Edge Length Angles Examples

Cubic a=b=c a = b = g = 90° NaCl, ZnS, Diamond

Example
Tetragonal a=b≠c a = b = g = 90° SnO2, TiO2

Orthorhombic Rhombic Sulphur, KNO3

a≠b≠c a = b = g = 90°
or Rhombic
Rhombohedral
a=b=c a = b = g  90° CaCO3, MgS
or Trigonal
a = b = 90°, Graphite, ZnO
Hexagonal a=b≠c
g =120°
a = g = 90°, Monoclinic sulphur
Monoclinic a≠b≠c
b  90°
CuSO4.5H2O, K2Cr2O7
Triclinic a≠b≠c a  b  g  90°
 a  b  c, a  b  g  90° represents
Example (A) tetragonal system (B) orthorhombic system
(C) monoclinic system (D) triclinic system

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

Ans. (D)
 Diamond belongs to the crystal system :
Example (A) Cubic (B) triclinic
(C) tetragonal (D) hexagonal
 Crystal System Edge Length Angles Examples

Cubic a=b=c a = b = g = 90° NaCl, ZnS, Diamond

Example
Tetragonal a=b≠c a = b = g = 90° SnO2, TiO2

Orthorhombic Rhombic Sulphur, KNO3

a≠b≠c a = b = g = 90°
or Rhombic
Rhombohedral
a=b=c a = b = g  90° CaCO3, MgS
or Trigonal
a = b = 90°, Graphite, ZnO
Hexagonal a=b≠c
g =120°
a = g = 90°, Monoclinic sulphur
Monoclinic a≠b≠c
b  90°
CuSO4.5H2O, K2Cr2O7
Triclinic a≠b≠c a  b  g  90°
 Diamond belongs to the crystal system :
Example (A) Cubic (B) triclinic
(C) tetragonal (D) hexagonal

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

Ans. (A)
 A match box exhibits -
Example (A) Cubic geometry (B) Monoclinic geometry
(C) Tetragonal geometry (D) Orthorhombic geometry
 Orthorhombic

Example a≠b≠c

a = b = g = 90°
 A match box exhibits -
Example (A) Cubic geometry (B) Monoclinic geometry
(C) Tetragonal geometry (D) Orthorhombic geometry

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

Ans. (D)
 Crystal system in which maximum number of Bravais lattices are possible is
Example (A) Cubic (B) Triclinic
(C) Orthorhombic (D) Rhombohedral
 Crystal System Bravais Lattice

Cubic Primitive, Body-centered, Face-centered

Example
Tetragonal Primitive, Body-centered

Orthorhombic or Primitive, Body-centered, Face-centered, End-

Rhombic centered
Rhombohedral or
Primitive
Trigonal

Hexagonal Primitive

Monoclinic Primitive, End-centered

Triclinic Primitive
 Crystal system in which maximum number of Bravais lattices are possible is
Example (A) Cubic (B) Triclinic
(C) Orthorhombic (D) Rhombohedral

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

Ans. (C)
 Home Work
Solid State Class-1 (4th May 2022)

Read Solid State sheet from page 1-10.

Also practice illustrations given on these pages.

Solve DPP-01 : Question 1-12

Solve Exercise 2 (JEE Main PYQs) : Q 17 ; Exercise 3 (JEE Advanced Pattern) : Q 15

Read NCERT from page 1-10 (upto Table : Unit Cells of 14 types of Bravais Lattices)

NCERT- Solve Intext Questions : 1.1 to 1.5 (page 4)

Intext Questions : 1.6 to 1.9 (page 6)
Exercises Questions : 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.6, 1.9 (page 30)