ST. PATRICK’S SR. SEC.

SCHOOL
JAUNPUR

Chemistry project

“To study the human reproductive

cloning and biotechnology”

Submitted to – Submitted by –
MR. K.r. singh Ananya SINGH
ST. PATRICK’S SR. SEC.
SCHOOL CLASS : Xii ‘B’
JAUNPUR ROLL NO. : 24
 St. PATRICK’S sr. sec.
school
jaunpur

certificate
This is to certify that “Ananya Singh “of class ’12th science
(B) ’ of St. Patrick's Senior Secondary School has
completed her project on topic“ To study the human
reproductive cloning and biotechnology " under my
supervision. She has taken proper care and shown at
most sincerely in completion of this project.

Sign. Of Principal Sign. Of Internal Examiner

(Sr. Jessy ) ( K.R. SINGH )

St. Patrick’s Sr. Sec. St,. Patrick’s Sr Sec. School

School Jaunpur
Jaunpur

Sign. Of External Examiner

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the accomplishment of this project
successfully, many people have best owned
upon me their blessing and heart pledge
support, this time I am utilising to thank all
the people who have been concerned with this
project.
Primarily I would thank god for being able to
complete this project with success. Then I
would like to thank my biology teacher Mr.
K. R. Singh whose valuable guidance has
been one that help me patch this project and
make it a full proof success.
His valuable suggestions and his instructions
have served as the major contributor to work
completion of the project.Then I would like to
thank my parents and friends who have helped
me with their valuable suggestions and
guidance has been very helpful in various
phases of completion of the project.
Biological Importance of Alkali
Metals
 Elements are arranged in a
periodic table row-wise and
column-wise according to
similarities in their chemical and
physical properties. The elements
in the first column are known as
Group 1 elements which have
the following elements lithium,
sodium, potassium, rubidium,
Caesium and Francium. All these
elements have similar
properties except Lithium so all
the elements of this group
including lithium (yet it has
different properties ) are
known as Alkali Metals
Common Characteristics
of Alkali Metals
 Atomic Radii: In the periodic table, the
atomic radii of elements decreases as we
move from left to right in a row while in a
column the atomic radii increases as we
move from top to bottom. Hence atomic
radii of alkali metals increase down the
column from Lithium to Francium.
 Ionization Energy: Ionization energy
or ionization enthalpy is the minimum
amount of energy needed to remove
electrons from the energy shells of an
atom. Alkali metals have low ionization
energies because atoms of alkali metals
have a big size due to which the nuclear
charge of an atom can be outweighed so
it is difficult to take out an electron from
an energy shell. The trend of ionization
energies is opposite to atomic radii so
ionization energies decrease as we move
down the group.
 Electronegativity: Whenever an atom of
an element forms a bond with an atom
of some other element by sharing
electron pairs then every atom tries to
attract shared electron pair towards
itself, this tends to attract shared pair of
electrons is known as Electronegativity.
Electronegativity of alkali metals
decreases down the group.
•Hydration Energy:
Hydration energy is the
amount of energy released on
the hydration of one mole of
ions. Hydration energy of
alkali metals follows the
opposite trend as that of
atomic size means hydration
enthalpy of ions decreases
down the group as atomic size
increases.
Li + > Na+ > K+ > Rb+ > Cs+
Physical Properties of
Alkali Metals:
o Appearance of alkali metals is silvery
white.
o These are soft metals.
o They have a lower boiling point than
alkaline earth metals.
o These elements can be tested by flame test
as they give different colours on being
exposed to flame.
o These metals can conduct electricity.
o Alkali metals have low densities, they are
light metals.
Uses of Alkali Metals:
oLithium is used in making different types of
alloys one is known as white metal.
oLithium is also used in storing energy in
electrochemical cells.
oIn photoelectric cells, Caesium is used as an
electrode.
oPotassium is mainly used in fertilizers,
insecticides and pesticides.
oSodium especially liquid sodium can be used in
nuclear reactors as coolants.
Biological Importance of
Alkali Metals
 Alkali metals react readily with air and water so to
avoid any reaction these metals should be stored
under some kind of oil. All the alkali metals play a
very important role in the existence and
maintenance of the life cycle. Let’s see the biological
importance of all alkali metals one by one.

Biological Importance of
Lithium: Lithium is important
to humans through its high
concentration has a toxic effect
it naturally occurs in soil and
hence with included in the
food chain, talking about
biological importance so it has
an antioxidant effect and many
medicines which are used to
treat depression and anxiety
disorders uses lithium
compounds. Lithium chloride
is used to treat hypertension.
Biological Importance
of Sodium:
 Sodium plays a very important
role in balancing water in the
human body and sodium ions are
used to transmit nerve impulses,
these sodium ions are also
responsible for muscle
contraction and relaxation. A
sufficient amount of sodium in
the body helps to prevent the
body from different failures like
kidney failure, heart failure etc
Biological Importance
of Potassium:.

 Potassium is very important as it

maintains osmotic pressure between
cells and interstitial fluid, it is used to
treat many diseases like hypokalemia,
weakness of muscles, cardiac disorders
etc. Potassium ions help the nutrients
of food to move inside cells and move
waste products outside the cells.
Biological importance of
rubidium & caesium
 Rubidium helps in
the stimulation of
metabolism. Some
isotopes of rubidium
are used in the
treatment of severe
heart diseases.
Rubidium ions are
also found in muscles.
 Chemical properties
of caesium are mostly
similar to that of
potassium so in the
body caesium can
replace potassium
which is very harmful
so caesium ions are Thank
mostly avoided by you
humans.