1. What is matter and what is energy?

The term matter refers to anything that occupies space and has mass—in other words, the
“stuff” that the universe is made of. All matter is made up of substances called elements, which
have specific chemical and physical properties and cannot be broken down into other substances
through ordinary chemical reactions. On the other hand, according to physics, energy is defined
as the ability to do work, which is the ability to exert a force causing displacement of an object.

2. Define element and compound then cite examples. (8 points)

An element is a substance that cannot be broken down into any other substance. Every
element is made up of its own type of atom. This is why the chemical elements are all very
different from each other. For examples in periodic table, there are elements like iron, copper,
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, gold, silver and many more. Compound is defined as
substance made from two or more elements. Consists of a fixed ratio of chemically bonded
atoms. Has unique properties that are different from the properties of its individual elements. The
examples for compounds are water (H2O), bleach (Sodium hypochlorite), salt (Sodium chloride),
glucose (Blood sugar), vinegar (Acetic acid), rust (Iron oxide), nail polish remover (Acetone).

3. In a tabular form, compare and contrast ionic and covalent bonds. (10 points)

Ionic Bonds Covalent Bonds

It is less common in organic chemistry Covalent bonds are much more common in
organic chemistry
Atoms transfer electrons. Atoms share electrons
Reaction components for ionic bonds they are The reaction components of covalent bonds
both charged are electrically neutral
Much stronger Less strong
Ionic bonds are formed between a metal and Covalent bonds are formed between two non-
non-metal. metals
Ionic bonded molecules are in solid cases in Covalently bonded molecules are in the vast
room temperature majority of cases liquids or gases in room
temperature
Ionic bonds have a high melting point Molecules formed by covalent bonds have a
low melting point
Ionic bonds cannot form between two atoms Covalent bonds can form between atoms of
of the same elements the same elements
Conduct electricity when molten or dissolved Do not conduct electricity
in water.

4. In a tabular form, differentiate acid, base and salt. (12 points)

 ACID
Acid is a substance which
dissolves in water, ionizes
and releases hydrogen ions
in solution.
They turn blue litmus
paper to red.
They have pH value less
than 7.
BASE
A base is a substance
which dissolves in water,
ionizes and releases
hydroxide or hydroxyl ions
in solutions.
They turn red litmus to
blue
They have pH greater than
7.
SALT
A salt is compound formed
by the partial or complete
replacement of the
ionizable hydrogen atom of
an acid by a metallic ion or
an electropositive ion.
No effect on litmus paper
They have pH value 7.

5. Why do the students of anatomy and physiology must have basic knowledge in
chemistry? (10 points)

Students of anatomy and physiology needs to know basic concept of chemistry because
chemistry is basically somewhat connected to anatomy and physiology. There are things that they
are related to like Understanding body chemistry helps you determine which chemicals are
needed for the body to function properly. For example, vitamins are an important class of
chemical that support reactions in your body, such as the formation of strong bones, the
creation of blood cells and the proper functioning of your metabolism. In addition, Chemistry
explains how your cells function. Perhaps the most important chemical reactions in the body
involve adenosine triphosphate, or ATP. ATP is used to temporarily store energy from food,
which cells can later convert to the energy they need to function. Chemistry also explains how
cells are built. Chemistry makes sense of how oxygen is transported through your bloodstream.
Chemistry helps you understand the purpose of your body's organs. For instance, one of the
functions of your kidneys is to maintain the pH level -- the proper level of acidity and
alkalinity -- of your blood at around 7.4. This are just some of the examples on how chemistry
is important to us. It helps us a lot to further understand anatomy and physiology because of
their connection.

6. If base is added to a solution, would the pH of the solution increase or

decreases? If the If base is added to a solution the pH of that solution will increase because adding
more base increases the hydroxide ion concentration and lowers the hydrogen ion concentration. On the
other hand, if the solution is buffered, the response that the buffer used to prevent the change in pH is by
adding small amounts of acid or base. Buffers are solutions that resist changes in pH, upon addition of
small amounts of acid or base. They can do this because they contain an acidic component to
neutralize OH- ions, and a basic component to neutralize H+ ions.
7. Why do we not smell ice creams as we smell baking bread? (6 points)

Ice creams do not have smells because cold foods have reduced aroma, because vapors
do not rise from them as quickly as the heated ones. Moreover, smell on baking breads was
smelled immediately because heating the foods make the odors spread as volatile compounds in
the air. The foods containing large molecules such as proteins, starches and fats are too heavy and
cannot spread the odors through air. Thus, odor of the foods containing such heavy molecules
cannot be noticed immediately. Lastly, heat converts many substances into their volatile form.
because only volatile molecules in the form of gas carry odor, it is easier to smell hot foods than
cold ones.

8. In terms of energy in chemical bonds, explain why eating food is necessary for
increasing muscle mass? (5 points)

Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids provide this energy. Chemical bonds in molecules of
these nutrients contain energy. When the bonds are broken during digestion to form simpler
molecules, the energy is released. Muscle contains proteins. To increase muscle mass, proteins
must be synthesized from amino acids. The synthesis of molecules in living organisms requires
the input of energy. That energy comes from the potential energy stored in the chemical bonds of
food molecules, which is released during the decomposition of food molecules.

9. A mixture of chemicals is warmed slightly. As a consequence, although little heat

is added, the solution becomes very hot. Explain what happens to make the
solution hot. (8 points)

The solution becomes hot even if the mixture has little heat on it because heat acts as a
catalyst to the chemical reaction to become faster in motion. As more molecules move faster, the
number of molecules moving fast enough to react increases, which results in faster formation of
products. Also, adding energy (heating) atoms and molecules increases their motion, resulting in
an increase in temperature.

10. Why is ATP necessary for cell nutrition? (5 points)

ATP is required for all cellular functions. It is used to build the organic molecules that are
required for cells and tissues. It also provides energy for muscle contraction and for the
transmission of electrical signals in the nervous system. ATP finds use in several cellular
processes. ATP plays a critical role in the transport of macromolecules such as proteins and lipids
into and out of the cell. The hydrolysis of ATP provides the required energy for active transport
mechanisms to carry such molecules across a concentration gradient. ATP has key functions both
in intracellular and extracellular signaling.

11. Why are animals dependent on plants for survival? (5 points)

 Animals are totally dependent on plants for them to survive. First of all, animals
need plants in order for them to survive because plants produce oxygen which is vital for
life here on earth. Second, many animals eat plants as their basic source of their foods.
They also use plants to create their shelter/homes like humans. Moreover, for carnivorous
animals who eats herbivores, without plants herbivores will not survive and the number
of carnivorous will decrease.

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