Bio Flashcards

Edexcel IAL biology Unit 2
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_7r47ay
1. protein synthesis the ribosomes in the rough endoplasmic reticulum

make the proteins. the RER has a large surface area
for the synthesis of the proteins. the polypeptide chain
is folded into a 3-D shape and then packaged into
vesicles to be transported to the Golgi apparatus. the
proteins are modified in the Golgi apparatus/enzyme is
activated in the Golgi apparatus. carbohydrate is added
to some proteins to form glycoproteins. the proteins/en-
zymes are then enclosed in vesicles to form lysosomes.
the lysosomes fuse with the cell membrane and release
the enzymes out of the cell by exocytosis.
2. cellulose microfib- many beta-glucose units are held together by 1,4-gly-

rils cosidic bonds to form cellulose in a condensation reac-
tion. every alternative monomer unit has to be turned
round/inverted so the bonding can take place. the cel-
lulose molecules formed are unbranched chains and
these chains are held together by hydrogen bonds.
this is called cross-linking (holding neighbouring bonds
together)
3. need for seed- 1. food crop such as wheat, barley, rice and corn (hor-
banks ticulture).
2. medicinal value.
3. materials, such as paper, clothing and building ma-
terials.
4. food for wildlife as plants are the base of all food
chains.
5. recycling carbon dioxide and producing oxygen.
6. transpiration gives rise to rainfall.
4. pros for seedbank 1. since seeds are small, they take up less space when
storing.
2. if large numbers of seed are stored there is greater
genetic diversity.
3. seeds can also be stored for along time. because
they can stay dormant for a long time.
4. many different species of plants seeds can be stored
easily and in similar conditions.
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5. growing plants require more regular maintenance.
6. they are less expensive to keep than growing plants.
5. cons for seedbank 1. are not of interest to public.

2. cannot spread awareness/raise funds easily.
6. seedbank collec- 1. seeds are collected from a large number of individual

tion plants to ensure a high genetic diversity.
2. seeds are x-rayed to check for fully formed embryos
so that only viable seeds are stored.
3. seeds are dried to prolong viability/survival and
stored at -20dC to stop enzyme activity and prevent
germination and decomposition.
4. seeds are periodically germinated to make new
seeds, replace dead and decaying seeds and check for
viability.
7. seedbank condi- low temperatures and dry atmosphere-

tions 1. reduces the enzyme activity and respiration in seeds.
2. the seed will thus be less likely to germinate/seed
kept dormant.
3. this also reduces the enzyme activity and growth of
bacteria/fungi/microorganisms.
4. this also decreases the rate of decomposition.
8. seedbanks and ge- 1. harvest the seeds from different plants of the same
netic diversity species.
2. collect seeds from plants growing in different loca-
tions/countries.
3. this all will increase the variety of alleles in the plants
by doin gthis a large gene pool can be obtained.
9. zoos 1. prevent extinction.

2. maintains breeding populations when habitats are
lost.
3. breeding programmes increase numbers so endan-
gered animals can be introduced back into the wild.
4. zoos are used for research to gain a better under-
standing for conservation.
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5.zoos raise awareness to educate the public on en-
dangered species.
10. captive breeding 1. '18 individuals is a small population/small gene

and genetic diver- pool/low genetic diversity/may have been closely relat-
sity ed.
2. captive breeding will increase population.
3. the animals can be taken care of in zoos.
4. they can also be exchanged from different zoos and
may mate with other animals of different zoos.
5. this will lead to an increase in their population size as
more offspring will be produces.
6. there will also be more genetic diversity.
7. stud books can be kept to select mates.
8. inbreeding must be prevented to avoid genetic drift.
9. IVF (pg 144) can be done to make sure fertilization
is successful. the zygote can be implanted into a surro-
gate mother.
10. genetic diversity can be measured using DNA pro-
filing.
11. meiosis impor- 1. meiosis reduces the chromosome number in ga-

tance metes from diploid to haploid.
2. genetic variation is brought about in two ways :-
crossing over and independent assortment.
3. in crossing over, alleles/sections are exchanged be-
tween chromatids.
4. this leads to the formation of recombinants.
5. moreover, in independent assortment, the maternal
and paternal genetic material is completely randomly
distributed into the gametes.
12. genetic variation in 1. genetic variation is brought about in two ways in

a species meiosis.
2. in crossing over, sections of chromatids are ex-
changed.
3. this leads to the formation of recombinants.
4. errors in the progress lead to mutation which also
introduces new combinations into the genetic make-up
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of the species.
5. furthermore, in independent assortment, the mater-
nal and paternal genetic material is distributed com-
pletely at random.
6. moreover, a completely random ovum is fertilized by
a completely different random sperm.
13. specialized cells 1. give a stimulus to the cell (e.g. chemical).

2. some genes are activated while others are deactivat-
ed.
3. only the active genes are transcribed to produce
mRNA at those genes.
4. the mRNA is then translated to make a pro-
tein/polypeptide.
5. this protein permanently modifies the cell (and deter-
mines the structure and function of the cell).
14. potential risks of 1. infection from donor/unsterilized equipment.

stem cell treatment 2. increased suspectibility due to immunosuppres-
sants.
3. risk of cancer/abnormal growth.
4. rejection.
15. role of the cell cy- 1. in the cell cycle the organism grows as the number
cle of cells increase.
2. asexual reproduction or mitosis leads to the produc-
tion of clones or genetically identical daughter cells.
3. tissues are also repaired and the cells are replaced.
(in phase- )
4. cell division is also controlled at checkpoints by en-
zymes called CDKs...
16. prophase 1. nuclear membrane is disintegrated.

2. nucleolus is disintegrated.
3. chromosomes become shortened and thickened and
more visible.
4. each chromosome now has two chromatids joined to
a centromere.
5. centrioles start moving to the pole at late prophase.
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17. metaphase 1. centrioles reach the poles and form spindles. (plants
do not have centrioles but can form spindle fibres)
2. chromatids line up along the metaphase plate (equa-
tor) of the spindle.
3. centromeres of each chromatids attach with a sepa-
rate microtubule of the spindle.
18. anaphase 1. the overlapping microtubules (spindle fibres) contract

- this uses energy, pulling chromatids from each pair to
opposite poles.
2. pairs of chromatids have been separated to opposite
ends.
19. telophase 1. spindle fibres break down.

2. nuclear membrane and nucleolus reforms.
3. centrioles reform and chromosomes unravel.
20. acrosome reaction 1. when the sperm touches the ovum, acrosome releas-
es acrosin.
2. the acrosome fuses with cell surface membrane of
sperm.
3. the acrosin will be released by exocytosis and will
digest the zona pellucida and allow the sperm to pen-
etrate through the barrier.
21. cortical reaction when the sperm cell fuses with the egg cell mem-
brane, cortical granules in the cytoplasm of the ovum
release enzymes into the zona pellucida. these en-
zymes destroy the sperm-binding sites and also thicken
and harden the jelly of the zona pellucida to form a
tough fertilisation membrane. the ion channels in the
cell membrane of the ovum open and close inside the
cell, instead of being electrically negative with respect
to the outside, becomes positive. these all prevent
polyspermy.
22. drug testing proto- 1. computers used to model effects.

cols 2. tested on human tissue in labs.
3. tested on animals.
4. clinical trial.
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23. testing drugs on 1. the drug may have an effect on other tissues.
whole animals (in- 2. the effect on organs and systems by the drug must
stead of just tis- also be found.
sues) 3. drug metabolism...
4. whether the drug is toxic must also be found.
24. clinical trials/con- phase 1 : tested on small group of healthy volunteers.

temporary drug phase 2 : larger group of patients with the disease. must
testing protocols be split into two groups. one group will be given the
placebo. (neither the doctor or patient will know who got
the new drug) - mine
phase 3 : compared to existing treatments on thou-
sands of patients (double blind trials)
25. placebo it is an inactive drug that is used as a control. it is

compared with the actual drug and used to find the
psychological effect of taking the drug or placebo.
26. double blind trial 1. a large group of patients are taken.

2. they must be of the same age, gender, non-smokers,
etc.
3. the group is divided into two- one group is given the
new drug , while the other is given a placebo or an
existing drug.
4. a placebo is an inactive substance which is used
to compare the effect of the psychological effect and
"medical?" effect of the drug.
5. neither the doctor nor the patients know who is in
which group.
27. natural selection
28. random sampling 1. form a grid using 2 tape measures perpendicular to

each other.
2. obtain random coordinates by generating random
numbers from a calculator and place the quadrat at
these coordinates to reduce bias.
3. repeat in 2 different habitats in order to compare the
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number of individuals or the different number of species
in 2 different habitats.
29. taxonomic classifi- 1. organisms with common features are placed in a

cation group.
2. the characteristics are assessed by observing the
characteristics, (e.g. behavioural, physiological and but
mainly, anatomical adaptations similarities in DNA,
molecular phylogeny.)
30. critical evaluation 1. scientific findings can be published in a journal or

of scientific ideas newspaper.
2. they can also be presented in a scientific conference.
3. peer review can be done, in which other scientists
can repeat the experiments to confirm or validate the
findings (test reliability of data)
31. investigating need - take 5 plants.

for mineral salts for - the plants must be planted from seedlings of the same
plants parent plant.
- they must be of the same age and size at the start .
- each plant will have a different concentration of the
mineral salt. the concentrations are 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%
and 5%.
- the temperature and type of soil the plants are ex-
posed must be the same. the concentration of all the
other minerals in the soil must be the same. they must
be kept in the same area so they are exposed to the
same light intensity and temperature
- after every week/month, measure the growth of the
plants by finding the mass/number of leaves/length of
roots/height of plant.
- repeat the investigation 5 more times , keeping all the
variables the same.
- then calculate the mean mass/number/height...
32. investigating
totipotency
33.
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investigating ten- 1.take 9 white fibre and 9 brown fibre strings of the
sile strength. for same length of 10cm and of same diameter.
example : 2. clamp one of the strings between two retort stands.
suggest how a ensure it is held securely.
valid investigation 3. place the cushioning underneath the string. ensure
could be carried the tray is kept beneath the masses, so they do not
out to produce re- strike the bench when the string breaks.
liable data to com- 4. hang masses 10g at a time to the string until the
pare the tensile string breaks. record the mass required to break the
strength of white fi- string in the results table.
bres and brown fi- 5. repeat the procedure with each of the other strings
bres (4) -june 14 and calculate the mean mass required to break a white
fibre string and a brown fibre string.
34. investigating tis-

sue culture
35. investigating an- 1. use a mortar to grind a garlic into a paste and then
timicrobial proper- mix the paste with alcohol. make several mixtures like
ties. for example : this of different garlic concentrations. the concentra-
describe an inves- tions are 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5%.
tigation to deter- soak a disk in each of the beakers of garlic extract. then
mine the effect of soak one disc in only ethanol.
the concentration 2. use a marker to mark 6 places on the agar plate
of garlic extract on that has been seeded with bacteria (or take 2 agar
other species of plates and label 3 places in both of them..); label five
bacteria. according to the concentrations of the garlic extracts
and one control.
3. then using forceps place the discs according to their
labels in the agar plate. use clean forceps for each disc.
4. place one piece of tape on each side of the petri dish
to hold it down.
5. invert the plate and incubate at a temperature of 25dc
for 48 hours.
6. finally, use a ruler to measure the diameter of the
clear zones around each disc. record your results in a
suitable table. clear away all the equipment. petri dishes
should be returned for sterilization.
7. do the whole procedure, keeping everything the
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same, but using different species of bacteria. make sure
to use garlic of the same size and parent plant. do this
with atleast 4 more different species of bacteria. then
repeat each of the experiments 5 more times to find the
mean diameter of each of the discs.
36. preparing root tip 1. soak the roots in hydrochloric acid at 55dc for 5
squash. for exam- minutes. then rinse it with tap water. cut root tips of
ple : 5-10mm in length. let them fall in a vial of acetic orcein
describe how to standing on a white tile. place a lid over the vial. place
prepare a root tip the vial containing the root tips in acetic orcein in the
squash so that the 55dc water bath for 5 minutes to intensify the staining.
chromosomes can after 5 minutes, use forceps to remove the tips from
be seen. (4)- june the vial and place them on a microscope slide. use the
15 blunt edge of a knife to gently press on a coverslip on
to the slide. gently clean slide with a paper towel. use
an electron microscope to observe.
37. describe the struc- these are cytoplasmic bridges and are pores in the cell
ture of the plas- wall between adjacent cells. there is cytoplasm running
modesmata through the plasmodesmata.
38. describe the role of it makes whip-like movements and allows the sperm to
the sperm tail (2) move and swim to transfer the male genetic material
from the cervix to the ovum
39. ultraviolet light has 1. ultraviolet light is an environmental factor that causes
been shown to in- skin cancer.
crease the risk of 2. ultraviolet light causes mutations in the genetic
skin cancer. makeup, 4. affecting DNA replication in the cell cycle.
5. this results in the formation of an oncogene and
suggest how skin tumours.
cancer is the re- 6. the control of the cell cycle is then lost.
sult of an interac-
tion between geno-
type and the envi-
ronment (3)
40. explain the mean-

ing of the term
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totipotent stem these are undifferentiated cells which can be given a
cells. (2) stimulus to become any type of specialized cell and
divide continuously by mitosis.
41. explain the role of 1. increase in cell number.

mitosis and the cell 2. cells will be genetically identical.
cycle in the forma- 3. there will be an increase in the number of cell or-
tion of the morula ganelles during interphase.
from the zygote. (3) 4. DNA replication during S-phase
42. explain how en- the group of early monkeys from Africa, after arrived
demic lemurs to Madagascar, had a mutation in their genes as they
evolved in Mada- continued to in live in Madagascar. the alleles from
gascar (3) these genes helped the lemurs better adapt to and
survive in the climate with the type and amount of
food they get in Madagascar. as a result these new
species called lemurs were naturally selected for and
reproduced to make more lemurs which also had the
mutated gene. this increased the allele frequency of
the mutated gene. these lemurs also survived and they
never left Madagascar and so are only found there.
43. what are the struc- diploid zygote and triploid endosperm nucleus
tures formed as a
result of double fer-
tilisation
44. explain why scien- this is because only certain parts of the plant can grow
tists tool samples by mitotic division.
of tissue from very this is usually the meristem of the root of a plant.
specific parts of
the S. chirata plant
(to investigate...)
45. name the three do- Bacteria, Archaea, Eukaryota

mains
46. suggest two appli- 1. to treat Parkinson's disease.

cations of the use 2. produce transplant organs.
of stem cell therapy 3. replace/repair damaged tissue.
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47. critical evaluation 1. reference to peer review - many peer scientists indi-
of this paper by vidually repeated the investigation?
the scientific com- 2. the other scientists repeated the experiment.
munity did not 3. the results they achieved was not the same
fully support the
conclusions. there
were calls for the
paper to be with-
drawn.
suggest how the
process of critical
evaluation failed to
support the con-
clusions of this pa-
per. (3)
48. suggest why it is the cells are permanently modified and so it is hard to
difficult for a spe- reprogram the genes.
cialized cell to be
reprogrammed to
become a stem
cell. (1)
49. suggest how these macaques can be exchanged between zoos. a stud
programmes can book can be used for the selection of mated and the
help conserve macaques can mate with other macaques from differ-
the lion-tailed ent zoos and outbreeding can also be encouraged.
macaque. (5) this will result in an increase in their population size
and increase their genetic diversity. the macaques can
be prepared to be re-introduced into the wild by re-
ducing their food intake. this will reinforce their wild
behavior. they can then be released into a national park
or reserve and can be protected from predators and
poachers.
50. describe what is this is measured by force required to break the fibres
meant by the ten-
sile strength of fi-
bres
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51. suggest why calci- if there are more calcium ions, more calcium pectate
um ions affect the will strongly bind adjacent cellulose microfibrils in the
tensile strength of middle lamella and so the fibres will be stronger and
plant fibres. (2) harder to break.
52. describe the 1. one haploid male gamete fuses with haploid egg cell.
process of dou- 2. to produce a diploid zygote.
ble-fertilisation in 3. one haploid male gamete fuses with two polar nuclei.
flowering plants (3) 4. to produce a triploid endosperm nucleus
53. to soften or hydrochloric acid

marcerate the tis-
sue before staining
the cells, the root
tips may be placed
in
54. the technique molecular phylogeny

Woese used to
classify organisms
55. Sclerenchyma - dead

(note) - supporting plant
- not involved in transporting water and mineral ions
56. parenchyma (note) - living

- packing tissue and stores food
57. describe a process the cortical reaction would not occur as the sperm
that would not oc- head will not touch the surface of the egg cell. cortical
cur with the ICSI granules are released in this reaction which destroy
technique. the sperm binding sites on the secondary oocyte mem-
brane(recheck) and that harden the zona pellucida. (the
ion channels on the ovum also open and close to make
the ovum positively charged like the outside. this all
prevents polyspermy.
58. woese suggested he used molecular phylogeny and DNA profiling. woese
that bacteria and looked at DNA.
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archaea were two
separate groups of
prokaryotic organ-
isms.
describe the evi-
dence woese used
to make this sug-
gestion. (2)
59. explain how sec- 1. secondary thickening provides greater tensile

ondary thickening strength.
in the cell wall 2. secondary thickening provides extra rigidity.
contributes to the 3. lignin provides waterproofing.
physical properties 4. pits present for movement of water into or out of
of xylem vessels. xylem.
(3)
60. explain the impor- nitrate ions are required to make amino acids and
tance of nitrate proteins. the amino acids are used for the synthesis
ions to plants. (2) of proteins such as enzymes, bases for synthesis of
DNA, nucleic acids, for cell division, ATP as an energy
source.
61. explain how a tis- 1. meristem cells are used in the tissue culture as only
sue culture tech- these cells can divide by mitosis.
nique can be used 2. grow the explants in agar nutrient mediums.
to grow pitcher 3. which has a low nitrate concentration.
plants 4. the agar also contains growth hormones.
6. make sure to use sterilized equipment.
62. state what is meant the number or variety of species

by the term biodi-
versity (2)
63. suggest how sci- measure the species richness in Pripyat and compare
entists could find it with the species richness of Pripyat in 1986 and over
out if biodiversi- time (compare over time)
ty within the town
of Pripyat has in-
creased or de-
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creased since the
Chernobyl disaster
in 1986. (2)
64. explain what is the number of alleles within a gene pool or species or
meant by the term population.
genetic diversity
65. explain how a de- inbreeding or mating with closely related individuals
crease in popula- such as siblings reduces the gene pool in a population
tion size can result
in a reduced genet-
ic diversity. (2)
66. the fur of koalas polygenic inheritance or more than one gene codes for
is not affected by fur colour.
their environment.
koalas that live
in habitats be-
tween the north
and south of Aus-
tralia have a range
of fur colouration
from grey to brown.
suggest one rea-

son for this range
of fur colour. (1)
67. name two sub- lignin and hemicellulose

stances found in
the secondary cell
wall that provide
support. (2)
68. explain what is this is a group of cells with a similar structure or function
meant by the term or origin
tissue. (2)
69.
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explain how the the cell walls consist of many cellulose microfibrils
structure of the cell which lay parallel to one another in layers for flex-
walls in this tis- ibity. there is also a mesh of microfibrils in secondary
sue enables it to be cell wall for strength. the cellulose microfibrils are also
strong and flexible. bound together by calcium pectate bonds which make
(2) - jan 15 the fibre very strong. - look at book and rewrite
70. suggest how mol- the more sequences of bases two different species
ecular phylogeny have in common, the more closely related they are.
can be used to DNA profiling is used to study the sequence of the
determine the evo- bases - recheck with book
lutionary relation-
ships between the
different species of
penguin. (3) - jan 15
71. suggest how dam- the acrosome cannot fuse with cell surface membrane
age to the acro- of sperm. no acrosin will be released from the acro-
some membrane some by exocytosis and so the zona pellucida will not
could affect the fer- be digested by the acrosin .
tilisation of an egg.
(4)
72. explain how dam- the mitochondria provides energy by respiration to en-
age to the mito- able the sperm to swim to the ovum. so without the
chondria could af- mitochondria the sperm cannot move and reach the
fect the ability of ovum to fertilize it
sperm to fertilize
an egg. (3)
73. using information

in the table, com-
ment on the rel-
ative contributions
of genotype and
the environment
to the probability
of developing lung
cancer. (4)
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74. niche the role of an organism within the habitat in which it
lives
75. species richness it is the number of different species in an area
76. suggest why it it maintains genetic diversity. it will reduce chance of

is better to store inbreeding. so, it will reduce chance of storing seeds
seeds from sever- with low viability.
al individual plants
of one species
rather than seeds
from one individual
plant. (2)
77. explain how the 1. an egg cell has a haploid number of chromosomes
structure of an egg so that it can
cell is related to its 2. fuse with a sperm cell to produce a diploid zygote.
function as a ga- 3. the egg cell also contains lipid droplets to provide
mete. (4) - jan 16 energy for the growth of a fetus
4. the egg cell contains cortical granules that release
enzymes when a sperm enters an egg. these harden
the zona pellucida and destroy the sperm-binding sites
on the surface membrane of the egg. these all prevent
polyspermy.
78. suggest how 1. meiosis results in haploid nuclei.

these undifferenti- 2. in meiosis, the maternal and paternal genetic mate-
ated cells gave rise rial is randomly distributed into the gametes.
to genetically var- 3. in crossing over, sections of the chromatids are ex-
ied egg cells. (4) changed.
4. which results in recombinant alleles
79. make sure to go hardy weinberg, the last few math q and any other
through .. maths q
80. using the informa- sea anemone:

tion in the table, 1. provides food/shelter/protection for the clownfish.
describe the nich- 2. feeds on fish.
es of the clown- clownfish :
fish and the sea
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anemone. (3) - june 3. brings food/fish to the sea anemone.
18. I did not read, 4. feeds on tentacles of sea anemone.
underline and un-
derstand quick and
proper enough.
81. give the structure structure:

and role of centri- 1. pair of cylinders/tubes/hollow rods.
oles 2. at right angles.
3. 9 triplets of microtubules.
role: formation of spindle fibres.

and role of the mi- 1. inner membrane folded to form cristae.
tochondrion 2. contains circular DNA.
role: aerobic respiration.

and role of the Gol- 1. stacks of cisternae.
gi apparatus 2. cisternae have curved shape.
3. vesicles.
role:
protein modification

and role of the ribo- 1. consists of two subunits.
some 2. made of protein and RNA.
role:
translation

and role of the lyso- 1. surrounded by a single membrane.
some 2. contains hydrolytic enzymes.
role:
destruction of bacteria
86. explain why xylem 1. group of cells.

is described as a 2. with similar structure/function/origin
tissue. (2)
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87. describe an investi-
gation that the stu-
dent could carry
out to test this sug-
gestion. (5)
88. using information

in the table, and
your own knowl-
edge, explain why
these two species
of tortoise are
found on different
islands. (6)-june
18. word your
answers properly,
make sure to give
specific selection
pressures.
89. the cytoplasm pollen tube nucleus:

of the pollen 1. it contains the DNA coding for the enzymes.
tube contains or- 2. DNA is transcribed or mRNA is produced in the
ganelles, including nucleus.
the pollen tube nu-
cleus, rough endo- rough endoplasmic reticulum:
plasmic reticulum 3. the ribosomes in the RER are involved in transla-
and Golgi appara- tion/polypeptide synthesis.
tus. 4. the polypeptide chain becomes folded in the RER.
explain the impor- 5. then the polypeptide is packaged into vesicles to be
tance of these or- transported to the Golgi apparatus.
ganelles in the pro-
duction of extra- Golgi apparatus:
cellular enzymes 6. polypeptide is modified in the Golgi apparatus.
needed for the 7. the proteins are packaged into secretory vesicles.
growth of the 8. these fuse with the cell membrane to release the
pollen tube. (6) enzymes out of the cell by exocytosis.
9. the enzymes are needed to digest the style.
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90. suggest why it is 1. idea the DNA will be replicated in the S phase.
an advantage for 2. it prevents formation of daughter cells with damaged
cells with damaged DNA (in the S phase).
DNA to be prevent- 3. if the DNA is damaged then proteins will not function.
ed from continuing
through the cell cy-
cle. (2)
91. In cancer cells, take a tissue sample of cancer cells and a tissue sam-
mechanisms 1, 2 ple of healthy cells. both samples must have the same
and 3 (of the cell type of tissue. using only sterilized equipment such as
cycle) do not occur.sterile petri dishes, put the tissues in two different dish-
es of the same agar nutrient medium. label one "cancer
A student sug- cells" and the other "healthy cells". use the same growth
gested that in a hormone on both of them. use acetocarmine stain on
sample of cancer both of the tissue samples. using an electron micro-
cells there will be scope, find the total number of cells and the number
greater proportion of cells in mitosis in both tissues. calculate the mitotic
of cells in mitosis index for both tissue samples. repeat the experiment
than in a sample of five more times and calculate the mean mitotic index.
healthy cells.
describe an inves-
tigation that could
be carried out to
test this sugges-
tion. (5)
92. (make sure to see 1. the rate of growth of the pollen tube is variable or
how many marks inconsistent or fluctuating.
the graph q is 2. as the time passes after germination, the pollen tube
worth and the com- length increases.
mand word. gener- 3. the length of the pollen tube increases by 42 um from
ally, 2/3 m q that are 5 minutes to 45 minutes.
worded exactly like
this one MUST be
answered like this.
you must clear-
ly mention the in-
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crease or decrease
of the variable
when describing
the graph and also
giving the data ma-
nipulation!) (take
1-2 mins only for
these q and make
sure to look at the
graph as revise the
correction)
using the infor-

mation in the
graph, describe the
changes in the
growth of this
pollen tube. (3)
93. explain the impor- 1. to dissolve mineral ions

tance of water to 2. and transport the mineral ions to parts of the plant.
plants (3) 3. to act as a medium for chemical reactions.
4. it keeps plant cells turgid and provides the plant
support and keeps them upright.
5. to bring about hydrolysis of bonds in reactions.
6. as a reactant.
7. to regulate temperature by transpiration.
94. you did not read 1. the chemicals switch on some genes and switch off
the question and some genes.
understand proper- 2. the genes coding for heart cells are switched on.
ly and thus you got3. mRNA is produced at these active genes.
the whole answer 5. mRNA is translated to produce proteins.
wrong! 6. these proteins determine the structure and function
of the mature heart cells and they also permanently
explain why chem- modify the cells as heart cells.
icals from a whole
heart are needed
to produce mature
20 / 32
heart cells from im-
mature heart cells.
(4) (take 2-3 min-
utes here only)
95. the mature heart 1. these cells will function like heart cells.
cells produced can 2. the use of animals is reduced.
be used to test 3. the clinical trials will not be carried out unless drugs
drugs developed target heart cells.
for treating heart 4. clinical trials will not be carried out unless the drugs
disease. are shown to be safe.
suggest the advan-
tages of using ma-
ture heart cells to
test these drugs.
(2)
96. state what is a group of organisms that are capable of interbreeding

meant by the term and producing fertile offspring.
species. (1)
97. the question said 1. as the concentration of herbicide increases the mean
EXPLAIN NOT DE- number of insect species decreases.(1)
SCRIBE. FIRST- 2. increase of 100mgdm-3 results in a decrease of 6.2
LOOK AT COM- species. (1)
MAND WORD. 3. use of herbicides result in fewer plant species.
explain the rela- 4. therefore some insects species leave habitat or die
tionship between from lack of food.
the concentration 5. fewer plant species results in fewer habitats for in-
of herbicide and sects. (1)
the mean number
of species of in-
sects in the three
fields.
use the information
in the graph to sup-
port your answer.
(4)
98.
21 / 32
explain why this or- 1. the magnification/resolution of a light microscope is
ganelle cannot be not high enough to see this organelle.
seen using a light 2. because it is very small.
microscope. (2)
99. give two differ- 1. organ has many functions whereas a tissue has one
ences between an or fewer.
organ and a tissue. 2. organ has many or several cell types whereas a
(2) tissue has one cell type or similar cells
100. name two struc- 1. cilia.

tures present in an- 2. glycogen granules.
imal cells that are 3. flagella
not present in a
plant cell. (2)
101. one type of Tabebuia

ironwood tree,
Tabebuia avel-
lanedae (under-
lined), is native to
south America.
state the genus to
which this plant be-
longs. (1)
102. state the function slime capsule prevents dehydration of cell.

of slime capsule
103. state the function pili allows bacteria to adhere to surfaces.

of pili
104. describe the meth- 1. compound needs to be extracted from trees and used
ods that would to make a drug.
be used to trial 2. compounds tested on Y. pestis (underlined) in vitro.
a drug containing 3. phase I: test the drug on a small number of healthy
these compounds. volunteers.
(6) 4. review by independent scientists/medics to see if
work can progress to stage 2.
5. phase II: test drug on a small number of patients who
22 / 32
have the plague.
6. appropriate concentration or dose of the drug is
identified.
7. phase III: drug tested on larger group of patients who
have the plague.
8. placed randomly in two groups : one group receives
the treatment or drug containing the chemical com-
pounds and the other receives a placebo.
9. reference to double blind test.
10. analyse results with appropriate statistical test/test
for significant difference.
105. give two differ- 1. genetic diversity considers one species whereas
ences between ge- species richness considers different species.
netic diversity and 2. genetic diversity considers alleles or genotypes
species richness. whereas species richness considers whole organisms
(2)
106. explain why scien- 1. all Cavendish plants are suspectible to the fungus
tists are breeding because they are genetically identical/clones.
the Cavendish ba- 2. whereas different varieties may have resistance to
nana with different the fungus or contain an allele for resistance to fungus.
varieties of banana. 3. therefore breeding could increase genetic diversity.
(4) 4. resulting in new banana plants with resistance to the
fungus or Panama disease.
usually when a
lot of information
is given, they ex-
pect you to use
it and also to use
your knowledge of-
course in these
"explain" q.s. this
answer used the in-
formation given.
107. suggest why the 1. sperm with longer flagellum swim fast to the egg cell.
Chinese hamster 2. sperm have increased chance of fertilizing the egg
sperm cell has cell.
23 / 32
such a long flagel- 3. competition with sperm from other (male Chinese)
lum. (3) hamsters.
108. after fertilisation, 1. differential gene expression.

the egg cell divides 2. some genes have been permanently switched off or
by mitosis to form a inactivated.
blastocyst. 3. by epigenetic modification.
during this 4. proteins or enzymes made from active genes which
process, totipo- permanently modify the cell.
tent cells be-
come pluripotent.
describe how a
totipotent stem cell
becomes a pluripo-
tent cell. (3)
take a moment to
read, understand
and construct a
nice structure for
your answer. make
a little note on the
blank page given
if required. but of-
course make sure
to finish 3 mark qs
within 2-3 minutes.
try finish the long
qs at the end of the
paper first then do
the beginning. see
if it speeds up your
progress.
109. explain how the 1. introduction of new beaver species increased the
reintroduction of species richness or biodiversity.
beavers resulted in 2. reduction in plant biodiversity due to trees being cut
a change in the bio- down.
diversity in Scot- 3. increase in biodiversity due to pond being created.
24 / 32
land. (4) 4. increase in biodiversity due to new food source-fish
use information from pond.
given and notice
how the question
said change and
not an increase or
decrease. this an-
swer seems to be
mostly based on
the information giv-
en.
110. discuss the solu- 1. genetic diversity identified as the variety of alleles in
tions, proposed by the population.
these scientists, to 2. only small numbers of introduced beavers could re-
overcome the con- duce the genetic diversity.
cern of introduc- 3. loss of alleles from population.
ing only 11 beavers 4. increased homozygosity.
into Scotland from
Norway. 5. introducing more Norwegian beavers could increase
Use the informa- genetic diversity.
tion in the map to 6. but could have same alleles so no effect on genetic
support your an- diversity.
swer.
7. introducing beavers from different European loca-
tions could increase genetic diversity.
8. could be many different alleles in wider populations
of European beavers.
9. however the map shows many geographically isolat-
ed populations.
10. these small populations could also have low genetic
diversity.
11. reproductive isolation could have occurred.
12. preventing introduced beavers mating with Scottish
beavers.
111. in a beaver popu- 0.09 / 0.3

lation, the frequen-
cy of a recessive (1 0.3) / 0.7
25 / 32
homozygous geno-
type is 0.09. p2 = 49%
calculate the per-
centage of beavers
in this population
that are homozy-
gous for the dom-
inant allele, using
the equation : p2
+2pq + q2. (3)
112. composition and - it is made up of mucopolysaccharide.

function of slime - 1) it prevents bacterium from being digested by many
layer organisms.
2) it prevents bacterium from being desiccated.
113. composition and - it is made up of peptidoglycan.

function of cell wall - It provides bacterium a particular shape and prevents
bacteria from injury.
114. composition and - it is made up of lipid and protein.

function of cell - 1. it acts as a selectively permeable membrane.
membrane 2. osmosis, diffusion, facilitated diffusion and active
transport occurs through cell membrane.
3. exocytosis, endocytosis and pinocytosis occurs
through the cell membrane.
4. it acts as a sac like structure holding cytoplasm and
organelle inside it.
115. composition and - it is infolding of cell membrane. it is made of lipid and

function of meso- protein.
some - aerobic respiration occurs in mesosoma.
116. composition and - it is made up of water and other organic substance

function of cyto- such as enzymes, stored glycogen etc and inorganic
plasm substance such as mineral ions eg - Na+, K+, Cl- etc
- 1. it provides a basis for chemical reaction to occur.
2. it regulates osmotic potential in a cell.
3. organelles such as ribosome chromosome, plasmid
etc are suspended in cytoplasm.
26 / 32
117. composition and - chromosomes in bacteria are not bounded by nuclear

function of chro- membrane. it means that bacteria are prokaryotic or-
mosome or nu- ganisms. in addition to this bacteria don't have other
cleoid membrane bounded organelles like mitochondria, Gol-
gi apparatus, Endoplasmic reticulum. chromosomes is
made up of DNA and histone.
- 1. it controls the synthesis of protein.
2. it also contains genes - hereditary material.
118. composition and - it is made up of extra nuclear substance and it is used

function of plasmid as a vector to carry desired gene used in biotechnology.
plasmid also contains mutated gene.
119. composition and - it is made up of chemical called flagellin.

function of flagel- - it is used by bacterium to propel or move through
lum aquatic environment.
120. composition and - it is made up of protein and RNA.

function of ribo- - it is here protein synthesis occurs.
some
121. composition and

function of mito-
chondria
122. log phase bacteria used to be adapted to the condition and be-
comes suitable by obtaining nutrients for multiplication.
123. exponential growth rapid multiplication of bacteria occurs. hence, multipli-

phase cation occurs by binary fission to increase the number.
124. stationary phase number of organisms die. this is due to unfavourable

environment such as waste produced by microbes or
nutrients, temperature, pH may not be optimum.
125. adaptations of 1. xylem starts of as living tissue and the first xylem pro-
xylem to carry its duced is protoxylem which can be stretched and grown
function with the growth of plants. thus, it provides flexibility.
27 / 32
126. genetic diversity variety of alleles within a gene pool
127. suggest how the ef- 1. measure species richness in the forest.
fects of habitat loss 2. compare before and after habitat loss.
on the biodiversi-
ty of a tropical for-
est could be mea-
sured. (2)
128. explain how seed 1. large number of seeds can be collected from many
banks can help to different plants.
conserve the ge- 2. this ensures variety of alleles or a large gene pool in
netic diversity of seeds collected.
plant species. (2)
129. polygenic inheri- more than one gene affects a single trait or at many
tance different loci
130. sap vacuole it is surrounded by a membrane called tonoplast which

is partially permeable. this vacuole contains sap in
which water, enzymes, glucose or starch, mineral ions
are present. it also contains different pigments such as
betalain in beetroot, toxin such as digitalin in fox cloves.
cell sap regulates osmosis in the cell.
131. middle lamella it is outer layer of a cell it acts as a glue holding two
adjacent cells together. it strengthens the cell.
132. pit it is a depression in the cell wall where cell wall be-
comes very thin. it exists in pairs. it helps to exchange
material.
133. amyloplast it is also double membrane bounded organelle. pro-

duced by leucoplast and present in some plant cells
such as potato. it stores amylopectin a form of starch
134. chloroplast it is a double membrane bounded organelle. some in-

ner membrane stack to grana in which fluid is filled.
thylakoid is present. in thylakoid chlorophyll is present
which traps light energy and converts into chemical
28 / 32
energy for photosynthesis. stroma contains enzymes
which catalyzes chemical reactions to reduce CO2 into
glucose. stroma also contains loop of DNA controls the
synthesis of protein needed for chemical reactions in
photosynthesis
135. variation it is caused due to mutation in the gene in a cell.
136. how can variation 1. due to mutation caused by ultraviolet rays, gamma
be brought about in rays, xrays or tar in cigarettes.
organisms 2. crossing over in meiosis 1.
3. random assortment in metaphase.
4. random fertilisation or fusion of male and female
gamete to form a zygote.
137. discontinuous vari- 1. it deals with some clear cut phenotypic expression.
ation 2. it is controlled by few genes.
3. genes involved in discontinuous variation shows no
additive effect.
4. action of genes is not affected by environmental
changes.
5. examples - gender, tongues may roll or may not roll.
138. continuous varia- 1. it deals with a range of phenotypic expressions.

tion 2. it is controlled by many genes.
3. it shows additive effect.
4. it is affected by the environmental changes.
5. examples - height, skin colour, synthesis of haemo-
globin
139. data obtained due is plotted in the graph then a bell shaped curve is
to continuous vari- achieved. it is due to normal distribution of the variable.
ation in this case a difference between highest and lowest
value in the variation is called standard deviation. if
the standard deviation is larger then the reliability of
the data distributed is less due to overlapping. if the
standard deviation is less then the probability for over-
lapping of the data will be less and its reliability will
increase.
29 / 32
140. technique used to 1. collect DNA sample from the organisms.
separate DNA and 2. put this sample in a test tube and add restriction en-
RNA fragments- donuclease into the test tube to cut the DNA molecules
gel electrophoresis into fragments.
3. the DNA fragments are placed into a well in a slab
of agarose of gel and covered in a buffer solution that
conducts electricity.
4. an electrical current is passed through the gel. DNA
fragments are negatively charged so they move toward
the positive electrode at the far end of the gel.
5. short DNA fragements move faster and travel further
through the gel so the DNA fragments separate accord-
ing to length.
6. the DNA fragments appear as bands under UV light.
the band can be compared to identify individual or
species relateness
141. speciation Formation of new species
142. geographical isola- it happens when a physical barrier such as a river,

tion mountain range, flood, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes
separate individuals from an original population.
143. ecological isola- 2 populations inhabit the same region, but develop
tion preferences for different parts of the habitat.
144. temporal isolation species in the same area but are active for reproduction
at different times
145. Behavioural isola- populations don't respond to each others reproductive

tion displays.
146. mechanical isola- the reproductive organs no longer fit together.

tion
147. gametic isolation male and female gametes from 2 populations are sim-
ply incompatible with each other.
148. allopatric specia- geographical isolation followed by mutations can result

tion in the formation of a new species. this can be illustrated
30 / 32
with the finches of the Gala pagos islands. there are
many different species in the Gala Pagos islands ulti-
mately from a common ancestral species.
149. sympatric specia- it occurs between populations of a species living in

tion the same place that become reproductively isolated by
mechanical, behavioural or seasonal changes. due to
selective pressure, mutations may result in reproduc-
tive incompatibility. a new gene producing for example
hormone may lead an animal to be rejected from the
mainstream group but breeding may be possible within
its own group of variants.
150. adaptive specia- it occurs when one species develops rapidly to form
tion several different species which occupy different ecolog-
ical niches. it occurs after allopatric speciation
151. population bottle- it is the effect of an event or series of events that dra-
neck matically reduces the size of a population and causes
a severe decrease in the gene pool of the population
resulting in large changes in allele frequency and a
reduction in genetic diversity.
152. key steps in IVF 1. normal mensural cycle steps are blocked temporarily
by using hormone-based drugs.
2. synthesis FSH is injected to stimulate ovaries to
develop many egg cells.
3. sperms are collected from males in the same or
different zoos. sperm stocks can be held frozen in a
viable state for later use.
4. several eggs are removed from the ovaries posi-
tioned with the help of ultrasound.
5. eggs are mixed with sperms in a shallow dish. fertil-
ization can be checked using microscope.
6. zygote are then incubated at a body temperature for
2-3 days and confirmed that embryos are transferred
into the uterus in the expectation that some will implant
successfully.
153.
31 / 32
embryos can also 1. there is not enough space or sufficient resources in
be frozen for future zoos and parks for the endangered species.
use. this process 2. animals can have problems breeding outside their
has the following natural habitat which can be hard to recreate in a zoo.
disadvantages for ex - stress in cage menstrual cycle in animals.
3. reintroduction to the wild will be unsuccessful unless
the original reason for the species being pushed to the
edge of extinction is removed. reintroduced organisms
can bring new diseases to habtiats, harming other or-
ganisms living there.
4. animals breed in captivity may have great problems
in adjusting to unsupported life in the wild. for ex -
problems with finding food or communicating with wild
members of their species.
5. this program is very expensive and time consuming
and it may fail.
32 / 32

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Edexcel IAL biology Unit 2

Study online at https://quizlet.com/_7r47ay

1. protein synthesis the ribosomes in the rough endoplasmic reticulum

2. cellulose microfib- many beta-glucose units are held together by 1,4-gly-

5. cons for seedbank 1. are not of interest to public.

6. seedbank collec- 1. seeds are collected from a large number of individual

7. seedbank condi- low temperatures and dry atmosphere-

9. zoos 1. prevent extinction.

10. captive breeding 1. '18 individuals is a small population/small gene

11. meiosis impor- 1. meiosis reduces the chromosome number in ga-

12. genetic variation in 1. genetic variation is brought about in two ways in

13. specialized cells 1. give a stimulus to the cell (e.g. chemical).

14. potential risks of 1. infection from donor/unsterilized equipment.

16. prophase 1. nuclear membrane is disintegrated.

18. anaphase 1. the overlapping microtubules (spindle fibres) contract

19. telophase 1. spindle fibres break down.

22. drug testing proto- 1. computers used to model effects.

24. clinical trials/con- phase 1 : tested on small group of healthy volunteers.

25. placebo it is an inactive drug that is used as a control. it is

26. double blind trial 1. a large group of patients are taken.

27. natural selection

28. random sampling 1. form a grid using 2 tape measures perpendicular to

29. taxonomic classifi- 1. organisms with common features are placed in a

30. critical evaluation 1. scientific findings can be published in a journal or

31. investigating need - take 5 plants.

34. investigating tis-

40. explain the mean-

41. explain the role of 1. increase in cell number.

45. name the three do- Bacteria, Archaea, Eukaryota

46. suggest two appli- 1. to treat Parkinson's disease.

53. to soften or hydrochloric acid

54. the technique molecular phylogeny

55. Sclerenchyma - dead

56. parenchyma (note) - living

59. explain how sec- 1. secondary thickening provides greater tensile

62. state what is meant the number or variety of species

suggest one rea-

67. name two sub- lignin and hemicellulose

73. using information

75. species richness it is the number of different species in an area

76. suggest why it it maintains genetic diversity. it will reduce chance of

78. suggest how 1. meiosis results in haploid nuclei.

80. using the informa- sea anemone:

81. give the structure structure:

82. give the structure structure:

83. give the structure structure:

84. give the structure structure:

85. give the structure structure:

86. explain why xylem 1. group of cells.

88. using information

89. the cytoplasm pollen tube nucleus:

using the infor-

93. explain the impor- 1. to dissolve mineral ions

96. state what is a group of organisms that are capable of interbreeding

100. name two struc- 1. cilia.

101. one type of Tabebuia

102. state the function slime capsule prevents dehydration of cell.

103. state the function pili allows bacteria to adhere to surfaces.

108. after fertilisation, 1. differential gene expression.

111. in a beaver popu- 0.09 / 0.3

112. composition and - it is made up of mucopolysaccharide.

113. composition and - it is made up of peptidoglycan.