GEMW M1 Lecture 1 For Y43Y51

Term 1, S.Y.
2022-2023 De La Salle University

Taft Avenue, Manila
GEMATMW:
Mathematics in the
Modern World
Von Anthony G. Torio, Ph.D.
Part-time Faculty, De La Salle University - Manila
Faculty, Sycamore School, London, Ontario, Canada
Assistant Researcher, Fanshawe College, Ontario, Canada
von.torio@dlsu.edu.ph
GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

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The Course Contents

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Course Topics
Module # Topics
1 Mathematics as a Language
2 Mathematics in Decision Sciences
3 Mathematics in Natural Sciences and Arts

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Course Topics
Module # Topics
4 Mathematics for Efficiency
5 Mathematics for Digital Communications
6 Mathematics in Finance

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Mathematics as a
Language
Essential Questions
1. How can I view Mathematics as a
fundamental tool applicable to a wide range
of disciplines?
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Course Tasks

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Course Tasks
Collaborative Work
Due: September 13, 2022

@11:59 pm
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Watch the
following
video clip…

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Course Tasks
Individual Work
Due: September 13, 2022

@11:59 pm
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Mathematics as a
Language
Topics:
1. Logic and Reasoning

2. Writing Mathematical Proofs
Adapted from the video
presentation of Nocon, 2021
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GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila Photo by Christopher Sardegna on unsplash.com
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Defining Mathematics
★ Math is a process of thinking.

★ Math is a set of problem-
solving tools.
★Math is an art.
★Math is a study of patterns.
★Math is a language.

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Math as a language
★A language is a “non-
instinctive” (must be a learned)
system of communication using
symbols possessing arbitrary
(learned) meanings and shared
by a community.
★ Math is the only language
shared by all human beings
regardless of gender, religion, or
culture.
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Propositions
Is it True or False?

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What are propositions?
Propositions are complete declarative sentence

that is either true or false, but not both.
Propositional Variables: p, q, r…

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Examples
1. Jerusalem is in Israel.
2. The sun rises in the west.
3. 11 + 19 = 30
4. 3
3 = 9

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Note:
• Not all sentences are propositions.

• Questions, exclamations, commands, or self-
contradictory sentences can neither be asserted nor
be denied.

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Non-Examples
1. Is mathematics fun?
2. Hey there!
3. Do not panic.
4. This sentence is false.

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Truth Values of Propositions

Truth tables are used to
display and determine
the truth value of
propositions and the
validity of their resulting
argument.

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If a proposition is true, its truth value

is true, denoted by T. If it is false, its
truth value is false, denoted by F.

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Negation of a proposition
The negation of a given proposition is a proposition that
denies the truth of the given proposition.
Proposition: 𝑝
Negation of 𝑝: not 𝑝 (Symbol: -𝑝)

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Examples
Truth Truth
Proposition Proposition
Value Value
Jerusalem is NOT in
1. Jerusalem is in Israel T F
Israel.
2. 33 = 9 F 33 = 9 T
3. 4 > 1 T 4 > 1 or 4 < 1 F

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Proposition Truth Value
1. Jerusalem is in Israel T
2. The sun rises in the west. F
3. 11 + 19 = 30 T
4. 33 = 9 F
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Propositional Connectives
A propositional connective is an operation

that combines two propositions p and q to
yield a new proposition whose truth value
depends only on the truth values of the two
original propositions.
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Compound Propositions
Propositions built up by combining

propositions using propositional
connectives are called compound
propositions.

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Binary Propositional
Connectives

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Propositional Connective Symbol
Binary
Negation Propositional
“not” Connectives
—
Conjunction “and" ∧
Disjunction “or” ∨
Exclusive or “xor" ⊕
Implication “if-then” / “implies”
Biconditional “if and only if”
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Conjunction of two propositions

A conjunction is a proposition formed by combining two
propositions (called conjuncts) with the word “and” (or
“but”).
Propositions: 𝑝, 𝑞
Conjunction of 𝑝 and 𝑞: 𝑝 and 𝑞 (Symbol: 𝑝∧𝑞)

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Example
Truth
Proposition Symbol
value
A triangle is a polygon with three sides. p T
The sum of the interior angles of triangle is
180 degrees.
q T
A triangle is a polygon with three sides and
the sum of the interior angles of a triangle is p∧q T
180 degrees
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Truth Tables
Conjunction Disjunction Xor Implication Biconditional
p q p∧q p∨q p⊕q p q p q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F
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Truth Tables
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F
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Truth Tables
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F
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Truth Tables
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F
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Disjunction of two propositions

A disjunction is a proposition formed by combining two
propositions (called disjuncts) with the word “or” (or
“either-or”).
Propositions: 𝑝, 𝑞
Disjunction of 𝑝 and 𝑞: 𝑝 or 𝑞 (Symbol: 𝑝∨𝑞)

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Example
Truth
Proposition Symbol
value
A triangle is a polygon with three sides. p T
The sum of the interior angles of triangle is
180 degrees.
q T
A triangle is a polygon with three sides or the
sum of the interior angles of a triangle is 180 p∨q T
degrees
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Truth Tables
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F
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Truth Tables
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F
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Truth Tables
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F
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Truth Tables
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F
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Exclusive or (Either but not both)
Let 𝑝 and 𝑞 be two propositions. The exclusive disjunction

(exclusive OR) of 𝑝 and 𝑞 forms a compound proposition that
true if and only if 𝑝 and 𝑞 have different truth values.
Exclusive or: p xor q.

Symbol: 𝑝⊕𝑞
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Truth Tables
T T F
T F T
F T T
F F F
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Truth Tables
T T F
T F T
F T T
F F F
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Truth Tables
T T F
T F T
F T T
F F F
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Truth Tables
T T F
T F T
F T T
F F F
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Implication (Conditional Proposition)

An implication is a proposition that claims a given
proposition (called the antecedent) entails another
proposition (called the consequent). Implications are also
known as conditional propositions.
It is false if p is true
Implication: If p then q. and q is false. The
Symbol: 𝑝⇒𝑞 rest of the cases
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Implication (Conditional Proposition)

Example
If everyone wears a mask, then we can
𝑝 𝑞 prevent the spread of COVID-19.
𝑝 Everyone wears a mask. (Hypothesis/

Antecedent)
We can prevent the spread of COVID-19.
𝑞 (Conclusion/Consequent)
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Truth Tables
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T
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Truth Tables
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T
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Truth Tables
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T
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Truth Tables
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T
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Biconditional Proposition
A biconditional proposition is the conjunction of two

implications formed by exchanging their antecedents and
consequents.
Biconditional: p if and only if q.

Symbol: 𝑝 𝑞

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Biconditional Proposition
Example
A triangle is equilateral if and only if all of
𝑝 𝑞 its sides are equal.
𝑝 A triangle is equilateral.
𝑞 All the sides of the triangle are equal.

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Truth Tables
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F T
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Truth Tables
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F T
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Truth Tables
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F T
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Truth Tables
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F T
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Propositional Connective Symbol
Negation “not” —
Conjunction “and" ∧
Disjunction “or” ∨
Exclusive or “xor" ⊕
Implication “if-then”
Biconditional “if and only if”
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Truth Tables

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Truth Tables
Negation

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Truth Table (Negation)
p -p
T F
F T
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Truth Tables
T T
T F
F T
F F
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Truth Table (Summary)
T T T T F T T
T F F T T F F
F T F T T T F
F F F F F T T
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Truth Tables
Creating Truth tables
Practice…

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Create the Truth Table for (p ⇒ q) ∧ (q ⇒ p).
p q (p ⇒ q) (q ⇒ p) (p ⇒ q) ∧ (q ⇒ p)
T T
T F
F T
F F
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Conditional Propositions

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Conditional Propositions
The proposition q p is called the converse of p q.

The proposition -p -q is called the inverse of p q.
The proposition -q -p is called the contrapositive of
p q.

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Euler Diagrams
diagrammatic means of representing sets and
their relationships

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𝑝 : You have read all 7 Harry Potter books.
𝑞: You like fantasy stories.
𝑝→𝑞
If you have read all 7 Harry Potter

books, then you like fantasy stories.
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Euler Diagrams
If you have read all 7 Harry

Potter books, then you like
fantasy stories.
𝑝 : You have read all 7 Harry

𝑝→𝑞
Potter books.
Conditional
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Euler Diagrams
p If you like fantasy stories,

then you have read all 7
q Harry Potter books.

q→p
Potter books.
Converse
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Euler Diagrams
If you have not read all 7
Harry Potter books, then
-
you do not like fantasy
stories.
-
-𝑝→-𝑞
Potter books.
Inverse
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Euler Diagrams
If you do not like fantasy
-p stories, then you have not
read all 7 Harry Potter
-q books.

-q → -p Potter books.
Contrapositive
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Tautology,
Contradiction,
Contingency

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Tautology
A compound proposition that is always true, no matter

what the truth values of the propositions that occur in it
are, is called a tautology.

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Tautology (Example)
p -p -p ∨ -p
T F T Tautology
F T T
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Contradiction
A compound proposition that is always false, no matter

what the truth values of the propositions that occur in it
are, is called a contradiction.

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Contradiction(Example)
p -p -p ∧ -p
T F F Contradiction
F T F
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Contingency
A compound proposition that is neither a tautology nor

a contradiction is called a contingency.

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Contingency(Example)
p q p⊕q
T T F
T F T Contingency
F T T
F F F
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Truth Tables
Creating Truth tables
Practice…

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Create the Truth Table for [(p ⇒ q) ∧ p] ⇒ q.
p q p ⇒ q (p ⇒ q) ∧ p [(p ⇒ q) ∧ p] ⇒ q
T T
T F
F T
F F
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Logical equivalence
Do they mean the same thing?

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Logical Equivalence
The propositions p and q are called logically equivalent if

𝑝⇔𝑞 is a tautology.
We use the notation 𝑝⟺𝑞 to denote that p and q are

logically equivalent.

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Logical Equivalence
An implication is always logically equivalent to its own

contrapositive.
(𝑝⇒𝑞)⟺(-𝑞⇒-𝑝)
The converse and inverse of an implication are logically

equivalent.
(𝑞⇒𝑝)⟺(-𝑝⇒-𝑞)

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Logical Equivalence
Practice…

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Logical Equivalence (Practice)
Prove that the following are logically equivalent.

-(𝑝∧𝑞) and -𝑝∨-𝑞
𝑝⇒𝑞 and -𝑝∨𝑞

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Some Important Logical

Equivalences

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Some Important Logical Equivalences
DOUBLE NEGATION
-(-𝑝)⟺𝑝
COMMUTATIVE LAWS
𝑝∨𝑞⟺𝑞∨𝑝
𝑝∧𝑞⟺𝑞∧𝑝

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IDEMPOTENT LAWS
𝑝∧𝑝⟺𝑝
𝑝∨𝑝⟺𝑝
DE MORGAN’S LAWS
-(𝑝∨𝑞)⟺(-𝑝∧-𝑞)
-(𝑝∧𝑞)⟺(-𝑝∨-𝑞)
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ASSOCIATIVE LAWS
(𝑝∧𝑞)∧𝑟⟺𝑝∧(𝑞∧𝑟)
(𝑝∨𝑞)∨𝑟⟺𝑝∨(𝑞∨𝑟)
DISTRIBUTIVE LAWS
𝑝∧(𝑞∨𝑟)⟺(𝑝∧𝑞)∨(𝑝∧𝑟)
𝑝∨(𝑞∧𝑟)⟺(𝑝∨𝑞)∧(𝑝∨𝑟)
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Propositional Functions

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Propositional Function
A propositional function (or predicate) is a complete

declarative sentence 𝑃(𝑥) that makes a statement about
the variable 𝑥. We call 𝑥 the argument of 𝑃(𝑥). If 𝑥 is
assigned a particular value, then 𝑃(𝑥) becomes a
proposition with a definite truth value.

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Propositional Function (Example)
𝑃(𝑥): The number 𝑥 is greater than 100.

What is the truth value of 𝑃(50)? 𝑃(500)?
𝑃(50) is the proposition “The number 50 is
greater than 100.”
𝑃(500) is the proposition “The number 500 is
greater than 100.”

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Universe of Discourse
The collection of all possible value considered in a
propositional function is called the universe of discourse. It is
denoted by 𝑈.
If 𝑥 is a number being referred to in a formula 𝑃(𝑥), we usually

consider the universe of discourse to be the set of real
numbers. That is, 𝑈=ℝ.

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Quantifiers
Two Types:
1. Universal Quantification: ∀𝑥 P(x)

2. Existential Quantification: ∃𝑥P(𝑥)

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Quantifiers
The phrase "for every 𝑥” (sometimes "for all 𝑥”) is called
a universal quantifier and is denoted by ∀𝑥.
Let 𝑈=ℝ and 𝑃(𝑥):=𝑥 2 is nonnegative. Then the statement

∀𝑥𝑃(𝑥) is true and it can be read as:
“For every real number 𝑥, 𝑥 ≥
2 0.”

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Quantifiers
Let 𝑈=ℝ and 𝑄(𝑥): = 𝑥 2 is positive. Then the statement

∀𝑥𝑄(𝑥) is false. In order to prove that it is false, we have
to find a real number whose square is not positive.
Can you give one?

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Quantifiers
Let 𝑈:=all students in this masterclass and 𝑅(𝑥):=𝑥 is

enrolled in the GEMATMW course. Then the statement
∀𝑥𝑅(𝑥) is true and it can be read as:
“All students in this masterclass are enrolled in the

GEMATMW course.”

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Quantifiers
The phrase "there exists a/an - such that” is called an existential
quantifier and is denoted by ∃𝑥.
Let 𝑈:=all students in this masterclass and 𝑅(𝑥):=𝑥 has seen a

Harry Potter movie. Then the statement ∃𝑥𝑅(𝑥) is true if indeed
there is at least one of you who saw a Harry Potter movie. This
symbol can be read as:
“There is someone in this masterclass who has seen a Harry
Potter movie.”

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Quantifiers
Let 𝑈=ℝ and 𝑆(𝑥): = 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 1. What is the truth value

of the statement ∃𝑥𝑆(𝑥)?
Remember ∃𝑥𝑆(𝑥) means “There is a real number 𝑥 such

that 𝑥= 𝑥+1.”

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Negating a Universal Statement
If we want to deny the statement ∀𝑥𝑃(𝑥) then we have

-∀𝑥𝑃(𝑥)⟺∃𝑥-𝑃(𝑥).
This means that the negation of “For all 𝑥, 𝑃(𝑥) is true.” is

“There is an 𝑥 such that 𝑃(𝑥) is false.”

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Negating a Universal Statement
Let ∀𝑥𝑃(𝑥) be the statement “Everyone in this class

speaks Japanese.” Then to negate this statement, we say
“There is someone in this class who does not speak
Japanese.”
𝑈:=students in this class; 𝑃(𝑥):=𝑥 speaks Japanese

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Negating an Existential Statement
If we want to deny the statement ∃𝑥𝑃(𝑥) then we have

-∃𝑥𝑃(𝑥)⟺∀𝑥-𝑃(𝑥).
This means that the negation of “There exists an 𝑥 such that

𝑃(𝑥) is true.” is “All 𝑥 is such that 𝑃(𝑥) is false.”

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Task:
Create a mind map that
shows a summary of all
that you have learned in
this lesson.

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Async Next meeting…

No Zoom session…
September 13, 2022
Use your time to accomplish our Module Tasks
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Thank you!

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Term 1, S.Y.

2022-2023 De La Salle University

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

The Course Contents

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

2 Mathematics in Decision Sciences

3 Mathematics in Natural Sciences and Arts

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

4 Mathematics for Efficiency

5 Mathematics for Digital Communications

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

Due: September 13, 2022

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

Due: September 13, 2022

1. Logic and Reasoning

★ Math is a process of thinking.

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

What are propositions?

Propositions are complete declarative sentence

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

What are propositions?

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

What are propositions?

• Not all sentences are propositions.

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

What are propositions?

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

Truth Values of Propositions

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

Truth Values of Propositions

If a proposition is true, its truth value

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

3. 4 > 1 T 4 > 1 or 4 < 1 F

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

Truth Values of Propositions

A propositional connective is an operation

Propositions built up by combining

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

Conjunction of two propositions

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

p q p∧q p∨q p⊕q p q p q

p q p∧q p∨q p⊕q p q p q

p q p∧q p∨q p⊕q p q p q

p q p∧q p∨q p⊕q p q p q

Disjunction of two propositions

GEMATMW: Mathematics in the Modern World/ DLSU - Manila

p q p∧q p∨q p⊕q p q p q

p q p∧q p∨q p⊕q p q p q

p q p∧q p∨q p⊕q p q p q

p q p∧q p∨q p⊕q p q p q

Exclusive or (Either but not both)

Let 𝑝 and 𝑞 be two propositions. The exclusive disjunction

Exclusive or: p xor q.

p q p∧q p∨q p⊕q p q p q

p q p∧q p∨q p⊕q p q p q

p q p∧q p∨q p⊕q p q p q