OTHER APPLICATIONS

Outline:
Length of an Arc
Area of a Surface of Revolution
Centroids
Physical Applications

Overview:
This chapter will introduce other applications which includes geometrical
applications on length of an arc and surface area, also physical applications which
include centroid of a plane area and volume of solid of revolution, pressure and work.

Objectives:
Upon completion of this chapter, the students will be able to:
1. Find the length of the arc of a given curve.
2. Find the area of a surface of revolution.
3. Find the centroid of a plane area and volume of solid of revolution.
4. Solve problems on pressure and work.

Author: Harold Jan R. Terano, ECE, ME

 Length of an Arc
Consider the figure,
࢟ ࡼ࢔
ࡼ૛
ࡼ૚ ࡼ࢏
ࡼ࢏ି૚

ࡼ૙

࢞
ࢇ = ࢞૙ ࢞૚ ࢞૛ ࢞࢏ି૚ ࢞࢏ ࢞࢔ = ࢈

Suppose the function ‫ )ݔ(݂ = ݕ‬is continuous on the interval [ܽ, ܾ] and points,
{‫ݔ‬଴ , ‫ݔ‬ଵ ,‫ݔ‬ଶ …,‫ݔ‬௡ } is the partition of [ܽ,ܾ]. The points,
ܲ଴ (‫ݔ‬଴ ,‫ݕ‬଴ ), ܲଵ(‫ݔ‬ଵ, ‫ݕ‬ଵ), ܲଶ (‫ݔ‬ଶ ,‫ݕ‬ଶ ),…, ܲ௡ (‫ݔ‬௡ ,‫ݕ‬௡ ) on the graph are joined by straight lines
where the total length of the arc is approximately equal to the sum of the straight
lines.

From the figure below,

ටο࢞࢏૛ + ο࢟࢏ ૛ 

ࡼ ࢏(࢞࢏ ,࢟࢏ )
ࡼ࢏ି૚ (࢞࢏ି૚, ࢟࢏ି૚) (࢟࢏ െ ࢟࢏ି૚ ) = ο࢟࢏

ο࢞࢏

࢞
࢞࢏ି૚ ࢞࢏

The length of the line segment from ܲ௜ିଵ to ܲ௜ , considering that ‫ݔ‬௜ିଵ and ‫ݔ‬௜
are very close to each other approximates the length of the arc from ܲ௜ିଵ to ܲ௜ . The
total length of the arc of the curve is given by the sum,
‫ = ݏ‬σ௡௜ୀଵ ܲ௜ିଵ ܲ௜ = σ௡௜ୀଵ ටο‫ݔ‬௜ ଶ + ο‫ݕ‬௜ ଶ

By the mean value theorem,

ο‫ݕ‬௜ = ݂ ƍ(‫ݔ‬௜ )ο‫ݔ‬௜
Then,
‫ = ݏ‬σ௡௜ୀଵ ඥ(ο‫ݔ‬௜ ) ଶ + [݂ ƍ (‫ݔ‬௜ )ο‫ݔ‬௜ ] ଶ
‫ = ݏ‬σ௡௜ୀଵ ඥ1 + [݂ ƍ( ‫ݔ‬௜ )] ଶ ο‫ݔ‬௜ 

If the partitions are to be increases indefinitely as length of each segment

approaches zero, then, the limit of the sum exists.
‫ = ݏ‬lim௡՜’ σ௡௜ୀଵ ඥ1 + [݂ ƍ ( ‫ݔ‬௜ )] ଶ ο‫ݔ‬௜ 

Author: Harold Jan R. Terano, ECE, ME

 By the fundamental theorem,
௕
‫׬ = ݏ‬௔ ඥ1 + [݂ ƍ (‫ ])ݔ‬ଶ ݀‫ݔ‬

ௗ௬
Since ݂ ƍ(‫= )ݔ‬ , then,
ௗ௫
௕ ௗ௬ ଶ
‫׬ = ݏ‬௔ ට1 + ቀ ቁ  ݀‫ݔ‬
ௗ௫

For ‫)ݕ(݃ = ݔ‬, whose curve is continuous on the interval, [ܿ,݀], then, the
formula is,
ௗ ௗ௫ ଶ
‫׬ = ݏ‬௖ ට1 + ቀௗ௬ ቁ  ݀‫ݕ‬

For a given parametric equations where ‫ ݔ‬and ‫ ݕ‬are given in terms of

ௗ௫ ௗ௬
parameter ‫ ݐ‬and and are continuous on the interval [‫ݐ‬ଵ, ‫ݐ‬ଶ ], then, the
ௗ௧ ௗ௧
formula is,
௧ ௗ௫ ଶ ௗ௬ ଶ
‫׬ = ݏ‬௧ మ ටቀ ௗ௧ ቁ + ቀ ௗ௧ ቁ  ݀‫ݐ‬
భ

For polar curves given a polar equation ‫ )ߠ(݂ = ݎ‬and the curve is continuous
on the interval [ߠଵ , ߠଶ ], then, the formula is,
ఏ ௗ௥ ଶ
‫׬ = ݏ‬ఏ మ ට‫ݎ‬ଶ + ቀ ቁ  ݀ߠ
భ ௗఏ

Example(a).
Find the length of the arc of the curve ‫ = ݕ‬4‫ ݔ‬ଶ from ‫ = ݔ‬0 to ‫ = ݔ‬1.
Solution:
Graphing the curve,
࢟
(૚,૝)
૝ ࢟ = ૝࢞૛

ࢊࡿ ࢊ࢟

ࢊ࢞

࢞
૙
From the formula,
௕ ௗ௬ ଶ
‫׬ = ݏ‬௔ ට1 + ቀௗ௫ ቁ  ݀‫ݔ‬
ௗ௬ ଶ
First, find ቀ ቁ ,
ௗ௫
‫ = ݕ‬4‫ ݔ‬ଶ
ௗ௬ ௗ௬ ଶ
ௗ௫
= 8‫ ݔ‬and ቀௗ௫ ቁ = 64‫ ݔ‬ଶ

Then,
ଵ
‫׬ = ݏ‬଴ ξ1 + 64‫ ݔ‬ଶ ݀‫ݔ‬
By trigonometric substitutions,
௨ ௔మ
‫ ׬‬ξܽଶ + ‫ݑ‬ଶ  ݀‫= ݑ‬ ௔
ξܽଶ + ‫ݑ‬ଶ + ଶ
ln൫‫ ݑ‬+ ξܽଶ + ‫ ݑ‬ଶ ൯ + ܿ

Author: Harold Jan R. Terano, ECE, ME

 Thus,
ଵ
‫׬ = ݏ‬଴ ξ1 + 64‫ ݔ‬ଶ ݀‫ݔ‬
ଵ ଼௫ ଵ ଵ
= ቚ ቂ ξ1 + 64‫ ݔ‬ଶ  + ଶ ln൫8‫ ݔ‬+ ξ1 + 64‫ ݔ‬ଶ൯ቃቚ
଼ ଶ ଴
ଵ ଼(ଵ) ଵ
= ቚቄ ඥ1 + 64(1) ଶ  + ଶ lnൣ8(1) + ඥ1 + 64(1) ଶ ൧ቅ
଼ ଶ
଼(଴) ଵ
െቄ ଶ
ඥ1 + 64(0) ଶ  + ଶ lnൣ8(0) + ඥ1 + 64(0) ଶ ൧ቅቚ

‫ = ݏ‬4.20 units

Example(b).
Find the length of the curve ‫ = ݕ‬ln ‫ݔ‬, from ‫ = ݔ‬1 to ‫ = ݔ‬5.
Solution:
Graphing the curve,
࢟

࢟ = ‫࢞ ܖܔ‬

࢞
૙ ૚ ૞

The derivatives are,

‫ = ݕ‬ln ‫ݔ‬
ௗ௬ ଵ ௗ௬ ଶ ଵ
ௗ௫
= ௫
and ቀௗ௫ ቁ = ௫మ
Then,
ହ ଵ
‫׬ = ݏ‬ଵ ට1 + ௫మ
 ݀‫ݔ‬
ହ ξ௫ మ ାଵ
= ‫׬‬ଵ ௫ మ ݀‫ݔ‬
By algebraic substitution,
ξ௫ మ ାଵ ଵ ଵ
‫׬‬ ݀‫ = ݔ‬ξ‫ݔ‬ଶ + 1 െ ln൫ξ‫ݔ‬ଶ + 1 + 1൯ + ln൫ξ‫ݔ‬ଶ + 1 െ 1൯ + ܿ
௫మ ଶ ଶ
Thus,
ହ ଵ
‫׬ = ݏ‬ଵ ට1 +  ݀‫ݔ‬
௫మ
ଵ ଵ ହ
= ቚξ‫ ݔ‬ଶ + 1 െ ln൫ξ‫ ݔ‬ଶ + 1 + 1൯ + ln൫ξ‫ ݔ‬ଶ + 1 െ 1൯ቚ
ଶ ଶ ଵ
ଵ ଵ
= ቂඥ(5) ଶ + 1 െ ଶ ln൫ඥ(5) ଶ + 1 + 1൯ + ଶ ln൫ඥ(5) ଶ + 1 െ 1൯ቃ
ଵ ଵ
െ ቂඥ(1) ଶ + 1 െ ln൫ඥ(1) ଶ + 1 + 1൯ + ln൫ඥ(1) ଶ + 1 െ 1൯ቃ
ଶ ଶ
‫ = ݏ‬4.37 units

Example(c).
Find the length of the curve ‫ = ݎ‬2(1 െ cos ߠ) from ߠ = 0 to ߠ = ߨ.

Author: Harold Jan R. Terano, ECE, ME

 Solution:
Graphing the curve, ‫ = ݎ‬2(1 െ cos ߠ)

ૢ૙૙ ߠ ‫ݎ‬
0଴ 0
૚૛૙૙ ૟૙૙ 30଴ 0.268
60଴ 1
90଴ 2
૚૞૙૙ ૜૙૙
120଴ 3
150଴ 3.732
૚ૡ૙૙ ૙૙ 180଴ 4

૛૚૙૙ ૜૜૙૙

૛૝૙૙ ૜૙૙૙

૛ૠ૙૙

ௗ௥ ଶ
First, find ቀௗఏ ቁ , then,
‫ = ݎ‬2(1 െ cosߠ)
ௗ௥ ௗ௥ ଶ
= 2 sin ߠ and ቀ ቁ = 4 sin ଶ ߠ
ௗఏ ௗఏ
Thus,
ఏ ௗ௥ ଶ
‫׬ = ݏ‬ఏ మ ට‫ݎ‬ଶ + ቀௗఏ ቁ  ݀ߠ
భ

గ
= ‫׬‬଴ ඥ[2(1 െ cosߠ)] ଶ + 4 sinଶ ߠ ݀ߠ
Simplifying the integrand, we have,
గ
‫ = ݏ‬2ξ2 ‫׬‬଴ ξ1 െ cosߠ ݀ߠ
By rationalization,
గ ξଵାୡ୭ୱ ఏ
‫ = ݏ‬2ξ2 ‫׬‬଴ ξ1 െ cosߠ ή ݀ߠ
ξଵାୡ୭ୱ ఏ
గ ୱ୧୬ ఏ
= 2ξ2 ‫׬‬଴ ݀ߠ
ξଵାୡ୭ୱ ఏ
భ
గ ି
= 2ξ2 ‫׬‬଴ (1 + cosߠ) మ
sin ߠ ݀ߠ
By power formula, we have,
భ గ
‫ = ݏ‬ቚെ4ξ2(1 + cosߠ) మ ቚ
଴
భ భ
= ቂെ4ξ2(1 + cosߨ) ቃ െ ቂെ4ξ2(1 + cos0) మ ቃ
మ

‫ = ݏ‬8 units

Example(d).
Find the length of the parametric curves ‫ = ݔ‬2‫ ݐ‬+ 3 and ‫ ݐ = ݕ‬ଶ from ‫ = ݐ‬െ1
to = 2.

Author: Harold Jan R. Terano, ECE, ME

 Solution:
The table of values for ‫ ݐ‬is,
‫ݐ‬ െ1 0 1 2
‫ = ݔ‬2‫ ݐ‬+ 3 1 3 5 7
‫ݐ = ݕ‬ଶ 1 0 1 4

Then, plot the points, (1,1),(3,0),(5,1) and (7,4).

࢟

࢞ = ૛࢚ + ૜
൜
࢟ = ࢚૛

࢞
૙ ૚ ૛ ૜ ૝ ૞ ૟ ૠ

The derivatives are,

‫ = ݔ‬2‫ ݐ‬+ 3 ‫ݐ = ݕ‬ଶ
ௗ௫ ௗ௫ ଶ ௗ௬ ௗ௬ ଶ
= 2 and ቀ ቁ = 4 = 2‫ ݐ‬and ቀ ቁ = 4‫ ݐ‬ଶ
ௗ௧ ௗ௧ ௗ௧ ௗ௧
Thus,
௧ ௗ௫ ଶ ௗ௬ ଶ
‫׬ = ݏ‬௧ మ ටቀ ௗ௧ ቁ + ቀ ௗ௧ ቁ  ݀‫ݐ‬
భ
ଶ
= ‫ି׬‬ଵ ξ4 + 4‫ ݐ‬ଶ  ݀‫ݐ‬
ଶ
= 2 ‫ି׬‬ଵ ξ1 + ‫ ݐ‬ଶ  ݀‫ݐ‬
By trigonometric substitutions,
௨ ௔మ
‫ ׬‬ξܽଶ + ‫ݑ‬ଶ  ݀‫= ݑ‬ ଶ
ξܽଶ + ‫ݑ‬ଶ + ଶ
ln൫‫ ݑ‬+ ξܽଶ + ‫ ݑ‬ଶ ൯ + ܿ
Thus,
ଶ
‫ = ݏ‬2 ‫ି׬‬ଵ ξ1 + ‫ ݐ‬ଶ  ݀‫ݐ‬
௫ ଵ ଶ
= 2 ቚ ξ1 + ‫ ݐ‬ଶ + ln൫‫ ݐ‬+ ξ1 + ‫ ݐ‬ଶ ൯ቚ
ଶ ଶ ିଵ
ଶ
= ห‫ݔ‬ξ1 + ‫ ݐ‬ଶ  + lnൣ‫ ݐ‬+ ξ1 + ‫ ݐ‬ଶ ൧หିଵ
= ൛(2)ඥ1 + (2) ଶ  + lnൣ(2) + ඥ1 + (2) ଶ൧ൟ െ ൛(െ1)ඥ1 + (െ1) ଶ 
+ lnൣ(െ1) + ඥ1 + (െ1) ଶ൧หൟ
‫ = ݏ‬8.21 units

Exercise
Find the length of the arc of the given curves.

1. ‫ = ݕ‬3‫ ݔ‬+ 1, from ‫ = ݔ‬0 to ‫ = ݔ‬2

௫మ
2. ‫= ݕ‬ ଽ
, from ‫ = ݔ‬0 to ‫ = ݔ‬6
య
3. ‫ ݔ = ݕ‬, from ‫ = ݔ‬0 to ‫ = ݔ‬3
మ

4. 9‫ ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ, from ‫ = ݔ‬0 to ‫ = ݔ‬6

Author: Harold Jan R. Terano, ECE, ME

 య
5. ‫ = ݔ‬3‫ ݕ‬మ , from ‫ = ݕ‬0 to ‫ = ݕ‬4
6. ‫ ݕ‬ଶ = 2‫ݔ‬, from ‫ = ݔ‬0 to ‫ = ݔ‬1
7. ‫ = ݕ‬ξ1 െ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ , from ‫ = ݔ‬0 to ‫ = ݔ‬1
8. ‫ ݔ‬ଶ + ‫ ݕ‬ଶ = 4, from ‫ = ݔ‬0 to ‫ = ݔ‬2
గ
9. ‫ = ݕ‬ln(sec ‫)ݔ‬, from ‫ = ݔ‬0 to ‫= ݔ‬ ସ

10. ‫ ݁ = ݕ‬௫ , from ‫ = ݔ‬0 to ‫ = ݔ‬2

11. ‫ ݁ = ݔ‬௧ , ‫ ݁ = ݕ‬ଶ௧ from ‫ = ݐ‬0 to ‫ = ݐ‬3
12. ‫ = ݔ‬1 െ ‫ ݐ‬ଶ,‫ = ݕ‬3‫ ݐ‬+ 2 from ‫ = ݐ‬െ2 to ‫ = ݐ‬3
గ
13. ‫ = ݔ‬sinଶ ‫ ݐ‬,‫ = ݕ‬cos‫ ݐ‬from ‫ = ݔ‬0 to ‫= ݔ‬
ଶ
గ
14. ‫ = ݎ‬4(1 െ sin ߠ) from ߠ = ଶ
to ߠ = ߨ
గ
15. ‫ݎ‬ଶ = 16 cosߠ from ߠ = 0 to ߠ =
ଶ

Area of a Surface of Revolution

Consider the figure,

૙ ࢞

When the surface area of a solid generated by revolving a curve about an

axis, this may be calculated using the first proposition of Pappus.

The First Proposition of Pappus states that, “If an arc is rotated about an axis,
it will generate a surface area equal to the product of the length of the arc and the
circumference of the circle described by its centroid.”
ܵ = ‫ ݏ‬ή 2ߨ‫ݕ‬

where, ‫ ݏ‬is the length of the arc and ‫ ݕ‬is the distance from the centroid to the axis
of rotation.

A solid generated by revolving a curve about an axis may be calculated using

integration.

Author: Harold Jan R. Terano, ECE, ME

 Consider the figure,

࢟ ࢟
࢙
ࡼ૚ ࡼ࢏ି૚ ࡼ ࢏ ࡼ࢔
ࡼ૙

࢟૙ ࢟૚ ࢟࢏ି૚ ࢟࢏ ࢟࢔ ࢟૙ ࢟࢔

࢞ ࢞
ࢇ = ࢞૙ ࢞૚ ࢞࢏ି૚ ࢞࢏ ࢈ = ࢞࢔

Suppose the function ‫)ݔ(݂ = ݕ‬, is continuous on the interval [ܽ, ܾ] and
points, {‫ݔ‬଴ ,‫ݔ‬ଵ ,…, ‫ݔ‬௡ } is the partition of [ܽ,ܾ]. The points, ܲ଴(‫ݔ‬଴,‫ݕ‬଴ ),
ܲଵ (‫ݔ‬ଵ ,‫ݕ‬ଵ ),…, ܲ௡ (‫ݔ‬௡ ,‫ݕ‬௡ ) on the graph are joined by straight lines where the total length
of the arc is approximately equal to the sum of the straight lines. If this arc is revolved
about the ‫ݔ‬-axis, this generates a frustum of a right circular cone. The sum of the
lateral areas of the generated frustums of each partition is the approximate area of
the surface generated.

The surface area ܵ of the frustum of a cone of slant height ‫ ݏ‬and base radii
‫ݕ‬଴ and ‫ݕ‬௡ is,
ܵ = ߨ‫ݕ(ݏ‬଴ + ‫ݕ‬௡ )
௬బ ା௬೙
Since ‫= ݕ‬ is the average of the radii, then
ଶ
ܵ = 2ߨ‫ݏݕ‬

From the figure below,

ටο࢞࢏૛ + ο࢟࢏ ૛ 

ࡼ ࢏(࢞࢏ ,࢟࢏ )
ࡼ࢏ି૚ (࢞࢏ି૚, ࢟࢏ି૚)
(࢟࢏ െ ࢟࢏ି૚ ) = ο࢟࢏

࢟࢏ି૚ ࢟࢏

ο࢞࢏

࢞
࢞࢏ି૚ ࢞࢏

The surface area of the frustum generated is,

ܵ = 2ߨ‫ݏݕ‬
Since ‫ = ݏ‬ටο‫ݔ‬௜ ଶ + ο‫ݕ‬௜ ଶ  , therefore,

ܵ = 2ߨ‫ݕ‬ටο‫ݔ‬௜ ଶ + ο‫ݕ‬௜ ଶ 

Author: Harold Jan R. Terano, ECE, ME

 The total surface area of the generated solid is given by the sum,
ܵ = σ௡௜ୀଵ 2ߨ‫ݕ‬ටο‫ݔ‬௜ ଶ + ο‫ݕ‬௜ ଶ 
By the mean value theorem,
ο‫ݕ‬௜ = ݂ ƍ(‫ݔ‬௜ )ο‫ݔ‬௜
Then,
ܵ = σ௡௜ୀଵ 2ߨ‫ ݕ‬ඥ(ο‫ݔ‬௜ ) ଶ + [݂ ƍ (‫ݔ‬௜ )ο‫ݔ‬௜ ] ଶ
ܵ = σ௡௜ୀଵ 2ߨ‫ ݕ‬ඥ1 + [݂ ƍ(‫ݔ‬௜ )] ଶ ο‫ݔ‬௜ 

If the number of the partitioned points on the arc is to be increases indefinitely

as length of each segment approaches zero, then, the limit of the sum exists.
ܵ = lim௡՜’ σ௡௜ୀଵ 2ߨ‫ ݕ‬ඥ1 + [݂ ƍ (‫ݔ‬௜ )] ଶ ο‫ݔ‬௜ 

By the fundamental theorem,

௕
ܵ = 2ߨ ‫׬‬௔ ‫ݕ‬ඥ1 + [݂ ƍ(‫ ])ݔ‬ଶ ݀‫ݔ‬

ௗ௬
Since ݂ ƍ(‫= )ݔ‬ , then,
ௗ௫
௕ ௗ௬ ଶ
ܵ = 2ߨ ‫׬‬௔ ‫ݕ‬ට1 + ቀ ቁ  ݀‫ݔ‬
ௗ௫

The equation can be written as,

௕
ܵ = 2ߨ ‫׬‬௔ ‫ݏ݀ ݕ‬
ௗ௬ ଶ
where ݀‫ = ݏ‬ට1 + ቀ ቁ ݀‫ݔ‬.
ௗ௫

For ‫)ݕ(݃ = ݔ‬, whose curve is continuous on the interval [ܿ,݀], then, the
formula is,
ௗ
ܵ = 2ߨ ‫׬‬௖ ‫ݏ݀ ݔ‬
ௗ௫ ଶ
where ݀‫ = ݏ‬ට1 + ቀௗ௬ቁ ݀‫ݕ‬.

For a given parametric equations where ‫ ݔ‬and ‫ ݕ‬are given in terms of

ௗ௫ ௗ௬
parameter ‫ ݐ‬and ௗ௧ and ௗ௧ are continuous on the interval [‫ݐ‬ଵ, ‫ݐ‬ଶ ] and is revolved
around the ‫ݔ‬-axis, then, the formula is,
௧
ܵ = 2ߨ ‫׬‬௧ మ ‫ݏ݀ )ݐ(ݕ‬
భ

If it is revolved around the ‫ݕ‬-axis, the formula is,

௧
ܵ = 2ߨ ‫׬‬௧ మ ‫ݏ݀ )ݐ(ݔ‬
భ

ௗ௫ ௗ௬ ଶ ଶ
where ݀‫ = ݏ‬ටቀ ቁ + ቀ ቁ ݀‫ݐ‬.
ௗ௧ ௗ௧

For polar curves given a polar equation ‫ )ߠ(݂ = ݎ‬and the curve is continuous
on the interval [ߠଵ , ߠଶ ], then, the formula is,
ఏ
ܵ = 2ߨ ‫׬‬ఏ మ ‫ ݎ‬sin ߠ ݀‫ݏ‬
భ

ௗ௥ ଶ
where ݀‫= ݏ‬ ට‫ݎ‬ଶ + ቀௗఏ ቁ ݀ߠ.

Author: Harold Jan R. Terano, ECE, ME

Example(a).
Find the area of the surface generated by revolving the curve ‫ ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ about
the ‫ݕ‬-axis from, ‫ = ݕ‬0 to ‫ = ݕ‬4.
Solution:
Graphing the curve,
࢟
࢟

(૛,૝)
࢟ = ࢞૛
࢞
ࢊ࢙

࢞ ࢞
૙

From the formula,

ௗ
ܵ = 2ߨ ‫׬‬௖ ‫ݏ݀ ݔ‬
ௗ௫ ଶ
where ݀‫ = ݏ‬ට1 + ቀ ቁ ݀‫ݕ‬, then,
ௗ௬
ௗ ௗ௫ ଶ
ܵ = 2ߨ ‫׬‬௖ ‫ ݔ‬ට1 + ቀௗ௬ቁ ݀‫ݕ‬
ௗ௫ ଵ ௗ௫ ଶ ଵ ଵ
Since ‫ ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ and ‫ = ݔ‬ඥ‫ݕ‬, = and ቀ ቁ = = , therefore,
ௗ௬ ଶξ௬ ௗ௬ ସ௬ ସ௫ మ
ସ ଵ
ܵ= 2ߨ ‫׬‬଴ ඥ‫ ݕ‬ට1 + ݀‫ݕ‬
ସ௬
ସ ସ௬ାଵ
= 2ߨ ‫׬‬଴ ඥ‫ ݕ‬ට ݀‫ݕ‬
ସ௬
ସ
= ߨ ‫׬‬଴ ඥ4‫ ݕ‬+ 1 ݀‫ݕ‬
య ସ
ଵ ଶ
= ߨ ቀସቁ ቚଷ (4‫ ݕ‬+ 1) మ ቚ
଴
య ସ
గ
= ቚ(4‫ ݕ‬+ 1) మ ቚ
଺ ଴
య య
గ
= ଺ ቄ[4(4) + 1] మ െ[4(0) + 1] మ ቅ
ܵ = 36.18 sq. units

Example(b).
Find the area of the surface generated by revolving the curve ‫ = ݕ‬sin ‫ ݔ‬about
the ‫ݔ‬-axis from ‫ = ݔ‬0 to ‫ߨ = ݔ‬.
Solution:
Graphing the curves,
࢟

ࢊ࢙ ࢟ = ‫࢞ܖܑܛ‬
૚

࢞
૙
࣊

Author: Harold Jan R. Terano, ECE, ME

 From the formula,
௕
ܵ = 2ߨ ‫׬‬௔ ‫ݏ݀ ݕ‬
ௗ௬ ଶ
where ݀‫ = ݏ‬ට1 + ቀ ቁ ݀‫ݔ‬, then,
ௗ௫
௕ ௗ௬ ଶ
ܵ = 2ߨ ‫׬‬௔ ‫ ݕ‬ට1 + ቀௗ௫ ቁ ݀‫ݔ‬
ௗ௬ ௗ௬ ଶ
Since ‫ = ݕ‬sin ‫ ݔ‬and = cos‫ ݔ‬and ቀ ቁ = cosଶ ‫ݔ‬, therefore,
ௗ௫ ௗ௫
గ
ܵ = 2ߨ ‫׬‬଴ sin ‫ ݔ‬ξ1 + cosଶ ‫ݔ݀ݔ‬
For ‫ ׬‬sin ‫ ݔ‬ξ1 + cosଶ ‫ݔ݀ݔ‬, by substitution,
Let ‫ = ݑ‬cos ‫ ݔ‬and ݀‫ = ݑ‬െsin ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬, thus,
‫ ׬‬sin ‫ ݔ‬ξ1 + cosଶ ‫ = ݔ݀ݔ‬െ ‫ ׬‬ξ1 + ‫ݑ‬ଶ ݀‫ݑ‬
For െ ‫ ׬‬ξ1 + ‫ ݑ‬ଶ ݀‫ݑ‬, by trigonometric substitution,
௨ ଵ
െ ‫ ׬‬ξ1 + ‫ݑ‬ଶ ݀‫ = ݑ‬െ ቂଶ ξ1 + ‫ ݑ‬ଶ + ଶ lnห‫ ݑ‬+ ξ1 + ‫ݑ‬ଶ หቃ
Since ‫ = ݑ‬cos‫ݔ‬,
ୡ୭ୱ ௫ ଵ
‫ ׬‬sin ‫ ݔ‬ξ1 + cosଶ ‫ = ݔ݀ݔ‬െ ቂ ଶ
ξ1 + cosଶ ‫ ݔ‬+ ଶ lnหcos‫ ݔ‬+ ξ1 + cosଶ ‫ݔ‬หቃ
Therefore,
గ
ܵ = 2ߨ ‫׬‬଴ sin ‫ ݔ‬ξ1 + cosଶ ‫ݔ݀ݔ‬
ୡ୭ୱ ௫ ଵ గ
= െ2ߨ ቚ ξ1 + cosଶ ‫ ݔ‬+ ଶ lnหcos‫ ݔ‬+ ξ1 + cosଶ ‫ݔ‬หቚ
ଶ ଴
ୡ୭ୱ(గ) ଵ
= െ2ߨ ቄ ඥ1 + cosଶ(ߨ) + ln ቚcos(ߨ) + ඥ1 + cosଶ (ߨ)ቚ –
ଶ ଶ
ୡ୭ୱ( ଴) ଵ
ඥ1 + cosଶ (0) + ଶ lnหcos(0) + ඥ1 + cosଶ(0)หቅ
ଶ
ܵ = 14.424 sq. units
Example(c).
Find the area of the surface generated by revolving the curve given by the
parametric equations ‫ ݐ = ݔ‬+ 3 and ‫ ݐ = ݕ‬+ 4 about the ‫ݕ‬-axis from ‫ = ݐ‬െ3 to
‫ = ݐ‬1.
Solution:
First, make a table of values for ‫ݐ‬,
‫ݐ‬ െ3 െ2 െ1 0 1
‫ݐ = ݔ‬+ 3 0 1 2 3 4
‫ݐ =ݕ‬+ 4 1 2 3 4 5

Then, plot the points (0,1),(1,2),(2,3),(3,4) and (4,5).

࢟࢟
࢞ = ࢚+ ૜
൜
࢟= ࢚+ ૝
૞
࢞
૝ ࢊ࢙
૜

૚
࢞
૙ ૚ ૛ ૜ ૝ ૞

Author: Harold Jan R. Terano, ECE, ME

 From the formula,
௧
ܵ = 2ߨ ‫׬‬௧ మ ‫ݏ݀ )ݐ(ݔ‬
భ

ௗ௫ ௗ௬ ଶ ଶ
where, ݀‫ = ݏ‬ටቀ ቁ + ቀ ቁ ݀‫ݐ‬, then,
ௗ௧ ௗ௧
௧ ௗ௫ ଶ ௗ௬ ଶ
ܵ = 2ߨ ‫׬‬௧ మ ‫ )ݐ(ݔ‬ටቀ ௗ௧ ቁ + ቀ ௗ௧ ቁ ݀‫ݐ‬
భ
ௗ௫ ௗ௬
Since, ‫ ݐ = )ݐ(ݔ‬+ 3, = 1 and = 1, therefore,
ௗ௧ ௗ௧
ଵ
ܵ= 2ߨ ‫ି׬‬ଷ(‫ ݐ‬+ 3) ඥ(1) ଶ + (1) ଶ ݀‫ݐ‬
ଵ
ܵ= 2ξ2ߨ ‫ି׬‬ଷ(‫ ݐ‬+ 3) ݀‫ݐ‬
ଵ
ܵ= หξ2ߨ(‫ ݐ‬+ 3) ଶ หିଷ
ܵ = ൣξ2ߨ(1 + 3) ൧ െ ൣξ2ߨ(െ3 + 3) ଶ ൧
ଶ

ܵ = 16ξ2ߨ = 71.086 sq. units

Example(d).
Find the area of the surface generated by revolving the curve represented by
the parametric equations ‫ ݐ = ݔ‬+ 5 and ‫ ݐ = ݕ‬ଶ െ 1 about the ‫ݕ‬-axis from ‫ = ݐ‬െ1
to ‫ = ݐ‬3.
Solution:
First, make a table of values for ‫ݐ‬,
‫ݐ‬ െ1 0 1 2 3
‫ݐ = ݔ‬+ 5 4 5 6 7 8
‫ݐ = ݕ‬ଶ െ 1 0 െ1 0 3 8

Then, plot the points (4,0),(5,െ1),(6,0),(7,3) and (8,8)

࢞= ࢚+ ૞
ૡ ൜
࢟ = ࢚૛ െ ૚
૟
࢞
ࢊ࢙
૝

࢞
૙ ૛ ૝ ૟ ૡ

From the formula,

௧
ܵ = 2ߨ ‫׬‬௧ మ ‫ݏ݀ )ݐ(ݔ‬
భ

ௗ௫ ௗ௬ ଶ ଶ
where ݀‫ = ݏ‬ටቀ ௗ௧ ቁ + ቀ ௗ௧ ቁ ݀‫ݐ‬, then,
௧ ௗ௫ ଶ ௗ௬ ଶ
ܵ = 2ߨ ‫׬‬௧ మ ‫ )ݐ(ݔ‬ටቀ ቁ + ቀ ቁ ݀‫ݐ‬
భ ௗ௧ ௗ௧
ௗ௫ ௗ௬
Since ‫ ݐ = )ݐ(ݔ‬+ 5, ௗ௧ = 1 and ௗ௧
= 2‫ݐ‬, therefore,
ଷ
ܵ = 2ߨ ‫ି׬‬ଵ(‫ ݐ‬+ 5) ඥ(1) ଶ + (2‫ )ݐ‬ଶ ݀‫ݐ‬

Author: Harold Jan R. Terano, ECE, ME

 ଷ
ܵ = 2ߨ ‫ି׬‬ଵ(‫ ݐ‬+ 5) ξ1 + 4‫ ݐ‬ଶ݀‫ݐ‬
ଷ ଷ
ܵ = 2ߨ ‫ି׬‬ଵ ‫ ݐ‬ξ1 + 4‫ ݐ‬ଶ݀‫ ݐ‬+ 10ߨ ‫ି׬‬ଵ ξ1 + 4‫ ݐ‬ଶ ݀‫ݐ‬
For the first integrand, use power formula and trigonometric
substitution for the second integrand, thus,
య ଷ
ଵ ൫ଵାସ௧ మ ൯మ ଵ
ܵ = อ2ߨ ൥ቀ଼ቁ య ൩ + 5ߨ ቀ‫ݐ‬ξ1 + 4‫ ݐ‬ଶ + lnห2‫ ݐ‬+ ξ1 + 4‫ ݐ‬ଶ หቁอ
ଶ
మ
ିଵ
య ଷ
గ ହ
ܵ = ቚ ଺ (1 + 4‫ ݐ‬ଶ) మ + 5ߨ‫ݐ‬ξ1 + 4‫ ݐ‬ଶ + ଶ ߨ lnห2‫ ݐ‬+ ξ1 + 4‫ ݐ‬ଶหቚ
ିଵ
య
గ ହ
ܵ = ቄ [ 1 + 4(3) ଶ] మ + 5ߨ(3)ඥ1 + 4( 3) ଶ  + ߨ lnห2(3) + ඥ1 + 4(3) ଶ หቅ
଺ ଶ

య
గ ହ
െ ቄ [1 + 4(െ1) ଶ ] + 5ߨ(െ1)ඥ1 + 4(െ1) ଶ  + ߨ lnห2(െ1) + ඥ1 + 4(െ1) ଶหቅ
మ
଺ ଶ
ܵ = 464.664 sq. units

Exercise
Find the surface area of the given curves rotated at the given lines or axis.

1. ‫ ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ , ‫ = ݔ‬0 to ‫ = ݔ‬2 about ‫ݕ‬-axis

2. ‫ ݔ = ݕ‬ଷ . ‫ = ݔ‬0 to ‫ = ݔ‬1 about ‫ݕ‬-axis
3. ‫ = ݕ‬3ξ‫ݔ‬, ‫ = ݔ‬0 to ‫ = ݔ‬4 about ‫ݔ‬-axis
4. ‫ ݔ‬ଷ = 3‫ݕ‬, ‫ = ݔ‬0 to ‫ = ݔ‬2 about ‫ݔ‬-axis
5. ‫ ݔ = ݕ‬ଷ ,‫ = ݔ‬0 to ‫ = ݔ‬2 about the ‫ݔ‬-axis
6. ‫ ݔ‬ଶ + ‫ ݕ‬ଶ = 9, ‫ = ݔ‬0 to ‫ = ݔ‬3 about ‫ݕ‬-axis
7. ‫ = ݔ‬1 െ ‫ ݐ‬ଶ,‫ = ݕ‬3‫ ݐ‬+ 2 from ‫ = ݐ‬െ2 to ‫ = ݐ‬3
8. ‫ ݐ = ݔ‬ଶ + 3,‫ ݐ = ݕ‬ଷ െ 2 from ‫ = ݐ‬െ1 to ‫ = ݐ‬2
9. ‫ = ݎ‬2 sin ߠ + 2 cosߠ from ߠ = 0 to ߠ = 2ߨ
10. ‫ = ݎ‬4 sin ߠ from ߠ = 0 to ߠ = ߨ

Centroids
Centroid of Plane Areas
The centroid is the center of mass of a given figure. Consider the figure,
࢟ centroid
centroid of the
strip
࢟ = ࢌ(࢞)

࢟ ࢟
࢟ ࢟ࢉ =
૛
࢞
૙ ࢊ࢞ ࢇ
࢞
࢞ࢉ

Author: Harold Jan R. Terano, ECE, ME

 First is to determine the area of the figure, let us consider the figure. The area
is,
௔
‫׬ = ܣ‬଴ ‫ݔ݀ ݕ‬
Next is the moments of the region denoted by ‫ܯ‬௫ and ‫ܯ‬௬ . Moment is the
tendency of the region to rotate about the coordinate axes ‫ ݔ‬and ‫ݕ‬. The moments
are given by the area multiplied by the perpendicular distance about the axis of
rotation, from the figure,
௔ ௔ଵ
‫ܯ‬௫ = ‫׬‬଴ ‫ݕ‬௖ ݀‫׬ = ܣ‬଴ ‫)ݔ݀ݕ( ݕ‬ ଶ
௔ ௔
‫ܯ‬௬ = ‫׬‬଴ ‫ݔ‬௖ ݀‫׬ = ܣ‬଴ ‫ݔ‬௖ (‫)ݔ݀ݕ‬
where ݀‫ݔ݀ݕ = ܣ‬.
The coordinates of the centroid (‫ݔ‬, ‫ )ݕ‬are,
ெ೤ ௔
‫ =ݔ‬஺ or ‫׬ = ݔܣ‬଴ ‫ݔ‬௖ (݀‫)ܣ‬
ெೣ ଵ ௔
‫= ݕ‬ ஺
or ‫= ݕܣ‬ ‫)ܣ݀( ݕ ׬‬
ଶ ଴

Example(a).
Find the centroid of the area bounded by the parabola ‫ ݕ‬ଶ = 2‫ݔ‬, the ‫ݔ‬-axis
and the line ‫ = ݔ‬2.
Solution:
Graphing the curves,
࢟
࢟૛ = ૛࢞
(૛,૛)

࢟
࢟
࢟ ࢟ࢉ =
૛
࢞
૙ ࢞ ࢊ࢞
࢞= ૛
࢞ࢉ

Using the vertical strip, the area of the bounded region is,
ଶ ଶ
‫׬ = ܣ‬଴ ‫׬ = ݔ݀ ݕ‬଴ ξ2‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
య ଶ
ଶ
= ξ2 ቚଷ (‫ )ݔ‬మ ቚ
଴
య య
ଶ ξଶ
= ቂ(2) మ െ (0) మ ቃ
ଷ
଼
‫ = ܣ‬ଷ sq. units
For the ‫ ݔ‬coordinate, For the ‫ ݕ‬coordinate,
௔ ଵ ௔
‫ܯ‬௬ = ‫׬‬଴ ‫ݔ‬௖ (݀‫)ܣ‬ ‫ܯ‬௫ = ‫׬‬଴ ‫ݕ‬௖ (݀‫)ܣ‬
ଶ
ଶ ଵ ଶ
= ‫׬‬଴ ‫ݔ݀ݕ ݔ‬ = ‫ݔ݀ݕ ݕ ׬‬
ଶ ଴
ଶ ଵ ଶ ଶ
= ‫׬‬଴ ‫ ݔ‬ξ2‫ݔ݀ݔ‬ = ‫ݔ݀ ݕ ׬‬
ଶ ଴
ଶ య ଵ ଶ
= ξ2 ‫׬‬଴ ‫ ݔ‬మ ݀‫ݔ‬ = ‫ ׬‬2‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
ଶ ଴
ఱ ଶ
ଶξଶ ଵ ଶ ଶ
= ቚ‫ ݔ‬మ ቚ = ቚଶ ‫ ݔ‬ቚ
ହ ଴ ଴
ఱ ఱ ଵ ଵ
ଶξଶ
= ቂ(2) െ (0) ቃ
మ మ = ቂଶ (2) ଶቃ െ ቂଶ (0) ଶቃ
ହ
‫ܯ‬௬ =
ଵ଺ ‫ܯ‬௫ = 2
ହ

Author: Harold Jan R. Terano, ECE, ME

 From the formula, From the formula,
భల ெ ଶ
‫=ݔ‬
ெ೤
= ఱ ‫ = ݕ‬஺ೣ = ఴ
ఴ
஺ య
య ଷ
‫=ݔ‬
଺ ‫=ݕ‬
ସ
ହ
଺ ଷ
Thus, the coordinates of the centroid is ቀହ , ସቁ.

Using the horizontal strip,

࢟
࢟૛ = ૛࢞
(૛,૛)
࢞+ ૛
࢞ࢉ =
૛
ࢊ࢟
࢟ࢉ = ࢟ ࢟
࢞
૙
࢞= ૛
ഥ
࢞

The area is,

ଶ ଶ ௬మ
‫׬ = ܣ‬଴ (2 െ ‫׬ = ݕ݀ )ݔ‬଴ ቀ2 െ ଶ
ቁ ݀‫ݕ‬
ଵ ଶ
= ቚ2‫ ݕ‬െ ଺ ‫ ݕ‬ଷ ቚ
଴
ଵ ଵ
= ቂ2(2) െ ଺ (2) ଷ ቃ െ ቂ2(0) െ ଺ (0) ଷቃ
଼
‫=ܣ‬ ଷ
sq. units

For the ‫ ݔ‬coordinate, For the ‫ ݕ‬coordinate,

௔ ௔
‫ܯ‬௬ = ‫׬‬଴ ‫ݔ‬௖ (݀‫)ܣ‬ ‫ܯ‬௬ = ‫׬‬଴ ‫ݕ‬௖ (݀‫)ܣ‬
ଶ ௫ାଶ ଶ
= ‫׬‬଴ ቀ ቁ (2 െ ‫ݕ݀)ݔ‬ = ‫׬‬଴ ‫( ݕ‬2 െ ‫ݕ݀)ݔ‬
ଶ
ଵ ଶ ௬మ ௬మ ଶ ௬మ
= ‫ ׬‬ቀଶ + 2ቁ ቀ2 െ ቁ ݀‫ݕ‬ = ‫׬‬଴ ‫ ݕ‬ቀ2 െ ቁ ݀‫ݕ‬
ଶ ଴ ଶ ଶ

ଵ ଶ ଶ ଵ
= ‫( ׬‬16 െ ‫ ݕ‬ସ) ݀‫ݕ‬ = ‫׬‬଴ ቀ2‫ ݕ‬െ ଶ ‫ ݕ‬ଷ ቁ ݀‫ݔ‬
଼ ଴
ଶ ଵ ଶ
ଵ ଵ
= ቚ16‫ ݕ‬െ ‫ ݕ‬ହቚ = ቚ‫ ݕ‬ଶ െ ‫ ݕ‬ସ ቚ
଼ ହ ଴ ଼ ଴
ଵ ଵ ଵ
= ቄቂ16(2) െ (2) ହቃ = ቄቂ(2) ଶ െ (2) ସ ቃ
଼ ହ ଼
ଵ ଵ
െ 16(0) െ (0) ହቅ െ ቂ(0) ଶ െ (0) ସ ቃቅ
ହ ଼
‫ܯ‬௬ = ହ
ଵ଺ ‫ܯ‬௫ = 2
From the formula, From the formula,
భల ெೣ ଶ
‫=ݔ‬
ெ೤
= ఱ ‫=ݕ‬ ஺
= ఴ
ఴ
஺ య
య ଷ
଺ ‫=ݕ‬
‫=ݔ‬ ହ
ସ

଺ ଷ
Thus, the coordinates of the centroid is ቀ , ቁ. The same answers
ହ ସ
obtained.

Author: Harold Jan R. Terano, ECE, ME

 For the centroid of an area bounded by two curves, consider the figures,
࢟ ࢟

࢞ࢉ ࢞ࡾ
(࢈,ࢊ) (࢈,ࢊ)
࢞ࡸ
ࢊ࢟

ࢊ࢞
࢟ࢁ + ࢟ࡸ ࢟ࢁ
࢟ࢉ = (ࢇ,ࢉ) (ࢇ,ࢉ) ࢟ࢉ
૛ ࢟ࡸ
࢞ࡾ + ࢞ࡸ
࢞ࢉ =
࢞ ૛ ࢞

Considering the vertical strip, the For horizontal strip,

formulas are,
ௗ
‫ܯ‬௫ = ‫׬‬௖ ‫ݕ‬௖ ݀‫ܣ‬
௕ ଵ ௕
‫ܯ‬௫ = ݀‫= ܣ‬
‫׬‬௔ ‫ݕ‬௖ ‫ࢁ࢟( ׬‬
ଶ ௔
+ ࢟ࡸ ) (࢟ࢁ െ ‫ܯ‬௫ =
ௗ
‫׬‬௖ ‫ݔ( ݕ‬ோ െ ‫ݔ‬௅ )݀‫ݕ‬
࢟ࡸ ) ݀‫ݔ‬ ௗ ଵ ௗ
ଵ ௕ ‫ܯ‬௬ = ‫׬‬௖ ‫ݔ‬௖ ݀‫ = ܣ‬ଶ ‫׬‬௖ (‫ݔ‬ோ ଶ
+ ‫ݔ‬௅ ଶ )(‫ݔ‬ோ ଶ െ
‫ܯ‬௫ = ଶ ‫׬‬௔ (‫ݕ‬௎ ଶ െ ‫ݕ‬௅ ଶ ) ݀‫ݔ‬ ଶ)
‫ݔ‬௅ ݀‫ݕ‬
௕ ଵ ௗ
‫ܯ‬௬ = ‫׬‬௔ ‫ݔ‬௖ ݀‫ܣ‬ ‫ܯ‬௬ = ଶ ‫׬‬௖ (‫ݔ‬ோ ଶ െ ‫ݔ‬௅ ଶ ) ݀‫ݕ‬
௕
‫ܯ‬௬ = ‫׬‬௔ ‫ݕ(ݔ‬௎ െ ‫ݕ‬௅ ) ݀‫ݔ‬

Example(b).
Find the centroid of the area bounded by the curves ‫ ݕ‬ଶ = ‫ ݔ‬and ‫ ݔ = ݕ‬ଷ .
Solution:
Graphing the curves,
࢟ = ࢞૜

࢟
૚ ࢟૛ = ࢞
(૚,૚)

࢟ࢁ + ࢟ࡸ
࢟ࢉ =
૛
࢟ ࢊ࢞
࢞
࢞ ૚
࢞ࢉ = (࢞ࡾ െ ࢞ࡸ )

The area of the bounded region is,

ଵ
‫׬ = ܣ‬଴ ൫ξ‫ ݔ –ݔ‬ଷ൯ ݀‫ݔ‬
య ଵ
ଶ ଵ
= ቚଷ ‫ ݔ‬మ െ ସ ‫ ݔ‬ସቚ
଴
య య
ଶ ଵ ଶ ଵ
= ቂ (1) మ െ (1) ସቃ െ ቂ (0) మ െ (0) ସ ቃ
ଷ ସ ଷ ସ
ହ
‫=ܣ‬ sq. units
ଵଶ

Author: Harold Jan R. Terano, ECE, ME

 For the ‫ ݔ‬coordinate, For the ‫ ݕ‬coordinate,
௔ ଵ ௔
‫ܯ‬௬ = ‫׬‬଴ ‫ݔ‬௖ (݀‫)ܣ‬ ‫ܯ‬௫ = ‫ݕ ׬‬ (݀‫)ܣ‬
ଶ ଴ ௖
ଵ ଵ ௕
= ‫׬‬଴ ‫ݕ( ݔ‬௎ െ ‫ݕ‬௅ )݀‫ݔ‬ = ‫ݕ( ׬‬௎ ଶ െ ‫ݕ‬௅ ଶ ) ݀‫ݔ‬
ଶ ௔
ଵ
= ‫׬‬଴ ‫ ݔ‬൫ξ‫ ݔ –ݔ‬ଷ ൯݀‫ݔ‬ =
ଵ ଵ
‫ ׬‬ቂ൫ξ‫ݔ‬൯
ଶ
െ (‫ ݔ‬ଷ ) ଶቃ ݀‫ݔ‬
ଶ ଴
ଵ య
= ‫׬‬଴ ቀ‫ ݔ‬െ ‫ ݔ‬ସ ቁ ݀‫ݔ‬ మ
=
ଵ ଵ
‫ݔ( ׬‬ െ ‫ݔ݀ )଺ ݔ‬
ଶ ଴
ఱ ଵ ଵ
ଶ ଵ ଵ ଵ ଵ
= ቚହ ‫ ݔ‬మ െ ହ ‫ ݔ‬ହቚ = ቚ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ ‫଻ ݔ‬ቚ
଴ ଶ ଶ ଻ ଴
ఱ ଵ ଵ ଵ
ଶ ଵ
= ቂହ (1) మ െ ହ (1) ହቃ = ቂ (1) ଶ െ (1) ଻ ቃ
ଶ ଶ ଻

ଶ ఱ
ଵ ଵ ଵ ଵ
െ ቂ (0) െ (0) ହ ቃ మ െ ଶ ቂଶ (0) െ ଻ (0) ଻ ቃ
ଶ
ହ ହ
ଵ ହ
‫ܯ‬௬ = ‫ܯ‬௫ = ଶ଼
ହ
From the formula,
From the formula, ఱ
భ ெೣ
ெ೤ ‫ݕ‬
ഥ= = మఴ
ఱ
‫ݔ‬
ഥ = = ఱ
ఱ
஺
భమ
஺
భమ
ଷ
ଵଶ ‫=ݕ‬
‫ݔ‬
ഥ = ଻
ଶହ
ଵଶ ଷ
Thus, the coordinates of the centroid is ቀ , ቁ.
ଶହ ଻

Example(c).
Find the centroid of the area bounded by a quarter circle whose radius is ‫ݎ‬.
Solution:
Graphing the curve of a quarter circle,
࢟

࢘ ࢞૛ + ࢟૛ = ࢘૛

࢟
࢟
࢟
૛
࢞
ࢊ࢞
࢘
࢞
࢞

The area bounded by the region of the quarter circle is,

గ௥మ
‫=ܣ‬ ସ
sq. units

Author: Harold Jan R. Terano, ECE, ME

For the ‫ ݔ‬coordinate, For the ‫ ݕ‬coordinate,
௔ ଵ ௔
‫ܯ‬௬ = ‫׬‬଴ ‫ܣ݀ ݔ‬ ‫ܯ‬௫ = ଶ ‫׬‬଴ ‫ܣ݀ ݕ‬
௥ ଵ ௥
= ‫׬‬଴ ‫ݔ݀ݕ ݔ‬ = ‫ݔ݀ݕ ݕ ׬‬
௥ ଶ ଴
= ‫׬‬଴ ‫ݔ‬൫ξ‫ ݎ‬ଶ െ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൯ ݀‫ݔ‬ =
ଵ ௥ ଶ
‫ݔ݀ ݕ ׬‬
య ௥ ଶ ଴
ଵ ଶ ଵ ௥ ଶ
= ቚെ ቀ ቁ (‫ ݎ‬ଶ െ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ) మቚ = ‫ ݎ( ׬‬െ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ) ݀‫ݔ‬
ଶ ଷ ଴ ଶ ଴
ଵ య య ଵ ଶ ଵ ଷ ௥
= െ ଷ ቄ[‫ ݎ‬െ (‫ )ݎ‬ଶ ] మ െ[‫ ݎ‬ଶ െ (0) ଶ] మ ቅ
ଶ = ቚ‫ ݔ ݎ‬െ ‫ ݔ‬ቚ
ଶ ଷ ଴
ଵ ଷ ଵ ଵ
‫ܯ‬௬ = ଷ
‫ݎ‬ = ቄቂ‫ݎ‬ଶ (‫ )ݎ‬െ (‫ )ݎ‬ଷቃ
ଶ ଷ
గ௥ మ ଵ
Since ‫= ܣ‬ , therefore, െ ቂ‫ ݎ‬ଶ (0) െ ଷ (0) ଷቃቅ
ସ
భ య ଵ ଷ
ெ೤ ௥
‫=ݔ‬ = య ‫ܯ‬௫ = ଷ
‫ݎ‬
஺ ഏೝమ
గ௥మ
ସ௥
ర
Since ‫= ܣ‬ , therefore,
‫=ݔ‬ ସ
భ య
ଷగ ெೣ ௥
‫=ݕ‬ ஺
= య
ഏೝమ
ర
ସ௥
‫=ݕ‬ ଷగ

ସ௥ ସ௥
Thus, the coordinates of the centroid is ቀଷగ , ଷగቁ.

Centroid of Plane Areas of Polar Curves

For the polar curves,
‫ܯ‬௬ = ‫ݔ ׬‬௖ ݀‫ ܣ‬and ‫ܯ‬௫ = ‫ݕ ׬‬௖ ݀‫ܣ‬
Given the curve,

ࣂ= ࢈ ࢘ = ࢌ(ࣂ)

࢘
࡯

ࢊࣂ

࢞
ࣂ= ࢇ

The mass of the sector is considered to be concentrated at a point on the

bisector of the angle at a distance that is two-thirds of the magnitude of the radius
from the vertex. Therefore,
ଶ ଶ
‫ݔ‬௖ = ଷ ‫ ݎ‬cos ߠ and ‫ݕ‬௖ = ଷ ‫ ݎ‬sin ߠ
For ݀‫ܣ‬, the area of the sector is,
ଵ
݀‫ݎ = ܣ‬ଶ ݀ߠ
ଶ
Therefore,
ଵ ௕ ଵ ௕
‫ܯ‬௬ = ‫׬‬௔ ‫ݎ‬ଷ cosߠ ݀ߠ and ‫ܯ‬௫ = ‫׬‬௔ ‫ ݎ‬ଷ sin ߠ ݀ߠ
ଷ ଷ
Thus, the coordinates of the centroid are,
ெ೤ ெೣ
ഥ = ஺ and ‫ݕ‬
‫ݔ‬ ഥ= ஺
ଵ ௕
where, ‫= ܣ‬ ‫ݎ ׬‬ଶ
ଶ ௔
݀ߠ.

Author: Harold Jan R. Terano, ECE, ME

Example(a).
Find the centroid of the area bounded by ‫ = ݎ‬2(1 െ cosߠ) from ߠ = 0 to
ߠ = ߨ.
Solution:
Graphing the curve, ‫ = ݎ‬2(1 െ cos ߠ)
ߠ ‫ݎ‬
૚૛૙૙ ૟૙૙ 0଴ 0
30଴ 0.866
ࢊࣂ 60଴ 1
૚૞૙૙ ࢘ ૜૙૙
90଴ 2
120଴ 3
૚ૡ૙૙ ૙૙ 150଴ 3.732
180଴ 4

For the area,

ଵ గ
‫ = ܣ‬ଶ ‫׬‬଴ [2(1 െ cosߠ)] ଶ ݀ߠ
గ
= 2 ‫׬‬଴ (1 െ 2 cosߠ + cosଶ ߠ) ݀ߠ
ଵ ଵ గ
= 2 ቚߠ െ 2 sin ߠ + ቀଶ ߠ + ସ sin 2ߠቁቚ
଴
ଷ ଵ గ
= 2 ቚ ߠ െ 2 sin ߠ + sin 2ߠቚ
ଶ ସ ଴
ଷ ଵ ଷ ଵ
= 2 ቄቂ (ߨ) െ 2 sin( ߨ) + sin 2( ߨ)ቃ െ ቂ ( 0) െ 2 sin( 0) + sin 2( 0) ቃቅ
ଶ ସ ଶ ସ
‫ = ܣ‬3ߨ = 9.42 sq. units
ଵ గ
‫ܯ‬௬ = ‫׬‬଴ ‫ݎ‬ଷ cosߠ ݀ߠ
ଷ
ଵ గ
=
ଷ ଴
‫[ ׬‬2(1 െ cos ߠ)] ଷ cosߠ ݀ߠ
ଵ గ
= ‫׬‬଴ 8(1 െ 3 cosߠ + 3 cosଶ ߠ െ cosଷ ߠ) cosߠ ݀ߠ
ଷ
଼ గ గ గ ଼ గ
= ‫׬‬଴ cosߠ ݀ߠ െ 8 ‫׬‬଴ cosଶ ߠ ݀ߠ + 8 ‫׬‬଴ cosଷ ߠ ݀ߠ െ ‫׬‬଴ cosସ ߠ ݀ߠ
ଷ ଷ
଼ గ ଵ ଵ గ
= ଷ sin ߠ െ 8 ‫׬‬଴ ቀଶ + ଶ cos2ߠቁ ݀ߠ + 8 ‫׬‬଴ (1 െ sinଶ ߠ) cosߠ ݀ߠ
଼ గ ଵ ଶ
െ ଷ ‫׬‬଴ ቂଶ (1 + cos 2ߠ)ቃ ݀ߠ
଼ ଼
= ଷ sin ߠ െ 4ߠ െ 2 sin 2ߠ + 8 sin ߠ െ ଷ sinଷ ߠ
ଶ గ
െ ଷ ‫׬‬଴ (1 + 2 cos2ߠ + cosଶ 2ߠ)݀ߠ
଼ ଼ ଷ ଶ ଶ
= ଷ
sin ߠ െ 4ߠ െ 2 sin 2ߠ + 8 sin ߠ െ ଷ sin ߠ െ ଷ ߠ െ ଷ sin 2ߠ
ଶ గ ଵ
െ ‫׬‬଴ ቂ (1 + cos 4ߠቃ ݀ߠ
ଷ ଶ
଼ ଼ ଶ ଶ ଵ
= ቚ sin ߠ െ 4ߠ െ 2 sin 2ߠ + 8 sin ߠ െ sinଷ ߠ െ ߠ െ sin 2ߠ െ ߠ
ଷ ଷ ଷ ଷ ଷ
ଵ గ
െ ଵଶ sin 4ߠቚ
଴
ଷଶ ଼ ଼ ଵ గ
= ቚ sin ߠ െ 5ߠ െ sin 2ߠ െ sinଷ ߠ െ sin 4ߠቚ
ଷ ଷ ଷ ଵଶ ଴
ଷଶ ଼ ଼ ଵ
= ቂ ଷ sin ߨ െ 5ߨ െ ଷ sin 2ߨ െ ଷ sinଷ ߨ െ ଵଶ sin 4ߨቃ
ଷଶ ଼ ଼ ଵ
െ ቂ sin(0) െ 5(0) െ sin 2(0) െ sinଷ (0) െ sin 4(0)ቃ
ଷ ଷ ଷ ଵଶ
‫ܯ‬௬ = െ5ߨ
ଵ గ
‫ܯ‬௫ = ‫ ݎ ׬‬ଷ sin ߠ ݀ߠ
ଷ ଴
ଵ గ
= ‫[ ׬‬2(1 െ cosߠ)] ଷ
ଷ ଴
sin ߠ ݀ߠ

Author: Harold Jan R. Terano, ECE, ME

 ଵ గ
= ‫ ׬‬8(1 െ 3 cosߠ + 3 cosଶ ߠ െ cosଷ
ଷ ଴
ߠ) sin ߠ ݀ߠ
଼ గ గ గ
= ‫ ׬‬sin ߠ ݀ߠ െ 8 ‫׬‬଴ cosߠ sin ߠ ݀ߠ + 8 ‫׬‬଴ cosଶ ߠ sin ߠ ݀ߠ
ଷ ଴
଼ గ
െ ‫׬‬଴ cosଷ ߠ sin ߠ ݀ߠ
ଷ
଼ ଼ ଼ గ
ଶ ଷ
= ቚെ ଷ cosߠ െ 4 sin ߠ െ ଷ cos ߠ + ଵଶ
cosସ ߠቚ
଴
଼ ଼ ଼
= ቂെ ଷ cosߨ െ 4 sin ଶ ߨ െ ଷ cosଷ ߨ + ଵଶ
cosସ ߨቃ
଼ ଼ ଼
െ ቂെ cos(0) െ 4 sin ଶ (0) െ cos (0) + ଷ
cosସ (0)ቃ
ଷ ଷ ଵଶ
ଷଶ
‫ܯ‬௫ =
ଷ
Then,
ெ೤ ିହగ ହ
‫ݔ‬
ഥ= = = െ
஺ ଷగ ଷ
యమ
ெೣ ଷଶ
‫ݕ‬
ഥ = ஺
= య
ଷగ
= ଽగ
ହ ଷଶ
The centroid is at ቀെ ଷ , ଽగቁ.

Centroid of a Solid of Revolution

A solid of revolution is symmetric about the axis of rotation and its centroid lies
on this axis.
Consider the figure,
࢟

࢞ ࡯
ࢇ ࢈

The area is revolved around the ‫ݔ‬-axis and the centroid of the solid generated
lie on the ‫ݔ‬-axis. To locate the position, we need to find the ‫ݔ‬-coordinate of the
centroid and is denoted by ‫ݔ‬ഥ . The centroid is defined by the three coordinate points
ഥ ,0,0) in which,
(‫ݔ‬
ெ ௕
ഥ = ೤೥ and ‫ܯ‬௬௭ = ‫׬‬௔ ‫ݔ‬௖ ܸ݀
‫ݔ‬
௏

If the area is revolved around the ‫ݕ‬-axis, its centroid lies on the ‫ݕ‬-axis. To
locate its position, find the ‫ݕ‬-coordinate of the centroid and is denoted by ‫ݕ‬
ഥ . The
centroid is defined by the three coordinate points (0,‫ݕ‬
ഥ , 0) in which,
ெ ௕
ഥ = ௏ೣ೥ and ‫ܯ‬௫௭ = ‫׬‬௔ ‫ݕ‬௖ ܸ݀
‫ݕ‬

where ܸ݀ is any element of the volume as discussed in chapter 6.

Author: Harold Jan R. Terano, ECE, ME

Example(a).
Find the centroid of the solid generated by the area bounded by the curve,
‫ ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ and the line ‫ = ݔ‬2 revolving about the ‫ݔ‬-axis.
Solution:
Graphing the curves,
(૛,૝)
࢟ = ࢞૛

࢞= ૛

࢟
࢞
ࢊ࢞

By taking the vertical strip, the volume of the solid generated is,
ଶ
ܸ = ߨ ‫׬‬଴ (‫ ݔ‬ଶ) ଶ ݀‫ݔ‬
ଶ
= ߨ ‫׬‬଴ ‫ ݔ‬ସ ݀‫ݔ‬
ଵ ଶ
= ߨ ቚହ ‫ ݔ‬ହ ቚ
଴
ଵ ଵ
= ߨ ቂ (2) ହ െ (0) ହ ቃ
ହ ହ
ଷଶగ
ܸ = ହ cubic units
Then, we compute for ‫ܯ‬௬௭ , by the formula,
௕
‫ܯ‬௬௭ = ‫׬‬௔ ‫ݔ‬௖ ܸ݀
Since ‫ݔ‬௖ = ‫ ݔ‬and ܸ݀ = ߨ‫ ݕ‬ଶ݀‫ݔ‬, the limits are from 0 to 2, thus,
ଶ
‫ܯ‬௬௭ = ‫׬‬଴ ‫ ݕߨ ݔ‬ଶ ݀‫ݔ‬
And ‫ ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ , therefore,
ଶ
‫ܯ‬௬௭ = ߨ ‫׬‬଴ ‫ ݔ( ݔ‬ଶ) ଶ ݀‫ݔ‬
ଶ
= ߨ ‫׬‬଴ ‫ ݔ‬ହ ݀‫ݔ‬
ଵ ଶ
= ߨ ቚ଺ ‫ ଺ ݔ‬ቚ
଴
గ
= [(2) ଺ െ (0) ଺ ]
଺
ଷଶ
‫ܯ‬௬௭ = ߨ
ଷ
Then,
యమ
ெ೤೥ గ ହ
‫ݔ‬
ഥ = = య
యమഏ =
௏ ଷ
ఱ
ହ
Therefore, the centroid of the solid is at ቀଷ , 0,0ቁ.

Author: Harold Jan R. Terano, ECE, ME

 By taking the horizontal strip,
(૛,૝)
࢟ = ࢞૛

࢞= ૛
૛െ࢞
ࢊ࢟
࢟

By taking the vertical strip, the volume of the solid generated is,
ସ
ܸ = 2ߨ ‫׬‬଴ ‫(ݕ‬2 െ ‫ݕ݀ )ݔ‬
ସ
= 2ߨ ‫׬‬଴ ‫ݕ‬൫2 െ ඥ‫ݕ‬൯ ݀‫ݕ‬
ସ య
= 2ߨ ‫׬‬଴ ቀ2‫ ݕ‬െ ‫ ݕ‬మ ቁ ݀‫ݕ‬
ఱ ସ
ଶ
= 2ߨ ቚ‫ ݕ‬ଶ െ ‫ ݕ‬మ ቚ
ହ ଴
ఱ ఱ
ଶ ଶ
= 2ߨ ቄቂ(4) ଶ െ ହ (4) మ ቃ െ ቂ(0) ଶ െ ହ (0) మ ቃቅ
ଷଶ
ܸ= ହ
ߨ cubic units

Computing for ‫ܯ‬௬௭ , by the formula,

௕
‫ܯ‬௬௭ = ‫׬‬௔ ‫ݔ‬௖ ܸ݀
௫ାଶ
Since ‫ݔ‬௖ = and ܸ݀ = 2ߨ‫(ݕ‬2 െ ‫ݕ݀)ݔ‬, the limits are from 0 to 4,
ଶ
thus,
ସ ௫ାଶ
‫ܯ‬௬௭ = ‫׬‬଴ ቀ ଶ ቁ [2ߨ‫(ݕ‬2 െ ‫]ݕ݀)ݔ‬
And ‫ ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ , therefore,
ସ
‫ܯ‬௬௭ = ߨ ‫׬‬଴ ൫ඥ‫ ݕ‬+ 2൯ൣ‫ݕ‬൫2 െ ඥ‫ݕ‬൯݀‫ݕ‬൧
ସ
= ߨ ‫׬‬଴ (4‫ ݕ‬െ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ) ݀‫ݕ‬
ଵ ସ
= ߨ ቚ2‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ ‫ ݔ‬ଷቚ 
ଷ ଴
ଵ ଵ
= ߨ ቄቂ2(4) ଶ െ ଷ (4) ଷቃ െ ቂ2(0) ଶ െ ଷ (0) ଷቃቅ
ଷଶ
‫ܯ‬௬௭ = ଷ
ߨ
Then,
యమ
ெ೤೥ గ ହ
‫ݔ‬
ഥ= ௏
= య
యమഏ = ଷ
ఱ
ହ
Therefore, the centroid of the solid is at ቀଷ , 0,0ቁ. The same answers
obtained.

Exercise
I. Find the centroid of the plane areas bounded by the given curves.
1. ‫ ݕ‬ଶ = ‫ݔ‬, ‫ = ݔ‬4
2. ‫ = ݕ‬4െ‫ ݔ‬ଶ , ‫ = ݕ‬0
3. ‫ = ݕ‬5‫ ݔ‬െ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ , ‫ = ݕ‬0

Author: Harold Jan R. Terano, ECE, ME

 4. ‫ ݔ = ݕ‬ଷ ,‫ = ݔ‬0,‫ = ݕ‬8
5. ‫ ݕ = ݔ‬ଶ , ‫ = ݔ‬0,‫ = ݕ‬2
6. ‫ݕ = ݔ‬, ‫ = ݔ‬4‫ ݕ‬െ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ
7. ‫ݕ = ݔ‬, ‫ = ݔ‬4,‫ = ݕ‬0
8. ‫ ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ ,‫ ݔ = ݕ‬+ 2
గ
9. ‫ = ݎ‬4(1 + sin ߠ) , ߠ = 0, ߠ =
ଶ

10. ‫ = ݎ‬sin 2ߠ on the first quadrant

II. Find the centroid of the solid generated by the area bounded by the given
curve revolving about the given axis or lines of rotation.

1. ‫ݔ = ݕ‬, ‫ = ݕ‬2 about the ‫ݕ‬-axis

2. ‫ = ݕ‬4 െ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ about the ‫ݔ‬-axis
3. ‫ ݔ = ݕ‬ଷ ,‫ = ݔ‬2 about the ‫ݔ‬-axis
4. ‫ = ݔ‬4‫ ݕ‬െ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ about the ‫ݕ‬-axis
5. ‫ ݕ = ݔ‬ଶ , ‫ = ݕ‬1 about the ‫ݕ‬-axis

Physical Applications
Fluid Pressure
Consider the figure below,
fluid surface

ࢎ࢏

ο࡭࢏

The object submerged in a fluid is considered to be a flat plate that its surface
is parallel to the surface of the fluid. Force ܲ due to the pressure of the fluid above
the object is equal to the weight per unit volume of the fluid (‫ )ݓ‬multiplied by the
distance between the surface of the fluid and plate (݄) and the area of the plate (‫)ܣ‬.
ܲ = ‫ܣ݄ݓ‬
For water, ‫ = ݓ‬62.4 lb/ft3.

Dividing the area of the plate into ݊ rectangles, we have

‫݄ݓ‬ଵ ο‫ܣ‬ଵ + ‫݄ݓ‬ଶ ο‫ܣ‬ଶ + ‫ ڮ‬+ ‫݄ݓ‬௡ ο‫ܣ‬௡

Taking the sum, we have,

σ௡௜ୀଵ ‫݄ݓ‬௜ ο‫ܣ‬௜
The sum is now the approximation of the total pressure ܲ on the surface of
the plate, thus,
ܲ = lim௡՜’ σ௡௜ୀଵ ‫݄ݓ‬௜ ο‫ܣ‬௜

Author: Harold Jan R. Terano, ECE, ME

 By the fundamental theorem,
ܲ = ‫ܣ݀ ݄ ׬ ݓ‬

The limits of integration are taken over the entire area of the submerged
object.

Example(a).
A square plate 12 ft in length is submerged vertically in water. Find the
pressure exerted on the side of the plate if the lowest side of the plate is 20 ft below
the surface of the water.
࢟
Solution:

૛૙ െ ࢟
૚૛
࢞ ࢞
ࢊ࢟
࢟
࢞
ଵଶ
ܲ= ‫׬ ݓ‬଴ (20 െ ‫( )ݕ‬2‫ݕ݀)ݔ‬
ଵଶ
= 12‫׬ ݓ‬଴ (20 െ ‫ݕ݀ )ݕ‬
ଵ ଶ ଵଶ
= 12‫ ݓ‬ቚ20‫ ݕ‬െ ‫ ݕ‬ቚ
ଶ ଴
ଵ ଵ
= 12‫ ݓ‬ቄቂ20(12) െ (12) ଶ ቃ െ ቂ20(0) െ (0) ଶ ቃቅ
ଶ ଶ
= 2,016‫ݓ‬
= 2,016(62.4)
ܲ= 125,798.4 ft-lb

Example(b).
A triangular plate in a form of equilateral triangle of side 8 ft is submerged
vertically in water. The vertex is downward and 16 ft from the surface of the water.
Find the pressure on one side of the plate if the base is parallel the surface.
Solution: ࢟

૚૟ െ ࢟
૝ξ૜
࢞ ࢞
ࢊ࢟
࢟

െ૝ ૝

ସξଷ
ܲ = ‫׬ ݓ‬଴ (16 െ ‫( )ݕ‬2‫ݕ݀)ݔ‬
By similar triangle,
ξଷ௬
‫=ݔ‬ ଷ
ସξଷ
ܲ = ‫׬ ݓ‬଴ (16 െ ‫ )ݕ‬ቂ2 ቀξଷ௬ቁቃ ݀‫ݕ‬
ଷ

Author: Harold Jan R. Terano, ECE, ME

 ଶξଷ ସξଷ
= ଷ
‫׬ ݓ‬଴ ‫(ݕ‬16 െ ‫ݕ݀ )ݕ‬
ଶξଷ ଵ ସξଷ
= ‫ݓ‬ ቚ8‫ ݕ‬ଶ െ ‫ ݕ‬ଷቚ
ଷ ଷ ଴
ଶξଷ ଶ ଵ ଷ ଵ
= ଷ ‫ ݓ‬ቄቂ8൫4ξ3൯ െ ଷ ൫4ξ3൯ ቃ െ ቂ8(0) ଶ െ ଷ (0) ଷ ቃቅ
= 315.41‫ݓ‬
= 315.41(62.4)
= 19,681.584 ft-lb

Example(c).
A circular plate of diameter 8 m is submerged vertically in water until its center
is 4 m below the surface. Find the force on one side of the plate.
Solution: ࢟

࢞૛ + ࢟૛ = ૚૟ ૝െ࢟
࢞ ࢞
ࢊ࢟
࢟
࢞
െ૝ ૝

ସ
ܲ = ‫ି׬ ݓ‬ସ(4 െ ‫( )ݕ‬2‫ݕ݀)ݔ‬
By the general equation of the circle, we have,
‫ ݔ‬ଶ + ‫ ݕ‬ଶ = 16
And,
‫ = ݔ‬ඥ16 െ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ 
Thus,
ସ
ܲ = ‫ି׬ ݓ‬ସ(4 െ ‫( )ݕ‬2‫ݕ݀)ݔ‬
ସ
= 2‫ି׬ ݓ‬ସ(4 െ ‫ )ݕ‬൫ඥ16 െ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ൯݀‫ݕ‬
ସ ସ
= 8‫ି׬ ݓ‬ସ ඥ16 െ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ݀‫ ݕ‬െ 2‫ି׬ ݓ‬ସ ‫ݕ‬ඥ16 െ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ݀‫ݕ‬
Therefore, by trigonometric substitution and power formula, we
have,
య ସ
ଵ ௬ ଶ
ܲ = ቚ8‫ ݓ‬ቂଶ ‫ݕ‬ඥ16 െ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ  + 8 sin ିଵ ቀ ସቁቃ + ଷ ‫(ݓ‬16 െ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ) మ ቚ
ିସ
య ସ
௬ ଶ
= ቚ4‫ݕݓ‬ඥ16 െ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ  + 64‫ ݓ‬sin ିଵ ቀ ସቁ + ଷ ‫(ݓ‬16 െ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ) మ ቚ
ିସ
య
ସ ଶ
= ቄቂ4‫(ݓ‬4)ඥ16 െ (4) ଶ  + 64‫ ݓ‬sinିଵ ቀ ቁ + ‫(ݓ‬16 െ (4) ଶ ) మ ቃ
ସ ଷ
య
ିସ ଶ
െ ቂ4‫(ݓ‬െ4)ඥ16 െ (െ4) ଶ + 64‫ ݓ‬sin ିଵ ቀ ቁ + ‫(ݓ‬16 െ (െ4) ଶ ) మ ቃቅ
ସ ଷ
= 64ߨ‫ݓ‬
= 64ߨ(9810)
ܲ = 1,972.42݇ܰ

Author: Harold Jan R. Terano, ECE, ME

Work
Work is defined to be the force ‫ ܨ‬applied to a certain distance ‫ ݏ‬and is given
by the relation,
ܹ= ‫ܨ‬ή‫ݏ‬

The above relation is only applicable when the force is constant, but not for a
variable force. Consider the figure.
࢞

0 ࢞= ࢇ ࡼ ࢞= ࢈

We can determine the work ܹ done by the force ݂(‫ )ݔ‬on an object ܲ as it
moves from ‫ ܽ = ݔ‬to ‫ ܾ = ݔ‬by dividing the interval [ܽ,ܾ] into ݊ equal intervals,
each with a length of ο‫ݔ‬. The total work ܹ done in moving the object ܲ over [ܽ, ܾ]
can be approximated by the sum of the amounts of work done in the separate
subintervals. Thus,
݂(‫ݔ‬ଵ )ο‫ ݔ‬+ ݂(‫ݔ‬ଶ )ο‫ ݔ‬+ ݂(‫ݔ‬ଷ )ο‫ ݔ‬+ ‫ ڮ‬+ ݂(‫ݔ‬௡ )ο‫ݔ‬

By summation notation, we have,

σ௡௜ୀଵ ݂(‫ݔ‬ଵ )ο‫ݔ‬

The sum is now the approximation of the total work required to move the
object over the interval [ܽ, ܾ], thus,
ܹ = lim௡՜’ σ௡௜ୀଵ ݂(‫ݔ‬ଵ)ο‫ݔ‬

By the fundamental theorem,

௕
ܹ = ‫׬‬௔ ݂(‫ݔ݀ )ݔ‬

For elastic materials such as rubber bands, bungee chords, trampolines,

helical springs or elastic chords, by Hooke’s Law, the amount of force is directly
proportional to the amount of stretch or compression. Mathematically,
݂(‫ݔ݇ = )ݔ‬

where, ݇ is the constant of proportionality.

Consider the figure,

࡭ ࡮

ࢌ(࢞)
ࡼ
࡭

Example(a).
A 15-inch spring stretches by a 75 lb force to a length of 20 inches. Find the
work done in stretching the spring from 25 to 30 inches.

Author: Harold Jan R. Terano, ECE, ME

 Solution:
First is to determine the constant of proportionality ݇. For this
problem, ݂ (‫ = )ݔ‬75 lb when ‫ = ݔ‬20 െ 15 = 5 inches, then by the
formula ݂(‫ݔ݇ = )ݔ‬, we have,
75 = ݇(5)
݇ = 15
௕
Thus ݂(‫ = )ݔ‬15‫ݔ‬, then by the formula ܹ = ‫׬‬௔ ݂(‫ݔ݀ )ݔ‬, the limits of
integration are
ܽ = 25 െ 15 = 10
ܾ = 30 െ 15 = 15
Therefore,
ଵହ
ܹ = ‫׬‬ଵ଴ 15‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
ଵହ ଵହ
= ቚ ଶ ‫ ݔ‬ଶቚ
ଵ଴
ଵହ ଵହ
= ଶ (15) ଶ െ ଶ (10) ଶ
ܹ = 937.5 in-lb

Consider the figure below,

P

For the above figure, the work done in emptying the tank by pumping the liquid
to a point above its top is by dividing the liquid into ݊ horizontal slices. Let
οܸଵ ,οܸଶ ,…,οܸ௡ be the volumes of the respective slices and ݄ଵ ,݄ଶ, …,݄௡ . The force
required to lift each slice is the weight of such slice and is,
‫ݓ‬οܸ௜

where ݅ = 1,2,…,݊ and the work done in lifting it to the point ܲ is

‫ݓ‬οܸ௜ ݄௜

Then, the sum is,

σ௡௜ୀଵ ‫݄ݓ‬௜ οܸ௜

Taking the limit of the sum above,

ܹ = lim௡՜’ σ௡௜ୀଵ ‫݄ݓ‬௜ οܸ௜

By the fundamental theorem,

௕
ܹ = ‫׬ ݓ‬௔ ݄ ܸ݀

Author: Harold Jan R. Terano, ECE, ME

Example(a)
A cylindrical tank having a radius of 1 m and a height of 5 m is filled with water
at a depth of 3 m. What is the work done in pumping all the liquid out of the top of the
container?
Solution:
‫ = ܚ‬૚m

૞െࢎ

3m
ࢊࢎ
ࢎ

By the formula,
௕
ܹ = ‫׬ ݓ‬௔ ݄ ܸ݀
ଷ
ܹ = ‫׬ ݓ‬଴ (5 െ ݄) ߨ‫ ݎ‬ଶ ݄݀
ଷ
ܹ = ‫׬ ߨݓ‬଴ (5 െ ݄) ݄݀
ଵ ଷ
ܹ = ‫ ߨݓ‬ቚ5݄ െ ଶ ݄ଶ ቚ
଴
ଵ ଵ
ܹ = ‫ ߨݓ‬ቄቂ5(3) െ (3) ଶቃ െ ቂ5(0) െ (0) ଶ ቃቅ
ଶ ଶ
ଶଵ
ܹ= ଶ
ߨ‫ݓ‬
ଶଵ
ܹ = ଶ ߨ(9,810)
ܹ = 323,60݇ܰ

Example(b)
A conical vessel is 16 ft across the top and 20 ft deep. If it contains water to a
depth of 17 ft, find the work done in pumping the liquid to the top of the vessel.
Solution:
ૡft

20-h
࢞ 20ft
ࢊࢎ
૚ૠft
h

The volume is,

௕
ܹ = ‫׬ ݓ‬௔ ݄ ܸ݀
ଵ଻
ܹ = ‫׬ ݓ‬଴ (20 െ ݄)ߨ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ݄݀
By similar triangle,
௫ ଼
=
௛ ଶ଴
ଶ
‫=ݔ‬ ݄
ହ

Author: Harold Jan R. Terano, ECE, ME

 Then,
ଵ଻ ଶ ଶ
ܹ = ‫׬ ݓ‬଴ (20 െ ݄)ߨ ቀହ ݄ቁ ݄݀
ସ ଵ଻
ܹ= ଶହ
ߨ‫׬ ݓ‬଴ (20݄ଶ െ ݄ଷ )݄݀
ସ ଶ଴ ଵ ଵ଻
ܹ= ଶହ
ߨ‫ ݓ‬ቚ ଷ ݄ ଷ െ ସ ݄ସ ቚ
଴
ସ ଶ଴ ଵ ଶ଴ ଵ
ܹ = ଶହ ߨ‫ ݓ‬ቄቂ ଷ (17) ଷ െ ସ (17) ସቃ െ ቂ ଷ (0) ଷ െ ସ (0) ସቃቅ
ܹ = 1,899.69ߨ‫ݓ‬
ܹ = 1,899.69ߨ(62.4)
ܹ = 372,407.11 ft-lb

Exercise
I. Solve the following.
1. A rectangular plate is 3 feet long and 1 foot wide. It is submerged vertically in
water with the upper 3 feet edge parallel to and is 2 feet below the surface.
Find the pressure exerted on the side of the plate.
2. A plate in the form of a semi-circle of diameter 5 m is submerged in water so that the
base is in the surface of the liquid. Find the pressure on the face of the plate.
3. A conical vessel 10 m across the top and 15 m deep. If it contains water to a depth of
8 m, find the work done in pumping the liquid to the top of the vessel.
4. A spring with an original length of 12 cm is stretched by 2/3 cm by a 10 N force. Find
the work done in stretching the spring from 12 cm to 20 cm.
5. A triangular plate in a form of isosceles triangle of sides 5 ft, 5 ft and 3 ft is
submerged vertically in water. The vertex is downward with the 3 ft side
parallel and is 10 ft from the surface of the water. Find the pressure on one
side of the plate.
6. A right circular cylindrical tank of radius 1.5m and a height of 6 m is full of water. Find
the work done in pumping the water to the top of the tank.
7. The natural length of a given spring is 10 cm. A force of 2 kg stretched the spring to a
total length of 13 cm. Find the work done in stretching it twice as its original length.
8. A triangular plate whose sides are 2.5m, 2.5 m and 1 m long is placed vertically in
water with its shortest side uppermost, horizontal and 2 m below the water level.
What is the pressure on the side of the plate?
9. A conical vessel is 10 ft across the top and 12 ft tall. If it contains water to a depth of
8 ft, find the work done in pumping the liquid to a height 4 ft above the top of the
vessel.
10. A plate in the form of a parabolic segment of base 16 ft and height 4 ft is submerged
in water so that its base is at the surface of the liquid. Find the pressure on the face of
the plate.

Author: Harold Jan R. Terano, ECE, ME