REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS

THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF REPRODUCTION -

1-SEXUAL REPRODUCTION (TWO PARENTS ARE NEEDED)
2-ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION (ONLY ONE PARENT IS NEEDED)

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS

THE OFFSPRING ARE GENETICALLY IDENTICAL TO THE PARENT AND TO EACH OTHER – THEY
ARE CLONES.

1- RUNNERS
SOME PLANTS NATURALLY PRODUCE SIDE BRANCHES WITH PLANTLETS ON THEM.
STRAWBERRIES PRODUCE RUNNERS WITH PLANTLETS ON THEM.

2-BULBS
MANY PLANTS NATURALLY DEVELOP UNDERGROUND FOOD STORAGE ORGANS THAT
LATER DEVELOP INTO THE FOLLOWING YEAR’S PLANTS - POTATO TUBERS AND
DAFFODIL BULBS.

ARTIFICIAL CLONING IN PLANTs

1-clonning
2-cutting
3-tissue culture (IT USES TINY PIECES FROM THE PARENT PLANT, RATHER THAN CUTTINGS. STERILE
AGAR JELLY WITH PLANT HORMONES AND LOTS OF NUTRIENTS ARE NEEDED)

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS

Flowering plants reproduce sexually through a process called pollination. The flowers contain male sex
organs called stamens and female sex organs called pistils. The anther is the part of the stamen that
contains pollen. This pollen needs to be moved to a part of the pistil called the stigma.

ADVNATAGES DISADVANTAGES

1-SEXUAL introduces variation into a population time and energy are needed to find a
REPRODUCTIO mate
N the species can adapt to new environments
not possible for an isolated individual
a disease is less likely to affect all the individuals
in a population

2-ASEXUAL population can increase rapidly does not lead to variation in a

REPRODUCTIO population
N
 can exploit a suitable habitat quickly the species may only be suited to one
habitat

disease may affect all the individuals in

a population

POLLINANTION
Meiosis isprocess
Pollination a process where
occurs a single
when cellgrains
pollen divides twice
from thetomale
produce four
part of onecells containing
flower (anther)half
arethe
transferred
original amount of genetic information. These cells are our sex cells – sperm in males, eggs
to the female part (stigma) of another flower. Once pollination occurs, the fertilized flowers produce
in females.
seeds, which During
enable meiosis one cellplant
the associated divides twice to form
to reproduce fourform
and/or daughter
fruit. cells.
2 types
1-self pollination
2-cross pollination
Fertilization
Fertilization occurs when the male gametes and female gametes come fuse together. The male gamete
is the pollen. The female gamete is the ovum, located inside the ovule.
1- Pollen lands on a stigma and grows into a pollen tube.
2- The nucleus of the pollen grain travels down the pollen tube to fertilize the egg (ovum).
3-The fertilized egg develops into an embryo.
(The ovule becomes the seed.
The ovary becomes the fruit.)
4- The seeds can then germinate away from the plant.

After fertilization the female parts of the flower develop into a fruit: the ovules become seeds
the rest of the carpel becomes the fruit.
Seed and fruit formation
1. The zygote develops into an embryonic plant with radicle (root) and plumule (shoot)
2.Food storage
3.The ovule wall becomes the seed coat or Testa
4.The ovary wall becomes the fruit coat ; this can take many forms depending on the type of fruit.

cotyledon
Cotyledon, seed leaf within the embryo of a seed. Cotyledons help supply the nutrition a plant embryo
needs to germinate and become established as a photosynthetic organism and may themselves be a
source of nutritional reserves or may aid the embryo in metabolizing nutrition stored elsewhere in the
seed.

SEED DORMANCY
-Seed dormancy is the state in which seed is unable to germinate, even under ideal growing conditions
When seeds are dispersed from the parent plant they are usually very dry,containing only about 10%
water. This low water content restricts a seed’s metabolism, so that it can remain alive but dormant for
long time, sometimes for many years.
when dormancy ens the food store in broken down by enzyme and respired aerobically.

Conditions:
1-Warm temperatures, so that enzymes can act efficiently.
2-Water, for chemical reactions to take place in solution.
3-Oxygen, for respiration.