Professional Documents
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Engineereya’s Vlog
Elevation - these are in meters above some Gap – Th headway in a major stream, which is
datum; usually this datum is mean sea level, evaluated by a vehicle driver in a minor
but it may be any arbitrary scale stream who wishes to merge into the major
Emotion – the time linked with the two stream
stages perception and intellection based on Geoemtric cross section - this view has
a particular traffic situation like fear or elevation as its vertical axis and
anger which has a vital influence on the horizontal distance, measured perpendicular
final message or decision sent by the brain to the centerline, as its horizontal axis
to the muscle
Geotextiles - these are sometimes used in
Estimates - these includes cost estimates constructing pavements. These are used to
for various parts of the project and are add strength, control moisture, and prevent
used too evaluate the acceptability of bids the movement of fine materials into drainage
and financial feasibility of the project layers
Expressway – divided arterial highway for Grade - expressed as decima fractions or as
through traffic with full or partial control percentages
of access and generally with grade
separations at major intersection Grade separation - these traffic solutions
eliminates the crossing conflicts by placing
Facility oriented organization - primarily the conflicting traffic streams at
involved in planning designing, different elevations at their point of
constructing, maintaining, and operating intersection
fixed facilities
Gravity waves - Waves are formed by the
Fairway – an open water with navigable depth frictional drag of wind across the water
Faulting - elevation difference between surface. This is a process of transferring
adjacent slabs at traverse joints. This is energy from wind to water. Water particles
usually the result of pumping and is a major are moved from their position by the wind,
source of Portland concrete pavement and then returned to the original position
by gravity, which is a restoring force.
Fetch – the distance that the wind blows
over the sea in generating the waves is Groin – a shore protection structure usually
known as: built perpendicular to the coastline to
retard littoral transport of sedimentary
Fill or embankment - the existing ground is materials
above the construction section
Guide sign – inform and advice road users of
Fixed mooring berth - A marine structure directions, distance, routes, the location
consisting of dolphins for tying up the ship of services and points of interests
and a platform for supporting the cargo
handling equipment. Haul - the product of a volume of materials
times the average distance it is hauled
Flashing lamps - warning devices use to
supplement either controls and devices Headway – the reciprocal of flow is the
necessary to alert motorist of construction average time separation in the traffic
and maintenance activities of obstruction in stream and is usually measured in seconds
roadway Highest wave - A maximum wave height and
Flexible - a pavement which has negligible wave period of the maximum wave height in
flexural strength wave train.
Flow - defines as the number of vehicles Horizontal Control – this type of control
per unit time passing a point in space and on the object on the job site is commonly
is usually expressed in vehicles per hour identified as primary, secondary and working
Free haul distance - the cost of excavation Horizontal tangents - these are described
normally includes the cost of removing the in terms of their lengths and their
material from its existing state, hauling it directions
up to some specified distance Immediate water waves – waves in which the
ratio of water depth to the wave length is
less than 0.5 but greater than 0.40
Engineereya’s Vlog
Intellection - after perception occurs, the Mixed diurnal tides - if one of the two
formation of new thoughts and ideas, daily tide is incomplete that is it does not
recalling old memories of similar occasions reach the height of the previous tide, then
to a particular traffic situation the tides
Jetty - a solid structure, which projects Mole – A breakwater is a structure
into the sea perpendicular to the shore to constructed for the purpose of forming an
berth vessels artificial harbor with a water area so
Joint or crack spailling – the breakdown or protected from the effect of sea waves as to
disintegration of slab edges at joints or provide safe shipping. When a accommodations
cracks, usually resulting in the ;ss of for breakwater supports a roadway
sound concrete and the progressive widening Moonson - prevailing winds which are
of the joint or crack seasonal blowing in one direction over part
Lag distance - distanced traveled by the of the year and in the opposite direction
vehicle during the total reaction time the remainder of the year
Leeward side - the opposite side of a Mooring dolphins - type of dolphins which
structure facing the direction from which are not designed for the impact of the ship,
the wind comes as they located in back of the face of the
dock where they will not be hit. They are
Limit of economic haul - the longest located about 45 off the bow and stern.
distance material should ever be hauled
Neap tides – the lowest tide of the month
Longitudinal cracking – cracks approximately when the line connecting the earth with sun
at right angles to the pavement center line. and the moon form a right triangle that is
These are caused by poorly constructed when the moon is in its quarters
construction joints and shrinkage of the
asphalt concrete surface; they may also be Occupancy - defined as the fraction of time
reflective cracks that vehicles are present at a point in
space
Mastic asphalt - a mixture of bitumen, fine Overhead sign – signs which provide means of
aggregate and filler in suitable proportion displaying essential traffic information on
heated to about 200 C in special cooker and wide multilane roads, where some degree of
laid lane use control is required or where side
of road clearance is insufficient to
Maximum free speed – the maximum speed that accommodate a road side sign
cab be attained on a highway as the flow
tends to zero Parkway – an arterial highway for non-
commercial traffic with full or partial
Mean free speed - the maximum speed that control of access and usually located within
can be attained on a highway as the flow park
tend to be zero
Passing sight distance – minimum sight
Merging – the process by which a vehicle in distance required on a two lane, wo way
on traffic stream joins another traffic highway that will permit a driver to
steam moving in the same direction such as a complete a passing maneuver without
ramp vehicle joining a freeway stream colliding with an opposing vehicle and
Merging conflicts - this traffic occurs without cutting off the passed vehicle
when vehicles enter a traffic stream Pavement - the layered structure placed
Macroscopic - these models of traffic flow over a soil sub grade for forming a road
describe the relationship among flow, speed Pavement deflection – refers to the
and density structural adequacy of the pavement section
Microscopic - these models of traffic flow Pavement distress – refers to the condition
describe the motion of individual vehicles of a pavement in terms of its general
and their interactions with one another appearance
Engineereya’s Vlog
Pavement roughness – the measurement of the Queue - a delay which results when the
extent to which a road surface deviates from demand for a facility exceed its capacity
the plane
Raveling – wearing away of the pavement
Perception time - time required for surface caused by the dislodging of
transmission of the sensations received aggregate particles and binder
(through eyes, ears and body) to the brain
and the spiral chord by the nervous system, Reaction time - the total time required for
to a particular traffic situation perception, intellection, emotion and
volition that is from the instant the object
Period - the interval of time for two wave comes in the line of sight of the driver to
crests to pass the same position in space the instant he arrives a decision say to
Pier – a berth structure projecting out from slow down or overtake, under normal
the shoreline circumstance
Plans - these refer to drawings, usually Refraction - the bending of waves as they
accompanied by notes, of various aspects or slow down
components of the design Regulatory signs – signs that inform road
Plain concrete pavement – a type of rigid users of traffic laws and regulations which,
pavement, which has no temperature steel or if disregarded, will constitute an offense
dowels for the load transfer. This type of Releiving platform - a platform or deck
pavement is used mainly on low volume structure built below the top deck level and
highways or when cement stabilized soils are supported on bearing piles. The main
used as sub material function of the platform is to reduce the
Plain view - this is a drawing of the lateral soil pressure over the upper portion
facility as it would look to an bserver of the sheet wall
directly above it Roadwork signs – warn or advise if temporary
Profile - this view has elevation as its hazardous conditions that could endanger
vertical axis and horizontal distance, road users or the men and equipment engaged
measured perpendicular to the centerline, as in roadwork
its horizontal axis Road capacity - the maximum number of
Profile grade - line representing the passenger cars that can pass a given point
facility on the profile on lane or roadway during one hour under the
most nearly ideal roadway and traffic
Port - a sheltered place where the ship may conditions which can possibly be attained
receive or discharge cargo. It includes the
harbor with its approach channels and Rumble strips – type of thermoplastic Lane
anchorage places marking designed to aid and provide motorist
with visual, audio and motion warnings on
Possible capacity - the max number of the road
passenger cars that can pass a given point
on a lane or roadway during one hour under Running speed – the average speed maintained
prevailing roadway and traffic conditions by a vehicle over a particular stretched of
road, while the vehicle is in motion. This
Practical capacity - the max number of is obtained by dividing the distance covered
vehicles that can pads a given point on a by the time during which the vehicle is in
lane or roadway during one hour without motion
traffic density being so great as to cause
unreasonable delay hazard or restrictions to Screeding – to level a floor or layer of
the driver’s freedom to maneuver under the concrete with a straight edge using a back
prevailing roadway and traffic and forth motion while moving across the
surface
Prime coat - a layer of stone chipping coat
laid over a hot to make the surface water Sea - waves under the influence of the
proof conditions winds that generated them
Quay - a platform built in the harbor Sea island - a berth structure with no
parallel to the shore and backed up by direct connection to the shore, at which the
ground ships can berth. Berthing can take place on
either one or both sided of the structure
Engineereya’s Vlog
Seal coat – a very thin surface applied over steep. It has a normal max. working capacity
a bituminous pavement to make it impervious of 200 tons.
Seiche – a very long-standing wave on a Significant wave height –the arithmetical
large but limited body of water (lake) mean value of the highest one-third of the
generated by occurring when a storm dies waves for a stated interval
down after producing a wind tide
Slobing robe - A type of mooring bollard
Seiching waves - waves of this type have where all general mooring applications
very long periods, typically from 30 sec. up including steep rope angles and lines from
to the tidal period of 12 hr. 25 min. and two ships may be attached without
are mostly found in enclosed or semi- interference. It has normal max. capacity of
enclosed basins such as artificial port 200 tons.
basins or bays.
Swell - waves that have propagated beyond
Semi diurnal tides – tides that occur twice the initial winds that generated them
its lunar day
Swells Waves – generated by storms, which
Settlement - local sagging in the pavement occur outside area of observation
caused by differential settlement,
consolidation, or movement of the underlying Space headway – the distance between the
earth mass front of a vehicle and the front of the
following vehicle
Shallow water waves – waves in which the
ratio of water depth to the wave length is Space mean speed – the arithmetic mean of
equal to or less than 0.40. speed of vehicles occupying a relatively
long section of street or highway at given
- waves which occur in instant
water having a depth less than one half of
the wave length and the influence of the Special instruction signs – signs that
bottom changes the form or orbital motion instruct road users to meet certain traffic
from circular to elliptical or near- rule requirements or road condition
elliptical.
Specifications - these are written
Shoulders - these are intended primarily as instructions detailing how the facility is
a safety feature. They provide for to be constructed
accommodation of stopped vehicles, emergency
use, and lateral support of the pavement Speed - rate of change of distance with
respect to time and is usually measured in
Skid resistance – describes the either miles per hour or feet per second
effectiveness of a pavement to prevent or depending on the application
reduce skid related crashes
Spot speed - the instantaneous speed of a
Significant wave - A hypothetical wave vehicle at a specified section or location
having a wave height and period equal
respectively to average values of the wave Spring tides – the highest tide which occurs
height and period of the largest 1/3 of all at intervals of half a lunar month when the
waves in the train as counted in the order sun , moon and earth fall in line
of greater wave height.
Steepness – the ratio of the wave height to
Simply reinforced concrete pavement – a type its wave length is called
of rigid pavement having dowels for the
Stopping sight distance – minimum sight
transfer of traffic load across joints with
distance required for a driver to stop after
these joints spaced at larger distance than
seeing an object in the vehicle’s path
with plain pavements ranging from 10 m to 30
without hitting that object
m. Temperature steel is used throughout the
slab Storm Surge – an abnormal rise of the sea
level that occurs when a typhoon passes by.
Single and double pillar - A type of mooring
This rise above normal level on this open
bollard which is suitable for warping ships
coast is due to atmospheric pressure
along berths a single pillar type is used
reduction as well as due to wind stress.
with lines from one ship only. General
mooring application where rope angle is not
Engineereya’s Vlog
Structural number - determined based on the ship only. It has a normal maximum working
traffic loads, soils support, and other capacity of 150 tons.
design factors
Temporary curbing – roadwork devices
Sub base – the part of the road structure consisting of pre cast concrete sections,
which is immediately above the subgrade and sandbag, and other which, may be used to
composed of stone boulders or superior soil guide traffic at the construction site
Sub grade - the layer of natural soil over Tidal bores - high crester waves caused by
which the pavement road is laid the rush of flood tide up river or by
Superelevation diagram - this applies to meeting of tides
cuved facilities, such as highways or Tide - waves formed by gravitational
railways, only. It consists of a graph with attraction of the moon and sun
roadway or railway cross slope versus
horizontal distance Time headway – the time interval between the
passage of successive vehicle is moving in
Super elevation run off - the length of the same lane and measured from head to head
super elevation development from zero cross as they pass a point on the road
slope to full design super elevation in a
circular curve alignment Time mean speed – the arithmetic mean of the
speeds of vehicles passing a point on a
Swell waves - Wind generated waves which highway during an interval of time
are created in the deep ocean at some
distance from the port site and the wind Time sharing - these traffic solution
that created them may be too distant to be involve assignment of the right of way to
felt in the port or may have stopped blowing particular movements for particular time
or changed, its direction by the time the
wave reach the port. Transitional water wave – a type of wave
where depth is less than ½ of wave length
Superelevation or banking of curves - the but greater than 1/25 of the wave length
purpose of this is to counteract the
centripetal acceleration produced as a Traffic capacity – the ability of a roadway
vehicle round a curve to accommodate traffic volume. t is
expressed as the maximum number of vehicles
Superelevation transition - this involve in a lane or a road that can pass a given
modification of the roadway cross section point in unit time, usually an hour, that is
from normal crown to full superelevation, at vehicle per hour per lane or roadway
which point the entire roadway width has a
cross slope of e Traffic cone – devices which may be conical
in shape or tubular shaped capable of
Surface attrition or surface abrasion - performing channelization o traffic which
abnormal surface wear, usually resulting may be set on the surface if the roadway or
from poor quality surface mortar or coarse rigidly attached for continued use
aggregate
Traffic congestion - a major challenge for
Surface polish – loss pf the original the transportation system and the
surface texture due to traffic action transportation engineering profession
because it undermines the effectiveness and
efficiency of the system
Tack coat - an application of hot bitumen - demand exceeds the
material given to the old surface to provide capacity of the transportation system
adhesion to the old and new road surface
Traffic signs – device mounted on a fixed
Tangent run out - the length of super support or portable support whereby a
elevation development from the normal cross specific message is conveyed by means of
slope to the zero cross slope point on the words or symbols placed or erected for the
tangent purpose of regulating warning or guiding
Tee head - A type of mooring bollard where taffic
all general mooring applications including Traffic safety - continuing challenge for
steep rope angles. Any one bollard should the transportation engineering profession
preferably be allocated to lines from one
Engineereya’s Vlog
because of public expectations that safety Water bound macadam - a road made of coarse
will continue to improve. aggregate mechanically interlocked by
Traffic volume – the number of vehicles rolling and bonded together with screening
moving in a specified direction on a given dust
lane or roadway that pass a given point Wave Crest - the highest point of the wave
during specified unit time and is usually
expressed as vehicles per hour or vehicle Wave height - the elevation of the crest
per day above the through of the wave
Transition curves - these are used to Wave length - the length between two
connect tangents to circular curves consecutive crests
Traverse cracking – cracks approximately at Wave period – the wave form travels over
right angles to the pavement center-line. thee water surface and the time for two
These may be caused by shrinkage or consecutive crests to pass a point
differential thermal stress of the asphalt
Wave refraction - A change in the dissection
concrete, or may be reflective crack
of travel of the wave with change in depth
Traverse joint – joints provided in of water which distributes wave along energy
concrete cement pavements at right angles to the seashore unevenly
the centre line of the pavement
Wave trough - the lowest point of the wave
Tsunamis – waves created by large, sudden
Wearing coarse - the layer in a road
impacts, such as earthquakes, volcanoes or
pavement which provides resistance to wear
landslides that ends up in ocean.
and tear due to traffic
Vehicle dynamic - this determines the
Wearing Surface - soil stabilized roads
length of the superelevation run off of
with cement/lime cannot be used
transitional curves
Weaving – the process by which a vehicle
Velocity of wave propagation – the speed pf
first merges into a stream of traffic
the wave form which travels over the water
obliquely crosses that stream, then merges
surface for a certain wave
in to a second stream moving in the same
Vertical alignment - the longitudinal direction
profile along the centerline of the road. It
Weaving conflicts - this traffic conflict
is made up of a series of grades and
occurs when vehicles cross paths by first
vertical curves
merging and the diverging
Vertical curve - these are normally
Wharf - a platform built parallel to the
parabolas centered about the point of
shore or breakwater within the harbor to
intersection of the vertical tangents they
berth vessel
join
Wind - the circulation of masses of air
Volition time - the time taking a decision
more or less parallel to the earth‘s surface
to produce action to a particular traffic
situation Wind rose - the graphical representation of
the direction, frequency and intensity of
Volume - number of vehicles counted in a
winds at a particular location over period
specified time interval
of time
-maximum number of vehicles,
Wind Seiching – when local winds blow over
passengers or the like, which can be
the surface of the water, near the shores
accommodated by a given facility or system
will create
under given conditions at a given level of
service Windward side – the side of a structure
facing the direction from which the wind
Wakes – waves formed by moving ship or boats
Wind waves - waves generated by wind that
- waves formed by moving ship or boats
are acting on the sea surface bordering on
Warning signs – warn road users of condition the port site.
on or adjacent to the road that may be
unexpected or hazardous
Engineereya’s Vlog
Definition of Terms Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulics
Engineereya’s Vlog
Definition of Terms Geotechnical Engineering
Active earth pressure coefficient – ratio
between lateral and vertical principal Intergranular Stress – stress resulting from
effective stresses when an earth retaining particle to particle contact of soil
structure moves away from a retained soil
Liquefaction – a process by which water
Allowable bearing capacity or safe bearing saturated soil sediment temporarily loss
capacity -the working pressure that would strength and acts as a fluid
ensure a margin of safety against collapse
Overburden pressure - the pressure
of the re from shear failure.
(effective stress) of the soil removed
Cohesion – the component of shear strength fraction of the to place the footing
of a rock or soil that interparticle
Over consolidated – it is a soil whose
friction
present effective over burn pressure is less
Consistency – used to describe the degree of than that which the soil experienced in the
firmness of soil past
Embedment depth (D) - the depth below the Passive earth pressure coefficient – ratio
ground surface where the base of the between lateral and vertical principal
foundation rests effective stresses when an earth retaining
structure is forced against a soil mass
Equipotential line - a line along which the
potential head at all points is equal Pore water pressure – stress induced by
water pressures
Factor of safety or safety factor - the
ratio of the ultimate net bearing to the Retaining wall – structure whose primary
allowable bearing cap ng capacity or to the purpose is to prevent lateral movement of
applied maximum vertical stress earth or some material
Flow Line - a line along which a water Shear – soil derives its strength from its
particle will travel from upstream to the capacity to resist
down stream side in the permeable soil
Total Stress – sum of effective and neutral
medium
stresses
Flow Net - a combination of a number of flow
Shallow foundation - one in which the ratio
line and equipotential line
of the embedment depth to the minimum plan
Footings - consisting of a small slab for dimension, which is usually the width, is
transmitting the re load to the underlying Di/ B 52.5.
soil.
Ultimate bearing capacity - the maximum
Foundation - structure load to is that part pressure that the soil can support
of a structure which transmits the building,
load nto the underlying soil Ultimate net bearing capacity - the maximum
pressure that the soil can support above its
current
Engineereya’s Vlog
Definition of Terms Structural Engineering Construction
Actual displacement - it is measured by
seismometer Poisson's Ratio – the deformation of axially
loaded members, the ratio of the lateral to
Center of rigidity – it is the point through the longitudinal strain is constant
which the resultant of the resistance to the
applied lateral force acts Post tensioning – stressing high strength
steel after the concrete has been cast and
Center of mass – it is the point through has attained sufficient strength
which the applied seismic force acts
Pre tensioning – stressing high strength
Column – structural member ha the ratio of steel wires before concrete hardens
its unsupported height to its least lateral
dimension of not less than 3 and is used Plasticity – A condition that when there is
primarily support axial load already a permanent deformation, it
continues to deform when a minimal load is
Corbel – a short edge beam projecting from a applied beyond the elastic
column to support a weight
Reciprocal of deflection – it refers to the
Creep – the structure is subjected to a load rigidity of a structure
for a long period of time, it will continue
to deform until a sudden fracture occurs Reciprocal of stiffness – it refers to
flexibility of a structure
Ductility – it refers to the ability of a
material to deform in the plastic range Relaxation –Loss of stress that takes place
without braking with the passage of time as concrete is held
at a constant strain
Elasticity – it refers to the property of a
material which makes it return to its Resilience – it refers to the ability of a
original dimension when the load is removed material to absorb energy in the elatsic
range
Eccentricity – it is the distance between
the center of rigidity and center of mass Resonance – Refers to the large amplitude
vibration of an object or system when given
Fatigue – the structure is subjected to a impulses at its natural frequency
cycle of stresses and , it causes the
beam to have sudden ultimate structure Soft Story – ne in which the lateral
stiffness is less than 70 percent of the
Focal depth – besides the epicenter, it stiffness of the story above
describes the location of the earthquake
Resultant – determines whether the body will
Homogenous – the material has the same be in equilibrium or will have a varying
composition at every point but the elastic state of motion
may not be the same in all direction
Static it refers to the force generated by a
Hookes Law – stress is proportional to the body at rest
strain within the elastic region
Story Drift – it is the displacement of one
Isotropic - The material has the same level relative to the level above or below
elastic properties in all direction
Torsional Shear Stress – occurs when the
Kinetic Friction – retarding force acting center of mass and rigidity do not coincide
opposite in motion
Yielding – the material deforms considerably
Magnitude of earthquake – it is measured by even with a slight increase in stress
the Ritcher scale
Toughness – it refers to the ability of a
Orthotropic – The composite material material to absorb energy in the plastic
exhibits elastic properties in one direction range
different from that in the perpendicular
direction Young's Modulus – it is the constant of
proportionality that defines the linear
relationship between stress and strain
Engineereya’s Vlog