TOS CM 2 Types of Loads PDF

MODULE
2 Civil Engineering Department
MODULE G ALS FLEX Course Material

• To specify the rules types
and nature of loads on
structures
• Demonstrate computation
of tributary area
Loads
on
Structures
Structural Theory
Richard G. Villamora
Faculty, Civil Engineering Department
Template by NUCCIT
College of Engineering
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FOCAL POINTS
•The objective of a structural engineer is to design a structure

that will be able to withstand all the loads to which it is
subjected while serving its intended purpose throughout its
intended life span. In designing a structure, an engineer must,
therefore, consider all the loads that can realistically be
expected to act on the structure during its planned life span.
This module provides a brief explanation of the

various types of loads that must be considered
for an appropriate analysis and design
This describes dead loads and then live loads
?
for buildings and bridges. Also, the dynamic
effect, or the impact, of live loads.
Then, describes environmental loads, including
wind loads, snow loads, and earthquake loads.
Finally, a brief discussion of hydrostatic and
soil pressures and thermal effects
INSIDE
Template by NUCCIT
Types of Load
Once the dimensional

requirements for a structure
have been defined, it
becomes necessary to
determine the loads the
structure must support. It is
the anticipation of the
various loads that will be
imposed on the structure
that provides the basic type
of structure.
Tributary Area Sample
Loads on Structures
Dead loads
-are gravity loads of constant magnitudes and fixed positions that act permanently on the
structure; consist of the weights of the structural system itself and of all other material and
equipment permanently attached to the structural system; e.g. weights of frames, framing and
bracing systems, floors, roofs, ceilings, walls, stairways, heating and air-conditioning systems,
plumbing, electrical systems, and so forth
Example computation of Tributary Area
The floor system of a building consists of a 15-cm-thick reinforced concrete slab resting on four
steel floor beams, which in turn are supported by two steel girders, as shown in Fig. (a). The
cross-sectional areas of the floor beams and the girders are 94.8 cm2 and 337.4 cm2, respectively.
Determine the dead loads acting on the beams CG and DH and the girder AD.
Template by NUCCIT
3
Solution
Beam CG As shown in Fig.(a), the portion of the slab supported by beam CG has a width of 3 m (i.e.,
half the distance between beams CG and BF plus half the distance between beams CG and DH) and
a length of 8 m. This surface area (8 x 3 ¼ 24 m2) supported by beam CG (the shaded rectangular
area in Fig. (a)) is referred to as the tributary area for beam CG. Unit weights of reinforced
concrete and structural steel are from standards to compute the dead load per meter of length of
beam
This load is
uniformly
distributed on
the beam, as
shown in Fig. b
Loads on Structures
The figure b also shows the reactions exerted by the supporting girders at the ends of the beam. As
the beam is symmetrically loaded, the magnitudes of the reactions are equal to half of the total
load acting on the beam
Beam DH
As shown in Fig. (c),

the end reactions
are
The load on girder AD consists of the uniformly distributed load due to its own weight, which has
a magnitude of
and the concentrated loads transmitted to it by the beams at points A, B, C, and D, as shown in Fig.
(d).
Template by NUCCIT
4
Live Loads
- are loads of varying magnitudes and/or positions caused by the use of the structure.
Sometimes, the term live loads is used to refer to all loads on the structure that are not dead loads;
refer only to those variable loads caused by the use of the structure
- The magnitudes of design live loads are usually specified in building codes. The position of
a live load may change, so each member of the structure must be designed for the position of the
load that causes the maximum stress in that member
Building Loads
- The floors of buildings are assumed to be subjected to uniform live loads, which depend on
the purpose for which the building is designed. These loadings are generally tabulated in local,
state, or national codes
Loads on Structures
Bridge Loads
- Live loads due to vehicular tra‰c on highway bridges are specified by the American
Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials in the Standard Specifications for
Highway Bridges which is commonly referred to as the AASHTO Specification
Impact
- When live loads are applied rapidly to a structure, they cause larger stresses than those
that would be produced if the same loads would have been applied gradually, the dynamic effect
of the load that causes this increase in stress in the structure is referred to as impact
Wind loads
- produced by the flow of wind around the structure; magnitudes of wind loads that may
act on a structure depend on the geographical location of the structure, obstructions in its
surrounding terrain, such as nearby buildings, and the geometry and the vibrational
characteristics of the structure itself
Earthquake Loads
- Earthquakes produce loadings on a structure through its interaction with the ground and
its response characteristics. These loadings result from the structure’s distortion caused by the
ground’s motion and the lateral resistance of the structure. Their magnitude depends on the
amount and type of ground accelerations and the mass and stiffness of the structure
Template by NUCCIT
5
Hydrostatic and Soil Pressure
- When structures are used to retain water, soil,
or granular materials, the pressure developed by these
loadings becomes an important criterion for their
Keynote
design. Examples of such types of structures include Structures used to retain water, such as
dams and tanks, as well as coastal
tanks, dams, ships, bulkheads, and retaining walls structures partially or fully submerged in
water must be designed to resist
hydrostatic pressure. Hydrostatic pressure
acts normal to the submerged surface of
the structure, with its magnitude varying
linearly with height, as shown in figure.
Thus, the pressure at a point located at a
distance h below the surface of the liquid
can be expressed as
in which y = unit weight of the liquid.
Loads on Structures
Thermal and Other

Effects
- structures may be
subjected to stresses due to
temperature changes, shrinkage
of material, fabrication errors,
and differential settlements of
supports. Although these effects
are usually not addressed in
building codes, they may cause
significant stresses in structures
and should be considered in
their designs
Template by NUCCIT
6
ASSESSMENT TASK
Loads on Structures
Problems for Practice.
Try solving the following problems for your practice and submit your
solutions as instructed by your instructor.
1. The floor system of an apartment building consists of a

100-mm-thick reinforced concrete slab resting on three steel floor
beams, which in turn are supported by two steel girders, as shown
in the Figure. The areas of cross section of the floor beams and
the girders are 11,800 mm2 and 21,100 mm2, respectively.
Determine the dead loads acting on the beam CD and the girder
AE.
2. The floor system of a gymnasium consists of a 130-mm-thick

concrete slab resting on four steel beams (A = 9,100 mm2) that, in
turn, are supported by two steel girders (A = 25,600 mm2), as
shown in Figure. Determine the dead loads acting on beam BF and
girder AD.
Template by NUCCIT
7
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MODULE

2 Civil Engineering Department

MODULE G ALS FLEX Course Material

•The objective of a structural engineer is to design a structure

This module provides a brief explanation of the

Once the dimensional

Tributary Area Sample

Example computation of Tributary Area

As shown in Fig. (c),

in which y = unit weight of the liquid.

Thermal and Other

1. The floor system of an apartment building consists of a

2. The floor system of a gymnasium consists of a 130-mm-thick

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