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DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

Southern Luzon State University Name: MODULE

College of Engineering Course/Section: No. 1
Civil Engineering Department Schedule: FINAL
Instructor:
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DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
APPLICATION

Learning Objectives:
The goal of this course is for students to gain proficiency in calculus computations.
In calculus, we use three main tools for analyzing and describing the behavior of
functions: limits and derivatives of different functions. Students will use these tools
to solve application problems in a variety of settings.

Learning Outcomes:
- Solve application problems in a variety of settings using differential calculus.

TANGENTS AND NORMAL TO PLANE CURVES

This unit explains how differentiation can be used to

calculate the equations of the tangent and normal to
a curve. The tangent is a straight line which just touches the curve at
a given point. The normal is a straight line which is perpendicular to the
tangent. To calculate the equations of these lines we shall make use of
the fact that the equation of a straight line passing through the point
y  y1
with coordinates (x1, y1) and having gradient m is given by m  .
x  x1
 A tangent to a curve is a line that touches the curve at one point and has the same slope as
the curve at that point. mt= slope of tangent line = m = y’

 A normal to a curve is a line perpendicular to a tangent to the curve.

mn = slope of normal line =  1   1
m y'

Remember: Differentiate first the equation of the curve to determine the slope (tangent line) and the
negative reciprocal of the slope will be the slope of the normal line.

Example: Find the eqautions of the tangent and normal of the curves at point indicated.

Equation of the curve at a given Equation of Tangent Equation of Normal

point
y  3x 2  2 x  1 mt  6(1)  2  4 1
mn 
 y'  6 x  2 y  y1 4
m
x  x1 y  y1
m
y2 x  x1
4
x 1 1 y  2

4x  4  y  2 4 x 1
4x  y  2  0  x 1  4y  8
at point (1,2)
x  4y  9  0
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DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
y  (2 x  1) 3 mt  6(2(1)  1) 2  6 1
mn 
 y '  3(2 x  1) 2 (2) y  y1 6
m y  y1
y '  6(2 x  1) 2 x  x1 m
y 1 x  x1
6 1 y 1
x 1 
6x  6  y  1 6 x 1
6x  y  5  0  x 1  6y  6
at point (1,1) x  6y  7  0
a2 y  x3 3(a ) 2 1
mt  3 mn 
 a 2 y'  3x 2 a2 3
y  y1 y  y1
3x 2 m m
y'  x  x1 x  x1
a2
ya 1 y  a
3 
xa 3 xa
3 x  3a  y  a  x  a  3 y  3a
at point (a,a) x  3 y  4a  0
3 x  y  2a  0
x 2  xy  2 y  2  0  1 8
2( 2)     7 mt 
 2 x  ( xy ' y )  2 y '  0  2   2  7  7 7
mt 
2 x  xy ' y  2 y '  0 22  4  8 8 m  y  y1
2 x  y  xy '2 y ' y  y1 x  x1
m
2 x  y  ( x  2) y ' x  x1 1
y  ( )
1 8 2
2x  y y  ( ) 
 y' 7 2 7 x  ( 2)
x2 
8 x  ( 2) 1
y
at point (- ½, -2) 1 8 2
y 
7 2 7 x  2

8 x2 7
 8 x  16  7 y 
7 x  14  8 y  4 2
7 x  8 y  10  0  39 
8 x  7 y  2  0 2
 
16 x  14 y  39  0

source: http://www.mathcentre.ac.uk/resources/uploaded/mc-ty-tannorm-2009-1.pdf

MAXIMA AND MINIMA

How to Find Maxima and Minima Points Using Differentiation ?

In this section, we will see some example problems of finding maximum and minimum
values of the function. The value of the function at a maximum point is called the maximum
value of the function and the value of the function at a minimum point is called he minimum
value of the function.

Steps on finding the maximum and minimum value:

 Differentiate the given function.
 let f'(x) = 0 and find critical numbers (critical points)
 Then find the second derivative f''(x).
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DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
 Apply those critical numbers in the second derivative.
 The function f (x) is maxima when f''(x) < 0
 The function f (x) is minima when f''(x) > 0
 To find the maximum and minimum value we need to apply those x values in the given function.

Finding the Maximum and Minimum Values of the Function

Example 1 : Find the maximum and minimum value of the function x3 - 3x2 - 9x + 12 =0

Solution :
Let y = f(x) = x³ - 3 x² - 9 x + 12
f'(x) = 3x² - 3 (2x) - 9 (1) + 0
f'(x) = 3x² - 6x - 9
f'(x) = 0
3x² - 6x - 9 = 0
÷ by 3 => x² - 2 x - 3 = 0
By factoring: (x - 3)(x + 1) = 0
x + 1 = 0 x - 3 = 0
x = -1 x = 3

f'(x) = 3x² - 6x - 9
f''(x) = 3(2x) - 6(1) - 0
f''(x) = 6x - 6

Put x = -1
f '' (-1) = 6(-1) - 6 = -6 - 6
f''(-1) = -12 < 0 Maximum

To find the maximum value let us apply x = -1 in the given function

f (x) = x3 - 3 x2 - 9 x + 12
f (-1) = (-1)³ - 3 (-1)² - 9 (-1) + 12
= -1 - 3(1) + 9 + 12
= -1 - 3 + 9 + 12
= -4 + 21
= 17

Put x = 3
f''(3) = 6(3) - 6 = 18 - 6
f''(3) = 12 > 0 Minimum

To find the minimum value let us apply x = 3 in the given function

f (x) = x3 - 3x2 - 9 x + 12
f (3) = 3³ - 3 (3)² - 9 (3) + 12
= 27 - 3(9) - 27 + 12
= 27 - 27 - 27 + 12
= -27 + 12
= -15

Therefore the maximum value = 17 and The minimum value = -15

Example 2 : Find the maximum and minimum value of the function 4x3 - 18x2 + 24 x - 7

Solution :
3 2
Let y = f(x) = 4x - 18x + 24 x - 7
f'(x) = 4(3x2) - 18(2x) + 24(1) - 0
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DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
f'(x) = 12x2 - 36x + 24
f'(x) = 0
2
12x - 36 x + 24 = 0
÷ by 12 => x² - 3 x + 2 = 0
By factoring: (x - 1)(x - 2) = 0
x - 1 = 0 x - 2 = 0
x = 1 x = 2
2
f'(x) = 12x - 36 x + 24
f''(x) = 12 (2x) - 36(1) + 0
f''(x) = 24x - 36

Put x = 1
f''(1) = 24(1) - 36 = 24 - 36
f''(1) = -12 < 0 Maximum

To find the maximum value let us apply x = 1 in the given function.

f (x) = 4x3 - 18x2 + 24 x - 7
f (1) = 4(1)³ - 18(1)² + 24(1) - 7
= 4(1) - 18(1) + 24 - 7
= 4 - 18 + 24 - 7
= 28 - 25
= 3

Put x = 2
f''(2) = 24(2) - 36 = 48 - 36
f''(2) = 12 > 0 Minimum

To find the minimum value let us apply x = 2 in the given function

f(x) = 4x3 - 18x2 + 24x - 7
f(2) = 4(2)3 - 18 (2)² + 24 (2) - 7
= 4(8) - 18(4) + 48 - 7
= 32 - 72 + 48 - 7
= 80 - 79
= 1
Therefore the maximum value is 3 and the minimum value is 1.

source: https://www.onlinemath4all.com/maxima-and-minima-problems-in-differentiation.html

APPLICATIONS OF THE DERIVATIVES

There are various applications of derivatives not only in maths and
real life but also in other fields like science, engineering, physics,
etc. In previous classes, you must have learned to find the derivative
of different functions, like, trigonometric functions, implicit functions, logarithm
functions, etc.

ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS:
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DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
1. Find two numbers whose sum is 16, if the product of one by the cube of the other is to be
a maximum.
Solution: let: x - first no.
y - second no.
Sum ----- x  y  16
dP
0
Product -------  y  16  x dx
P  xy 3  x(16  x) 3 0  (16  x) 2 (16  4 x)
dP 16
 x(3(16  x) 2 (1)  (16  x) 3 x 4
dx 4
dP  x  y  16
 3 x(16  x) 2  (16  x) 3
dx 4  y  16
dP y  12
 (16  x) 2 (3 x  16  x)
dx
dP
 (16  x) 2 (16  4 x)
dx
Therefore, the two nos. are 4 & 12

2. What should be the shape of a rectangular field with an area of 100 sq. m., if it is to
be enclosed by the least amount of fencing?
Solution:
Let: x = length Therefore, 100 = xy
y = width 100 = (10)y
Area = A = xy = 100 y = 10m.
100 = xy x = y (it is a square)
Perimeter = P = 2 (x + y)

A 100 dP
y  0
x x dx
 100   100 
P  2( x  y)  2 x  0  21  2 
  x 
 x 
100
dP   100 1
 21  2  x2
dx  x 
x 2  100
x  10m.

3. A man is viewing a large oil painting which is

on display at the Art Gallery. In order to have the
best view of the painting, the painting is placed
with its bottom and top edges 3 meters and 9 meters
above the floor, respectively. Assume that the best
view of the painting is obtained when the angle
subtended is maximum and that the man’s eyes are
2 meters above the floor. How far from the wall
should the man stand?
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DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
Solution: Let: x = distance from the wall
7
tan( 1   2 ) 
x 7 1 d 1
0
7 d 1 x 2
x2 dx
1   2  tan 1  
x dx 7
2
1
2
7 1
1   1   0 2  2
7  x  x x  49 x  1
1   2  Arc tan
x 7 1 7 1
 2
7 d 1 2
2
x  49 x  1
1  Arc tan   2  x  x2
x dx 49 1 7 x 2  7  x 2  49  0
1 1 2 1 2
but . tan  2  x x 7 x 2  42  0
x 7 1
x2  6
1 d 1 2 2
 2  Arc tan  2x  2x x  2.65m
x dx x  49 x  1
7 x2 x2
  1  Arc tan   2
x d 1 7 1
7 1  2  2
1  Arc tan  Arc tan dx x  49 x  1
x x

4. An air traffic controller is sighting a helicopter on a control station directly ahed. The
helicopter is flying 2 km. above the sighting instrument at the rate of 230 kph. How fast must
the sighting instrument be turning when the angle between the path of the helicopter and the
line of sight is 350?
Solution:
dx
 230kph
dt
2
tan  
x
2
x
tan 
Differentiating x and Ө 1
2
with respect to t dx
 cos 2  d
dt sin 2  dt
dx  2 sec 2   d 
  . cos 2 
dt tan 2   dt 
dx  2 d

dt sin 2  dt
 2 d
230 
sin 2 35 0 dt
d
  37.83 deg rees / hr
dt
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DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
Practice Problems:
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DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

DERIVATIVE OF PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS

Instead of a function y(x) being defined explicitly in terms of the independent variable x,
it is sometimes useful to define both x and y in terms of a third variable, t say, known as
a parameter. In this unit we explain how such functions can be differentiated using a process
known as parametric differentiation.

In the example below we shall show how the x and y coordinates of points on a curve can be
defined in terms of a third variable, t, the parameter.
dx
  sin t
Example: Consider the parametric equations x = cost and y = sin t dt
(for 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π). Note how both x and y are given in terms of the dy
 cos t
dy dt
third variable t. Find . dy dy dt
dx  .
We differentiate both x and y with respect to the parameter, t: dx dt dx
dy  1 
 cos t  
dx   sin t 
dy
dy dy dt   cot t
 . dx
dx dt dx - Finding the first derivative
2
d y dy dt
 . - Finding the second derivative
dx 2 dx dx

1. Find the y’ and y” from x = t2 - 3t + 4 and y = t2 + 4t + 4

Solution:
dx dy 2t  4 d2y  14  1 
 2t  3  .  . 
dt dx 2t  3 dx 2
2t  32  2t  3 
dy
 2t  4 d 2 y (2t  3)2  (2t  4)2 dt d2y  14
dt  .  .
dx 2 2t  32 dx dx 2
2t  33
dy dy dt
 . d 2 y 4t  6  4t  8 dt
dx dt dx  ..
dy  1  dx 2 2t  32 dx
 (2t  4.) 
dx  2t  3  d2y  14 dt
 .
dy 2t  4 dx 2
2t  32 dx
 .
dx 2t  3
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DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

2. Find the y’ and y” from x = t3 - 1 + 4 and y = t2 + t

Solution:

dx dy 2t  1
 3t 2  . d2y  6t (t  1) dt
dt dx 3t 2  .
dx 2 9t 4 dx
dy d 2 y (3t 2 )2  (2t  1)6t dt
 2t  1  . d2y  6t (t  1) 1
dt  .( 2 )
dy dy dt
dx 2  
3t 2
2
dx dx 2 9t 4 3t
 . d y 6t  12t 2  6t dt
2 2
d2y  6t (t  1)
dx dt dx  ..  .
dx 2 9t 4 dx dx 2 27t 6
dy  1 
 (2t  1) 2  2 2
d y  6t  6t dt d2y  2(t  1)
dx  3t   . 
dx 2 9t 4 dx dx 2 9t 5
dy 2t  1
 .
dx 3t 2

Practice Exercises:
Find the first and second derivative of the following parametric equations without eliminating
the parameter:
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DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

PARTIAL DERIVATIVES
Partial derivative of a function of several variables is its derivative with respect
to one of those variables, with the others held constant (as opposed to the total derivative,
in which all variables are allowed to vary)

Remember:
 To find the partial derivative of function with respect to x considered y as constant and
derivative of d(x)=1.
 To find the partial derivative of function with respect to y considered x as constant and
derivative of d(y)=1.
 Apply the necessary formulas of differentiation.

Example 1.
Solution:

f ( x, y )  5 x 3 y 2  4 x 2 y  3 x  2 y  1
f
 y  constant
x
just copy the constant
f
 15 x 2 y 2  8 xy  3
x
f
 x  constant
y
just copy the constant
f
 5 x 3 (2 y )  4 x 2 (1)  3 x  2
y
f Solution: 2.
 10 x 3 y  4 x 2  3 x  2
y
2 3
f ( x, y )  x 2 sin( y 3 )
f ( x, y )  x sin( y )
f
f  x  constant
 y  constant y
x
just copy the constant
just copy the constant
f
f  x 2 cos( y 3 )(3 y 2 )
 (2 x) sin( y 3 ) y
x
f
 3 x 2 y 2 cos( y 3 )
y
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DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
Solution 3.
2
2 y
f ( x, y )  e x 2
2 y
f ( x, y )  e x
f
 y  constant f
x  x  constant
just copy the constant y
f 2
just copy the constant
 e x  2 y (2 x) f
x 2
 e x  2 y ( 2)
f 2 y
 2 xe x  2 y
x f 2
 2e x  2 y
y

Solution 4.

f ( x, y )  ln(2 x 2 y ) f ( x, y )  ln(2 x 2 y )
f f
 y  constant  x  constant
x y
just copy the constant just copy the constant
f (4 x) y f 2 x 2 (1)
 
x 2 x 2 y y 2x 2 y
f 4 xy f 2x 2
 2 
x 2 x y x 2 x 2 y
f 2 f 1
 
x x x y

Assignment: Write your solution on long bond paper with 1 cm. margin on each side.