PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION ADJACENT TO THE ORIFICE

PLATE FLOWMETER

Measurements and Instrumentations Full Report

By:

Mohammed Kasim slime

Mechatronics / M1 / Morning study

MAY 1, 2022
 Introduction
An orifice plate is a device used for measuring flow rate, for reducing
pressure or for restricting flow (in the latter two cases it is often called
a restriction plate). An orifice plate is a thin plate with a hole in it,
which is usually placed in a pipe. When a fluid (whether liquid or
gaseous) passes through the orifice, its pressure builds up slightly
upstream of the orifice but as the fluid is forced to converge to pass
through the hole, the velocity increases and the fluid pressure
decreases. A little downstream of the orifice the flow reaches its point
of maximum convergence, the vena contract where the velocity reaches
its maximum and the pressure reaches its minim um. Beyond that, the
flow expands, the velocity falls and the pressure increases. By measuring
the difference in fluid pressure across tapping’s upstream and
downstream of the plate, the flow rate can be obtained from Bernoulli's
equation using coefficients established from extensive research.
 Theory
By assuming steady-state, incompressible (constant fluid
density), inviscid, laminar flow in a horizontal pipe (no change in
elevation) with negligible frictional losses , Bernoulli's equation reduces
to an equation relating the conservation of energy between two points
on the same streamline:
Working Principle:
 When a fluid, whose rate of flow is we are going to measure, is
moved in the Orifice Meter, there is a pressure loss amid the
inward segment and outward Segment of Orifice plate.

 We can measure this change in pressure by any pressure

measurement instrument such as an anemometer.

 Meanwhile, this difference in pressure is indirectly proportionate

to the rate of flow according to Bernoulli’s Equation henceforth
the pressure difference measurement instrument can be organized
to show rate of flow instead of displaying differential pressure.

 The operational standard of the Orifice Meter is similar, like that

of the Venturimeter.
 Construction of orifice plate

 The main parts of the orifice plate are described below let’s discuss
them one by one.

- Inlet Section
 A linear ranging piece of similar dimensions as the inlet pipe for a conclusion
joining for an inward movement linking. Here we calculate the inward pressure
of the different fluids.

- Orifice Plate
 An Orifice Plate is implanted in amid the Inlet and Outlet Segments to generate
a pressure drop and therefore calculate the movement of the fluid.

- Outlet Section
 It is the linear spreading unit like to the Inlet unit. At this point, the dimensions
is similar as the outlet tube for an end link for a departing movement.

 At this point, we calculate the pressure of the fluid at the releasing point.

 As exposed in the diagram, a washer is cast-off to cover the place amid the
Orifice Plate and the Overhang outward, stop seepage.
 Shape & Size of Orifice meter

Orifice meters are built in different forms depending upon the

application specific requirement, the shape, size and location of
holes on the Orifice Plate describes the Orifice Meter
Specifications as per the following:

 Concentric Orifice Plate

 Eccentric Orifice Plate

 Segment Orifice Plate

 Quadrant Edge Orifice Plate

- Operation of Orifice meter

 The fluid flows inside the Inlet section of the Venturi meter having
a pressure P1.

 As the fluid proceeds further into the Converging section, its

pressure reduces gradually and it finally reaches a value of P2 at
the end of the Converging section and enter the cylindrical
section.

 The differential pressure sensor connected between the Inlet and

the and the Cylindrical Throat section of the Venturi meter displays
the difference in pressure (P1-P2). This difference in pressure is in
direct proportion to the flow rate of the liquid flowing through the
Venturi meter.

 Further the fluid passed through the Diverging recovery cone

section and the velocity reduces thereby it regains its pressures.
Designing a lesser angle of the Diverging recovery section, helps
more in regaining the kinetic energy of the liquid.
 Applications & Advantages

- Applications:

Orifice plates are most commonly used to measure flow rates in pipes,
when the fluid is single-phase (rather than being a mixture of gases and
liquids, or of liquids and solids) and well-mixed, the flow is continuous
rather than pulsating, the fluid occupies the entire pipe (precluding silt
or trapped gas), the flow profile is even and well-developed and the
fluid and flow rate meet certain other conditions. Under these
circumstances and when the orifice plate is constructed and installed
according to appropriate standards, the flow rate can easily be
determined using published formulae based on substantial research and
published in industry, national and international standards.

The applications can be summarized as follows:

 . Power Generation

 . Oil production and refiling

 . Water treatment and distribution

 . Gas processing and transmission

 . Chemical and petrochemical industry

Once the orifice plate is designed and installed, the flow rate can often
be indicated with an acceptably low uncertainty simply by taking the
square root of the differential pressure across the orifice's pressure
tappings and applying an appropriate constant.
Orifice plates are also used to reduce pressure or restrict flow, in
which case they are often called restriction plates.

- Advantages:

 It is cost-effective and quite easy to use.

 It occupies less space, making it ideal for space-constrained applications.

 It can also be used to determine flow rates in large pipes

 It can be installed in the horizontal or vertical positions.

References:

- www.wikipidia.com

- www.wermac.org

- www.sciencedirect.com

- www.wika.com

- www.instrumentationtools.com