Mechanical second stage.

Name:Esra Dhyaa
{Venturi Meter}
Venturi Meter is a device in which pressure energy is converted into kinetic energy
and It used for measuring the flow rate Discharge of the system.

 Converging cone or Diameter the area is decreasing

 Throat Diameter the area is constant
 Diverging cone the area is increasing

Bernouli Eq:

P1+ v + 1= P2 + v2+ gh1

Geometry of venturi:
A venturimeter is one of the accurate flow measurement devices used to measure volumetric
flow rate based on differential pressure. Pressure recovery is a problem when flow measurement
is done by venturimeter. So, it is necessary to select its geometrical parameters in such a way that
minimum pressure loss occurs. In this paper, optimization of geometrical parameters of
venturimeter for minimum pressure drop has been done using CFD analysis. For optimization of
venturimeter geometry, different parameters like convergent cone angle, divergent cone angle,
beta ratio and throat length were considered. Taguchi's orthogonal array L 25 was used for
design of experiment and CFD analyses were performed according to that using Ansys CFX 15.0
software. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was also applied to identify significant parameters for
minimum pressure drop in venturimeter. The optimal combination of the geometrical parameters
found was as follows: convergent cone angle θ 1 =17º, divergent cone angle θ 2 =7º, beta ratio
β=0.75 and throat length l=0.007 mm. In this case, the pressure drop in the venturimeter was
.∆P=40599.4 Pa. These results can provide support in selection of parameters for design of
venturimeter
Venturi meter Equation

Venturi meter Characteristics

 Theoretically there is no restriction to the flow down the pipe.
 They can be manufactured to fit any required pipe size.
 The temperature and pressure within the pipe does not affect the meter or its accuracy.
 There are no moving parts.
 Unfortunately the accurate shape required of the inside of the meter makes them relatively
expensive to manufacture.
{Orifice Meter}
An orifice meter is a conduit and a restriction to create a pressure drop. An hour
glass is a form of orifice. A nozzle, venturi or thin sharp edged orifice can be used
as the flow restriction. In order to use any of these devices for measurement it is
necessary to empirically calibrate them. That is, pass a known volume through the
meter and note the reading in order to provide a standard for measuring other
quantities.

Advantages:

1. The standard throttle pieces have been recognized by international regulatory

organizations, without real flow calibration, you can put into use immediately.
2. Simple structure, strong, stable and reliable performance, lower price;
3. Wide application range, including all single-phase fluid (liquid, gas, steam),
local mixed phase flow, can be use even the general process diameter, working
conditions (temperature, pressure);
4. The detection pieces and differential pressure display instrument can be bought
separated from different manufacturer, so that it can realize the professional
consumption management.
Geometry of orifice plate:

The concentric orifice plate flow meter has a sharp (square-edged) concentric bore
that provides an almost pure line contact between the plate and the fluid, with
negligible friction drag at the boundary. The beta (or diameter) ratios of concentric
orifice plates range from 0.25 to 0.75. The maximum velocity and minimum static
pressure occurs at some 0.35 to 0.85 pipe diameters downstream from the orifice
plate. That point is called the vena contracta. Measuring the differential pressure at
a location close to the orifice plate minimizes the effect of pipe roughness, since
friction has an effect on the fluid and the pipe wall.

Orifice plate Characteristics:

An orifice plate has an opening that is smaller than the pipe diameter. The
typical orifice plate has a concentric, sharp-edged opening. Because of the smaller
area, the fluid velocity increases to cause a corresponding decrease in pressure.
{Nozzle Meter}
flow nozzle. A device used to measure the flow rate of fluids in a pipe or conduit.
A flow nozzle consists of a cone-shaped passage that creates a partial blockage of
the conduit, and flow rate is determined by measuring the fluid pressure before and
after the flow nozzle.

When a flow nozzle is placed in a pipe carrying whose rate of flow is to be

measured, the flow nozzle causes a pressure drop which varies with the flow rate.
This pressure drop is measured using a differential pressure sensor and when
calibrated this pressure becomes a measure of flow rate.

Operation of flow Nozzle

1. The fluid whose flow rate is to be measured enters the nozzle smoothly to the section called throat
where the area is minimum. 2. Before entering the nozzle, the fluid pressure in the pipe is p1. As the
fluid enters the nozzle, the fluid converges and due to this its pressure keeps on reducing until it reaches
the minimum cross section area called throat. This minimum pressure p2 at the throat of the nozzle is
maintained in the fluid for a small length after being discharged in the downstream also. 3. The
differential pressure sensor attached between points 1 and 2 records the pressure difference (p1-p2)
between these two points which becomes an indication of the flow rate of the fluid through the pipe
when calibrated.
Nozlle Meter Equation

Nozzle meter geometry

For exact geometry and specifications for nozzles, see iso (1991) or ASME (1971).
Nozzles are typically used in 5 to 50 cm diameter pipes. The ASME (American
Society of Mechanical Engineers) and ISO have been working on guidelines for
nozzles since the early 1900s. The organizations have the most confidence in
nozzle accuracy when the Reynolds number is in the range of 10 4 to 10 7 as
discussed below. The calculation above is for liquids. Gas flow calculations have
an additional factor called expansibility.

Applications of Flow Nozzle

It is used to measure flow rates of the liquid discharged into the atmosphere.
1. It is usually used in situation where suspended solids have the property of settling.
2. Is widely used for high pressure and temperature steam flows.