Fluid

Report
Kirkuk University

Collage Of Engineering.

Second stage.

Name: Mostafa Qasim Tahr

Under The Supervisions : Dr. Khalaf Hama

  Venturi meters: 
It is a device, which is used for measuring the rate of flow of fluid through a pipe.
it consist of an

 Inelt section followed by

 Convergent section
 A cylindrical throat and
 A gardually divergent cone.

Bernoullis equation:
2
1 1
P1 + 2 v + ρ gh1 = P2 + 2 ρ v2 + ρ gh1
ρ
1

Venturi meter characteristics:

 Theoretically there is no restriction to the flow down the pipe.
 They can be manufactured to fit any required pipe size.
 The temperature and pressure within the pipe does not affect the meter or its accuracy.
 There are no moving parts.
Geometry of venturi:
optimization of geometrical parameters of venturimeter for minimum pressure drop has been
done using CFD analysis. For optimization of venturimeter geometry, different parameters like
convergent cone angle, divergent cone angle, beta ratio and throat length were considered.
Taguchi's orthogonal array L 25 was used for design of experiment and CFD analyses were
performed according to that using Ansys CFX 15.0 software. Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
was also applied to identify significant parameters for minimum pressure drop in venturimeter.
The optimal combination of the geometrical parameters found was as follows: convergent cone
angle θ 1 =17º, divergent cone angle θ 2 =7º, beta ratio β=0.75 and throat length l=0.007 mm. In
this case, the pressure drop in the venturimeter was ∆P=40599.4 Pa. These results can provide
support in selection of parameters for design of venturimeter.

Venturi Equation:
Nozzle meter:
A nozzle is a device designed to control the direction or characteristics of a fluid flow (especially
to increase velocity) as it exits (or enters) an enclosed chamber or pipe.A nozzle is often a pipe
or tube of varying cross sectional area, and it can be used to direct or modify the flow of a fluid
(liquid or gas). Nozzles are frequently used to control the rate of flow, speed, direction, mass,
shape, and/or the pressure of the stream that emerges from them. In a nozzle, the velocity of fluid
increases at the expense of its pressure energy.

Nozzle meter characteristics:

The critical nozzle flow meter was developed for high-pressure hydrogen gas flow
measurements, and its characteristics was experimentally examined with hydrogen gas at the
pressure up to 70 MPa. The results show that the critical back pressure ratio is 0.93-0.95 under
the above pressure conditions, and its discharge coefficient has a curious behavior which the
discharge coefficient decreases with increasing the Reynolds number over 40 MPa. Also, tests
filling hydrogen gas into the storage tank of fuel cell vehicle was conducted under 35 MPa
condition with the developed flow meter, and the high efficiency of this flow meter was
confirmed even on practical uses.
Nozzle meter Geometry:
For exact geometry and specifications for nozzles, see iso (1991) or ASME (1971). Nozzles are
typically used in 5 to 50 cm diameter pipes. The ASME (American Society of Mechanical
Engineers) and ISO have been working on guidelines for nozzles since the early 1900s. The
organizations have the most confidence in nozzle accuracy when the Reynolds number is in the
range of 104 to 107 as discussed below. The calculation above is for liquids. Gas flow
calculations have an additional factor called expansibility.

Nozzle meter equation:

C A throat √ 2 ρ ∆ p Qm π d
Qm = 4 , Qv = , Athroat 4 d2 , β=
D
√ 1−β ρ

4 2
V D
ReD = pipe ,
V
Red = throat
d
, w=
√1−β −Cβ ∆ p , Km =
2w
v v 4
√ 1−β +Cβ 2 ρv 2
Orifce meter:
An orifice plate is a thin plate with a hole in it, which is usually placed in a pipe. When a fluid
(whether liquid or gaseous) passes through the orifice, its pressure builds up slightly upstream of
the orifice but as the fluid is forced to converge to pass through the hole, the velocity increases
and the fluid pressure decreases. A little downstream of the orifice the flow reaches its point of
maximum convergence, the vena contracta (see drawing to the down) where the velocity reaches
its maximum and the pressure reaches its minimum. Beyond that, the flow expands, the velocity
falls and the pressure increases. By measuring the difference in fluid pressure across tappings
upstream and downstream of the plate, the flow rate can be obtained from Bernoulli's equation
using coefficients established from extensive research.
 Orifice meter characteristic:
Experimental results on the discharge characteristics of concentric orifice meters placed in
circular pipes carrying sediment‐laden flow in homogeneous and heterogeneous regimes are
reported. The experiments were carried out using water as the carrying medium and sand and
coal as the sediments. The data cover a range of concentration from 0.5% to 7.0% by volume.
The analysis of the data has resulted in graphical predictors which enable determination of the
discharge to fairly good accuracy.

Orifice meter Geometry:

 Line Size: 6 mm to 800 mm
 Accuracy: +/-0.5% to +/-3.0%.
 Operating Temperature (Max.): Upto,800,degC
 Operating Pressure (Max.): upto,400 bar.

Orifice meter Equation:

Co
V= 4 √ 2 ¿¿ ¿
√1−β
q=VSO