Lecture 1 - Mobile Communications Network

Chapter 1:
INTRODUCTION OF CELLULAR MOBILE NETWORK
Dr. Dinh Thi Thai Mai – UET, VNU
Dr. Dinh Thi Thai Mai - UET, VNU, Hanoi

Contents
 Fundamentals of Cellular Network

 Evolution of Cellular Mobile Network

Fundamentals of Cellular Network
Communication Systems
- Delivery as much information as possible from the

source to the destination
- Deliver information in shortest time (delay issues)
- Reduce errors in delivery of information (error
issues)

Basic Communication Systems

Elements
- Source
- Destination
- Medium Transmission

Medium Transmission

Wired vs Wireless
- Losses
- Mobility
- Security
- Bandwidth
- Cost

Some Transmission Techniques used in

Wireless Communication
- FDM
- TDM
- CDM
- OFDM
- FDMA
- TDMA
- CDMA
- OFDMA

FDM

FDM
According to Nyquist theory, without noise:
Capacity = 2 x Bandwidth (bit/s)
According to Shannon theory, the capacity of a

channel is calculated as follows:
Capacity = 2 x Bandwidth x log2(1+SNR)(bit/s)

TDM
Bit rate: C(bit/sec)= (#bit/TS)*(#TS/frame)*(#frame/sec)

TDM
Example: Consider an E1 link with frame rate of 8000 frame/sec. Each frame
has 32 time slots which contain 8 bits/time slot. Two of TSs are used for Sync
and CTRL. The rest are used for data transmission.
Bit rate of the link:
N = 8 bit/TS * 32 TS/frame * 8000 frame/sec = 2 048 000 bit/s
Bit rate of a channel:
Ni = 8 bit/TS * 1 TS/frame * 8000 frame/sec = 64 000 bit/s

CDM
- Using orthogonal codes to transmit

signal
Chip rate = Bit rate x number chip/bit

OFDM

FDMA
- FDMA is the division of each bandwidth (RX,TX) into
many frequency band

TDMA
- It allows several users to share the same radio
frequency (RF) by dividing it into different time slot

FDMA/TDMA

CDMA

OFDMA

Modes of Transmission in Wireless
 Simplex Communication System

Ex: Television, radio

 Half-Duplex Communication System

Ex: Police Radio

 Full-Duplex Communication System

Ex: GSM Mobile radio

Transmission in Mobile Wireless Network

BS and MS use 2 links:
- Uplink: From MS to BS - point-to-point link
- Downlink: From BS to MSs – Broadcast Link
- Each link uses different frequencies

Characteristics of Mobile Radio Environments

- Wireless channel is not LTI but time-invariant
- Channel parameters depend on distance, frequency,
geography, etc …, which make transmitted signal
faded or distorted.
- Types of fadings:
+ Far-field fading~Free – Space propagation, due
to distance between transmitter and receiver
+ Large-Scale Fading~shadow fading, due to
obstacles
+ Small-Scale Fading~multipath fading, due to
reflections, diffractions, scattering…

Free-space Propagation
The received power PR is then given by:
PT: transmitted power

PR: received power
GT: transmit antenna gain
GR: Receive antenna gain
: wavelength
d : distance between receiver and transmitter
Under effect of fadings, the received signal power PR may be

modeled, for cellular wireless systems, by the following
equation:
Linear scale:
dB scale:
multi-path fading effect

/
: shadow fading effect
g(d) : far-field fading effect
và : random variables

In macro-cell:
In micro-cell:
Fig: Two-ray propagation Fig: Two-slope received signal model


Shadow fading
pdB: local-mean power

The shadow-fading random variable , measured in dB, is
taken to be a zero-mean gaussian random variable with
variance


Shadow fading
Với:
Fig: Large-scale propagation effects in wireless transmission


Multipath fading
The Rayleigh random variable is given by:
Với 𝑟 ; Then, the probability distribution of the

instantaneous power PR



Mobility and rate of fading
Fig: Geometry doppler effect


Mobility and Doppler shift
Doppler frequency:
is the maximum Doppler frequency

Doppler Spread:
- Single frequency broadened to a spectrum ( ,
)
- Signal with bandwidth 2B centre at fc broadened to a
bandwidth approximately 2B + 2 fm


Mobility and Doppler shift
Doppler spread: BD is defined as the “bandwidth” of Doppler spectrum. It is a

measure of spectral broadening caused by the time varying nature of the
channel.
Coherence time: 𝑇 ∝ is used to characterise the time varying nature of the
frequency dispersion of the channel in time domain
Fading effects due to Doppler spread: determined by mobile speed and signal
bandwidth. Let baseband signal bandwidth be BS and symbol period TS, then
 “Slow fading” channel: TS ≪ TC or BS ≫ BD, signal bandwidth is much

greater than Doppler spread, and effects of Doppler spread are negligible
 “Fast fading” channel: TS > TC or BS < BD, channel changes rapidly in
during one symbol period TS


Mobility and Doppler Effect

- Frequency – selective fading

- Coherent time
- Coherent Bandwidth


Empirical Path Loss Models
1. Okumura – Hata and CCIR Models

2. Cost231 – Hata Model
3. COST231-Walfish–Ikegami Model
4. 3GPP 3-D Path Loss
5. mm-Wave Path Loss
Reference: Gordon L. Stuber, “Principles of Mobile

Communications”, 4th Edition, Springer, 2017


1. Okumura – Hata and CCIR Models:
Constraints:
Carrier frequency:
BS antenna height:
MS antenna height:
The distance between BS and MS:


1. Okumura – Hata Model:
The pathloss between isotropic BS and MS antenna is:


2. COST231-Hata Model (extension of Okumura-Hata)
Constraints:
Carrier frequency: 1500 ≤ 𝑓 ≤ 2000 𝑀𝐻𝑧
BS antenna height: 30 ≤ ℎ ≤ 200 𝑚
MS antenna height: 1 ≤ ℎ ≤ 10(𝑚)
The distance between BS and MS: 1 ≤ 𝑑 ≤ 20(𝑘𝑚)


2. COST231-Hata Model (extension of Okumura-Hata)
The path loss as predicted by the COST231-Hata model is

Definition of Cellular Network
A cellular network or mobile network is a radio network

distributed over land areas called cells, each served by at
least one fixed-location transceiver, known as a cell site or
base station.
In a cellular network, each cell uses a different set of
frequencies from neighboring cells, to avoid interference
and provide guaranteed bandwidth within each cell.

Why cellular Network?
- Frequency Reuse/ Channel Reuse

- Increase capacity of system/area
Problem: inter-channel interference


Cell shape
D  R 3N


Cell shape


Frequency Reuse

Frequency Reuse
Clusters contain C cells, with C an integer given by the

expression:

Frequency Reuse
The reuse distance, D is calculated as
Whereas: R is the cell radius

C is number of cell/cluster

Frequency Reuse
D  R 3N

Frequency Reuse
Signal-to-Interference Ratio (SIR)

Frequency Reuse
Signal-to-Interference Ratio (SIR)
Whereas: R is the cell radius

C is number of cell/cluster
n is propagation attenuation factor

Frequency Reuse

D  R 3N

Cell Sectorization
D  R 3N

Cell Sectorization

Cell Sectorization
D  R 3N

Cell Type
- Macro Cell
- Micro Cell
- Pico Cell

Cell Type

Cell Type
Macro – Cell
- Diameter >= 10km
- Transmitting Power :1 – 6W
Micro – Cell
- Diameter up to 1 km
- Transmitting Power up to 1 W
Pico – Cell
- Very small size
- Used for indoor environment or tunnel.

Cell Parameters
1. Receiver Sensitivity: refers to the ability of the receiver to detect
signals in the presence of noise
2. Link Budget: We have modulated symbol energy-to-noise ratio
The maximum allowable path loss that the link can tolerate is obtained as

Performance Parameters
Link Budget: The maximum allowable path loss with the inclusion of the
margins for shadowing, interference loading, and handoff gain is:

Cell Parameters
3. Coverage: number of base stations or cell sites that are required to cover
or provide service to a given geographical area with an acceptable quality
of service. The number of cell sites that are required to cover a given area
is determined from knowledge of the maximum allowable path loss and
the path loss characteristic with distance.
4. Spectral Efficiency: spatial traffic density per unit bandwidth

Cell Parameters
4. Spectral Efficiency: spatial traffic density per unit bandwidth
𝑊 =
Cell capacity:

Cell Parameters
5.Bandwidth efficiency :
𝜂 = 𝜂 × (bits/s/Hz)
6. Spatial efficiency: High spatial efficiency can be achieved by (i) minimizing

the area per cell, and (ii) minimizing the co-channel reuse distance
7. Trunking efficiency: High trunking efficiency can be achieved by using

channel assignment schemes that maximize channel utilization.
where m is the total number of channels per cell and 𝜌 = 𝜆 𝜇 is the total
offered traffic per cell (𝜆 is the call arrival rate, and 𝜇 is the mean call
duration)
Cell Parameters
8. Capacity: The capacity of a cellular system is often measured in terms of

two quantities:
i) The cell capacity or sector capacity equal to the number of available
traffic channels per cell or cell sector.
ii) The cell Erlang capacity equal to the traffic carrying capacity of a cell
(in Erlangs) for a specified call blocking probability.


General Architecture of Cellular

Network
Acess Network

General Architecture of Cellular

Network
- Acess Network: communicate directly to users on radio

environment
- Core Network: routing and switching, data management,
network management, data storage

Evolution of Cellular Mobile Network


First generation Cellular System
- Introduction of analog cellular systems in the late 1970s

and 1980s
- Analog System
- Incompatible systems
- Limited to voice service
- No encryption
- FM Modulation
- FDMA Transmission Technology
- Suffer from capacity saturation

First generation Cellular System

Systems of the first generation

Second generation Cellular System
- Introduction of digital cellular systems in 1990s

- Development of unified international standard for mobile
communications
- Pan – National roaming
- Digital Encryption
- Enhanced range of Services (data + Voice)
- Low power consumption
- Light weight, compact and pocket size terminal
- TDMA transmission Technology
- Huge Capacity



Third generation Cellular System
• Provision of multi-rate services

• Packet data services
• Complex spreading
• A coherent uplink using a user dedicated pilot
• Additional pilot channel in the downlink for beam forming
• Seamless inter-frequency handoff
• Fast forward link power control
• Optional multi-user detection.

Third generation Cellular System

Fourth generation Cellular System
• Flexible channel bandwidth, between 5 and 20 MHz, optionally up to 40 MHz.

• A nominal peak data rate of 100 Mbps in high mobility, and 1 Gbps for stationary
environments.
• A data rate of at least 100 Mbps between any two points in the world.
• Bandwidth efficiency of up to 15 bit/s/Hz in the downlink, and 6.75 bit/s/Hz in the
uplink.
• Spectral efficiency of up to 3 bit/s/Hz/cell in the downlink.
• Smooth handoff across heterogeneous networks.
• Seamless connectivity and global roaming across multiple networks.
• High quality of service (QoS) for next generation multimedia support.
• Backward compatibility with existing wireless standards.
• All Internet Protocol (IP) packet-switched network.

Fourth generation Cellular System

5G Cellular System
• Ultra dense networks using hierarchical cellular architectures, simultaneous
network participation
• Ultra reliable and low latency communication
• Operation at higher frequencies, particularly at mm-wave frequencies
• Advanced coding, modulation, and multi-access techniques
• Advanced radio resource management protocols for interference management
• Moving networks, such as on trains, planes, and buses
• Massive MIMO
• Device-to-device communication
• Massive machine communications in IoT
• Low power communications
• Software defined networking and cloud-based systems
• Robust security.


6G Cellular System
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Chapter 1:

INTRODUCTION OF CELLULAR MOBILE NETWORK

Dr. Dinh Thi Thai Mai – UET, VNU

Dr. Dinh Thi Thai Mai - UET, VNU, Hanoi

 Fundamentals of Cellular Network

Dr. Dinh Thi Thai Mai - UET, VNU, Hanoi

- Delivery as much information as possible from the

Dr. Dinh Thi Thai Mai - UET, VNU, Hanoi

Basic Communication Systems

Dr. Dinh Thi Thai Mai - UET, VNU, Hanoi

Dr. Dinh Thi Thai Mai - UET, VNU, Hanoi

Dr. Dinh Thi Thai Mai - UET, VNU, Hanoi

Some Transmission Techniques used in

Dr. Dinh Thi Thai Mai - UET, VNU, Hanoi

Dr. Dinh Thi Thai Mai - UET, VNU, Hanoi

Capacity = 2 x Bandwidth (bit/s)

According to Shannon theory, the capacity of a

Capacity = 2 x Bandwidth x log2(1+SNR)(bit/s)

Dr. Dinh Thi Thai Mai - UET, VNU, Hanoi

Bit rate: C(bit/sec)= (#bit/TS)*(#TS/frame)*(#frame/sec)

Dr. Dinh Thi Thai Mai - UET, VNU, Hanoi

Bit rate of the link:

N = 8 bit/TS * 32 TS/frame * 8000 frame/sec = 2 048 000 bit/s

Bit rate of a channel:

Ni = 8 bit/TS * 1 TS/frame * 8000 frame/sec = 64 000 bit/s

Dr. Dinh Thi Thai Mai - UET, VNU, Hanoi

- Using orthogonal codes to transmit

Chip rate = Bit rate x number chip/bit

Dr. Dinh Thi Thai Mai - UET, VNU, Hanoi

Dr. Dinh Thi Thai Mai - UET, VNU, Hanoi

Dr. Dinh Thi Thai Mai - UET, VNU, Hanoi

Dr. Dinh Thi Thai Mai - UET, VNU, Hanoi

Dr. Dinh Thi Thai Mai - UET, VNU, Hanoi

Dr. Dinh Thi Thai Mai - UET, VNU, Hanoi

Dr. Dinh Thi Thai Mai - UET, VNU, Hanoi

Modes of Transmission in Wireless

 Simplex Communication System

Dr. Dinh Thi Thai Mai - UET, VNU, Hanoi

Modes of Transmission in Wireless

 Half-Duplex Communication System

Dr. Dinh Thi Thai Mai - UET, VNU, Hanoi

Modes of Transmission in Wireless

 Full-Duplex Communication System

Dr. Dinh Thi Thai Mai - UET, VNU, Hanoi

Transmission in Mobile Wireless Network

Dr. Dinh Thi Thai Mai - UET, VNU, Hanoi

Characteristics of Mobile Radio Environments

Characteristics of Mobile Radio Environments

PT: transmitted power

Characteristics of Mobile Radio Environments

Under effect of fadings, the received signal power PR may be

multi-path fading effect

Dr. Dinh Thi Thai Mai - UET, VNU, Hanoi

Characteristics of Mobile Radio Environments

Fig: Two-ray propagation Fig: Two-slope received signal model

Characteristics of Mobile Radio Environments

pdB: local-mean power

Dr. Dinh Thi Thai Mai - UET, VNU, Hanoi

Characteristics of Mobile Radio Environments

Fig: Large-scale propagation effects in wireless transmission

Characteristics of Mobile Radio Environments

The Rayleigh random variable is given by:

Với 𝑟 ; Then, the probability distribution of the

Bit rate: C(bit/sec)= (#bit/TS)(#TS/frame)(#frame/sec)