CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

CE 206 – CONSTRUCTION
MATERIALS AND TESTING

ENGR. JEANETH S. BERGANTIN

INSTRUCTOR

CE – 206 Construction Materials and Testing TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

 CLICK THE “YES”

BUTTON IN THE POLL.

CE – 206 Construction Materials and Testing TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

 METAL AND PLASTIC

CE – 206 Construction Materials and Testing TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

 Intended Learning Outcomes

At the end of the session the students should be able to:

1. familiar with other common materials in construction specifically metals and plastics;

2. identify different types of metals and there uses;

3. identify different properties of plastics; and

4. apply the techniques and skills learned in discussion into civil engineering field.

CE – 206 Construction Materials and Testing TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

 METAL

CE – 206 Construction Materials and Testing TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

 METAL

• Metals are one of the most valuable and widely used

construction material because of their durability and

strength to form structural components, cladding materials

and pipework.

• These are solid material that are generally hard, malleable,

shiny, ductile and have a good electrical and thermal

conductivity.

CE – 206 Construction Materials and Testing TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

 TOP 10 MOST
STRONGEST METAL

CE – 206 Construction Materials and Testing TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

 1. Tungsten is a dull silver-colored metal with the highest melting point of

any pure metal. Also known as Wolfram, from which the element takes

its symbol, W, tungsten is more resistant to fracturing than diamond

and is much harder than steel.

2. Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon containing less than 2% carbon

and 1% manganese and small amounts of silicon, phosphorus, sulphur

and oxygen.

3. Chromium is the main additive in stainless steel, to which it adds anti-

corrosive properties. Chromium is also highly valued as a metal that is

able to be highly polished while resisting tarnishing.

CE – 206 Construction Materials and Testing TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

 4. Titanium is lustrous transition metal with a silver color, low density, and

high strength. Titanium is resistant to corrosion in sea water, aqua

regia, and chlorine.

5. Iron is a lustrous, ductile, malleable, silver-gray metal. Iron is the most

used of all the metals, including 95 % of all the metal tonnage produced

worldwide.

6. Vanadium is a medium-hard, steel-blue metal. Although a lesser-

known metal, it is quite valuable in the manufacturing industry due to its

malleable, ductile and corrosion-resistant qualities.

CE – 206 Construction Materials and Testing TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

 7. Lutetium is a silvery white metal, which resists corrosion in dry air, but

not in moist air. Lutetium is the last element in the lanthanide series,

and it is traditionally counted among the rare earths.

8. Zirconium is a silver-gray transition metal, a type of element that is

malleable and ductile and easily forms stable compounds. It is also

highly resistant to corrosion.

9. Osmium is a hard, brittle, bluish-white transition metal in the platinum

group that is found as a trace element in alloys, mostly in platinum

ores.

10. Tantalum is a rare, hard, blue-gray, lustrous transition metal that is

highly corrosion-resistant.
CE – 206 Construction Materials and Testing TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES
 PROPERTIES OF METAL

CE – 206 Construction Materials and Testing TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

 PROPERTIES OF METAL

• Physical properties

Density, specific heat, melting and boiling point, thermal expansion

and conductivity.

• Mechanical properties

Strength, toughness, malleability, hardness, ductility, elasticity, fatigue

and creep

• Chemical properties

oxidation, corrosion, flammability and toxicity

CE – 206 Construction Materials and Testing TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

 TYPES OF METAL

CE – 206 Construction Materials and Testing TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

 TYPES OF METAL

• Ferrous Metals

These are mainly composed of iron and have magnetic properties.

• Non-Ferrous Metals

These metals are those containing very little or no iron. In other

words, all metals other than iron and steel are nonferrous.

CE – 206 Construction Materials and Testing TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

 FERROUS METAL

• Cast Iron - is a group of iron-carbon alloys with a carbon content of more than 2%. Its usefulness derives

from its relatively low melting temperature.

1. White Cast Irons - Hard and brittle, few application for construction.

2. Malleable cast irons - Reheated white cast iron, has greater ductility and used for hardware.

3. Gray cast irons - Tougher and softer, used for casting, pipes, ornament, railing and lamppost Steel

Plain carbon steel that are alloys of iron and carbon as less than 2% carbon.

CE – 206 Construction Materials and Testing TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

 FERROUS METAL

• Structural Steel - is a category of steel used for making construction materials in a variety of shapes.

1. Carbon steel – has maximum amount of manganese and silicon. Usually used as structural steel

members.

2. Heat-treated construction steels – produced strongest general-use structural steel.

3. Heat-treated high-strength carbon steels - heat treating produce changes in the physical and

mechanical properties.

4. High-strength low-alloy steels – improved mechanical properties and greater resistance to

atmospheric corrosion

5. Stainless steel – have outstanding corrosion and oxidation resistance.

CE – 206 Construction Materials and Testing TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

 FERROUS METAL

6. Heat-resisting steel – maintain their basic mechanical and physical properties despite of high

temperature.

7. Beams Structural steel products

• Rolled structural steel shapes

• Open-web steel joints

• Sheet steel products

• Welded wire fabric

• Reinforcing bars

• Fasteners

CE – 206 Construction Materials and Testing TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

 NON-FERROUS METALS

• Aluminum alloys – relatively soft and ductile and has

tensile strength of around 7000 psi.

• Wrought alloys - mechanically worked by a process

such as forging, drawing, extruding or rolling to form

sheet material.

• Cast alloys - used to produce a product for which the

molten metal is cast into the shape of the finished

product.

CE – 206 Construction Materials and Testing TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

 NON-FERROUS METALS
• Aluminum Products

1. Copper – is a nonmagnetic metal that has excellent electrical and

thermal conductivity.

2. High copper alloys – are wrought alloys having specified cooper

contents from 96 to 99.3 percent copper.

3. Bronzes – are copper alloys in which neither nickel nor zinc is used as

the major alloying element.

4. Copper-nickel-zinc alloys – are referred to as silver nickels because of

their silver color.

5. Miscellaneous copper-zinc alloys – are often referred to as

manganese or nickel bronzes.

CE – 206 Construction Materials and Testing TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

 NON-FERROUS METALS

• Lead

It is a soft, heavy metal that is easily worked, with good corrosion resistance.

A special feature is its ability to resist penetration from radiation.

Properties of lead:

• High density and weight

• Softness and malleability

• Low melting point

• Good electrical conductivity

• Low in strength and elasticity.

CE – 206 Construction Materials and Testing TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

 TESTING OF METALS

CE – 206 Construction Materials and Testing TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

 Tensile Testing of Metal Samples

• Testing methods for tensile testing is based on ASTM

A370, ASTM B557, ASTM E8, ASTM E21, EN 2002-1, EN

10002-1 and, ISO 6892-1.

CE – 206 Construction Materials and Testing TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

 Tensile Testing of Metal Samples

CE – 206 Construction Materials and Testing TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

 Corrosion Testing

• ASTM's corrosion and wear standards provide the

appropriate procedures for carrying out corrosion, wear,

and abrasion tests on specified metallic materials and

alloys.

• . The standards used in this testing is based on C875-15,

G4-01(2014), G109-07(2013), G180-13 and G19811(2016).

CE – 206 Construction Materials and Testing TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

 Ultrasonic Testing (ASTM E213)

• The purpose of this practice is to outline a procedure for

detecting and locating significant discontinuities such as

pits, voids, inclusions, cracks, splits, etc., by the ultrasonic

pulse-reflection method.

CE – 206 Construction Materials and Testing TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

 Ultrasonic Testing (ASTM E213)

CE – 206 Construction Materials and Testing TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

 PLASTIC

CE – 206 Construction Materials and Testing TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

 PLASTIC

• The term plastic is used today to describe manmade

polymers that contain carbon atoms covalently bonded with

other elements.

CE – 206 Construction Materials and Testing TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

 PROPERTIES OF
PLASTIC

CE – 206 Construction Materials and Testing TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

 PROPERTIES OF PLASTIC

• Mechanical Properties

1. Tensile strength

2. Modulus of Elasticity (Stiffness)

3. Impact Strength (Toughness)

4. Hardness

5. Creep

• Electrical Properties

Plastics have excellent electrical insulating properties and have enabled the

development of greatly improved electrical equipment.

CE – 206 Construction Materials and Testing TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

 PROPERTIES OF PLASTIC

• Thermal Properties

The service temperature of plastics, the maximum temperature at which

a plastic can be used without affecting its properties, is low when

compared with other construction materials plastics.

• Chemical Properties

Plastics do not corrode like metals, but they deteriorate and can be

damage by chemical attacks.

• Specific Gravity

The specific gravity of plastics varies considerably, ranging from 0.06 for

foam to 2.0 for fluorocarbons.

CE – 206 Construction Materials and Testing TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

 PROPERTIES OF PLASTIC

• Optical Properties

Some plastics have optical properties equal to that of

glass. Acrylics are as transparent as fine optical and

have alight transmission of 92%.

CE – 206 Construction Materials and Testing TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

 CLASSIFICATION OF
PLASTICS

CE – 206 Construction Materials and Testing TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

 Thermoplastics

• These are plastic materials that can be softened or re-

melted by the application of heat and reformed. This quality

allows for the recycling and reuse of products made with

thermoplastics, although some thermoplastic materials will

experience contamination and chemical degradation if they

are reheated frequently.

CE – 206 Construction Materials and Testing TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

 Thermosetting Plastics

• These are also called thermosets, are plastics that cannot

be reheated and reformed once they have been softened,

constituted, and cured.

CE – 206 Construction Materials and Testing TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

 Bioplastics or Organic Plastics

• These are a form derived from renewable biomass

sources, such vegetable oil or corn starch, rather than from

petroleum, as are fossil fuel plastics.

CE – 206 Construction Materials and Testing TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

 PLASTIC STANDARD
AND TESTING

CE – 206 Construction Materials and Testing TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

 Compression Testing ASTM D695

• Compressive properties describe the behavior of a

material when it is subjected to a compressive load.

Loading is at a relatively low and uniform rate.

CE – 206 Construction Materials and Testing TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

 Compression Testing ASTM D695

CE – 206 Construction Materials and Testing TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

 Plastic Tensile Testing D638

• For this test, plastic samples are either machined from

stock shapes or injection molded. The tensile testing

machine pulls the sample from both ends and

measures the force required to pull the specimen

apart and how much the sample stretches before

breaking.

CE – 206 Construction Materials and Testing TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

 Plastic Tensile Testing D638

CE – 206 Construction Materials and Testing TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

 Plastic Flexural Testing ASTM D790

• The flexural strength of a material is defined as its

ability to resist deformation under load.

CE – 206 Construction Materials and Testing TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

 Plastic Flexural Testing ASTM D790

CE – 206 Construction Materials and Testing TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

CE – 206 Construction Materials and Testing TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES
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CE – 206 Construction Materials and Testing TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

 .END OF DISCUSSION.

CE – 206 Construction Materials and Testing TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES