PAPER

ENGLISH LESSON
“BASIC CONSEPT OF GEOMETRY”

ARRANGED BY :
GROUP 5
FAHRIL MOHAMAD G20121047
MD GD A MANU PRATEKA G20121015
MOH. DIKI ALAMSAH G20121051
NURAINI G20121041

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
FACULTY OF MATH AND SCIENCE
TADULAKO UNIVERSITY
2022

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 FOREWORD

Praise and gratitude we say the presence of Allah SWT for all His mercy so that this
paper can be compiled to completion. We do not forget to thank those who have contributed by
contributing both thoughts and materials.

The author hopes that this paper can add knowledge and experience to readers.In fact, we
hope that this paper can be practiced by readers in everyday life.

For us as authors, we feel that there are still many shortcomings in the preparation of this
paper due to our limited knowledge and experience. For this reason, we sincerely hope for
constructive criticism and suggestions from readers for the perfection of this paper.

Writer

Group 5

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAPER.............................................................................................................................................1
FOREWORD...................................................................................................................................2
Writer...............................................................................................................................................2
Group 5............................................................................................................................................2
TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................................................3
CHAPTER I.....................................................................................................................................4
PRELIMINARY..............................................................................................................................4
1.1Background…………………….................................................................................................4
1.2 Problem Formulation.................................................................................................................4
1.3 Purpose......................................................................................................................................5
CHAPTER II...................................................................................................................................6
DISCUSSION..................................................................................................................................6
2.1 Definition of Geometry..............................................................................................................6
2.2 History of Geometry..................................................................................................................6
2.3 Points, Lines, Shapes, and Angles.............................................................................................8
2.4 Position of Points and Lines on a Plane.....................................................................................9
2.5 Relationship between Angles.................................................................................................10
CHAPTER III................................................................................................................................11
CLOSING......................................................................................................................................11
3.1 Conclusion...............................................................................................................................11
BIBLIOGRAPHY..........................................................................................................................12

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 CHAPTER I

PRELIMINARY

1.1 Background
The word "geometry" comes from the Greek word meaning "size of the earth". It
means includes everything on earth. Geometry is a science that discusses the relationship
between points, lines, angles, planes, and shapes. Studying geometry is important because
geometry has become a major tool for teaching the art of thinking. With the passage of
time, geometry has become the main tool for teaching the art of thinking. With the passage
of time, geometry has developed into knowledge that is structured in an interesting and
logical manner. Geometry starts from undefined terms, definitions, axioms, postulates, and
then theorems. Historically, geometry has had many very important applications, for
example in surveying land, building bridges, building space stations and so on.

Lines and planes are an example of an undefined term that became the starting point of
geometry, so the concepts of line and plane are often used in geometry.
For example, the intersection of two planes will produce a line that lies in two intersecting
planes. Cubes, blocks, and so on are a collection of planes. From the example above, it can
be understood that lines and planes are the basic factors of geometry, of course, without
forgetting that points are also the basis of geometry.

1.2 Problem Formulation

1. What is geometry?

2.Who are the historical figures of geometry?

3.What are points, lines, shapes, and angles?

4.How are the points and lines on the plane?

5.How is the relationship between angles?

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1.3 Purpose
1 To know the meaning of geometry
2 To know the figures from the history of geometry
3 To know the explanation of points, lines, shapes, and angles
4 To find the position of the point and line on the plane
5 To find out the relationship between angles

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 CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

2.1 Definition of Geometry

Geometry is a part of mathematics that deals with points, lines, field and space. Geometry
deals with abstract concepts that are given symbols. Some of these concepts are formed from
several elements that are not defined according to a deductive system. Geometry is one of the
systems in mathematics that begins with a basic concept, namely the point. The points are then
used to form lines and the lines will make up a plane. In the field you will be able to
construct various flat and polygon shapes. The polygons can then be used to construct spatial
shapes. Geometry is also an introduction to the shape of area, volume, and area. Building the
concept of geometry in children begins with identifying shapes, investigating buildings and
separating ordinary images, such as rectangles, circles, and triangles.

The concept of geometry is abstract, but the concept can be realized through semi-concrete
or concrete ways. Geometry is divided into two, namely flat and spatial. Building space is a
shape that has volume, for example, cubes, cones, tubes, spheres, blocks, and others. While flat
shapes are geometric shapes that have long and broad sides, for example, rectangles, circles,
rhombuses, rectangles, triangles, and others.

From some of the definitions above, it can be concluded that geometry is a science in a
mathematical system which studies lines, spaces, and volumes that are abstract and related to
each other, have lines and points so that they become symbols such as squares, triangles,
circles. , and others.

2.2 History of Geometry

There are at least six areas that can be viewed as 'sources' of contributors knowledge of
geometry, namely: Babylon (4000 BC - 500 BC), Greece (600 BC - 400 BC), Egypt (5000 BC -
500 BC), Arabian Peninsula (600 - 1500 AD), India (1500 BC - 200 BC), and

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China (100 BC - 1400). Of course there are other countries that contribute to the knowledge of
geometry, however, they are less significant or have not been recorded in the written
tradition.

- Thales (640 – 546 BC)

At first geometry was born solely based on experience. However, the first
mathematician to be dissatisfied with methods based solely on experience was Thales
(640-546 BC). The mathematical community today respects Thales as the man who
always said "Prove it" and in fact he always did. Of the many theorems are:
- The base angles of an isosceles triangle are congruent.
- Right angles are congruent,
- An angle expressed in a semicircle is a right angle.

The work and principles of Theles clearly marked the beginning of an era of
mathematical progress that developed deductive proof as an acceptable logical reason.
Deductive proof is needed to derive the theorem from the postulates. Next, a new
logical statement is drawn up.

- Pythagoras (582-507 BC)

After the death of Thales appeared Pythagoras (582-507 BC) and his followers
known as the Pythagoreans continued the steps of Thales. The Pythagoreans used the
proof method not only to develop the Pythagorean Theorem, but also to the theorems
on the number of angles in a polygon, the properties of parallel lines, the theorem
about incommensurable quantities, and the theorem about five solid shapes. orderly.

- Euclid (300 BC)

Not many people were fortunate enough to gain lasting fame like Euclid, the great
Greek geometer. Although during his lifetime figures such as Napoleon, Martin Luther,
Alexander the Great, were much more famous than Euclid but in the long run his fame
may surpass all those named. Apart from his fame, almost no detailed information
about Euclid's life can be known. For example, we know

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 he was active as a teacher in Alexandria, Egypt, around 300 BC, but when he was born
and when he died is completely dark. In fact, we do not know what continent and in
what city he was born. Although he wrote several books and some of them remain, his
place in history lies primarily in his great book on geometry called The Elements.
In The Elements, Euclid combines the school work he already knew with all the
mathematical knowledge he knew in a systematic comparison to produce an
astonishing result. Most of his work is original, as a deductive method he
demonstrates most of the necessary knowledge through reasoning. In Elements
Euclid also explained algebra and number theory as well as he explained geometry.
The significance of The Elements does not lie in the statement of personal
formulas it makes. Almost all the theories contained in the book have been written
before, and have also been proven to be true. Euclid's contribution lies in the way the
materials and problems are arranged and their overall formulation in planning the
preparation of the book. Here it is involved, most importantly, the selection of the
arguments and their calculations, for example about the possibility of drawing a
straight line between two points.

2.3 Points, Lines, Shapes, and Angles

 Point

The point is the smallest part of a geometric object because it does not have a
certain size, either length, width, or thickness. The dot is usually symbolized by “ . ”
and given a name with a capital letter (A, B, O, …, etc.). A point will indicate a certain
position or location of an object.

 Line
A line is an endless set or collection of points.If a line has only a beginning and no
end, it is called a line ray. However, if the line has a beginning and an end, it is called a
line segment.

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  Build
If several lines are interconnected and meet certain conditions, a shape will be
formed. This wake is divided into two, flat wake and space build.

 Corner
An angle is an area formed by two rays with the same origin. An angle is named
with one or three capital letters ( A, ABCs, etc.). There are also many types of angles,
depending on the size of the angle.

2.4 Position of Points and Lines on a Plane

There are various positions of points and lines on a plane, including:
- The position of the point on the line. For example, there is a line AB and two points X
and Y.
- The position of the point on the plane. For example, there is a plane B and three points
X, Y, and Z.
- The position of the line on the plane
 Two lines are parallel to each other. Two lines are said to be parallel if the two
lines lie in the same plane, the distance between the lines is always constant, and
does not have a common point (do not intersect).
 Two lines intersect each other. Two lines are said to intersect if the two lines lie
in the same plane and meet at one point which is called the common point.
 Two lines overlap.Two lines are said to coincide if they lie in a straight line in
the same plane.
 Two lines cross each other. Two lines are said to intersect if they do not lie in the
same plane and are neither parallel nor intersect.

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2.5 Relationship between Angles

- The angles are complementary (complementary). Two angles are said to be right angles if
they form a right angle (90 .).o) where one of the angles is the square of the other angle.

- Angles are complementary (supplementary). Two angles are said to be supplementary if

they form a straight angle (180 .).o) where one of the angles is the complement of the other
angles.

- The angles are opposite to each other. Two angles are said to be opposite if they have
opposite directions.Opposite angles have the same measure

- The relationship between angles on two parallel lines that are cut by another line. Suppose
there are two parallel lines, namely p and q which are cut by the line r at points A and B.
As a result, angles with certain properties are formed, namely:

 Facing angle. Angles facing the same direction.

 Opposite corners. Angles that are inside and opposite.

 One-sided inner corner. Angles that are inside and on the same side

 One-sided outer corner. Angles that are external and on the same side.

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 CHAPTER III

CLOSING

3.1 Conclusion
Geometry is a science within a mathematical system in which studying lines, spaces, and
volumes that are abstract and related to each other, have lines and points so that they become
symbols such as squares, triangles, circles, and others.
A point can only be determined by its location, but has no size (it is said to be dimensionless).
A line (meaning a straight line) can be extended. A field (meant is a flat plane), can be
expanded as wide as possible.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abdussakir. 2010. "Learning Geometry According to Van Hiele Theory."

Buddhayanti Clara Ika Sari, et al. 2009. Mathematical Problem Solving 3 Credits. Directorate
General of Higher Education Ministry of National
Education.

Iswadji, Djoko.Space Geometry.IKIP YOGYAKARTA. 1988

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 QUESTION AND ANSWER SESSION

Questioner : Fahri Alam Lasongke_G20121013

"What is the difference between two parallel straight lines and two overlapping lines"

Answer :

"According to the sub-points, namely the position or position of the line on the plane, so what
distinguishes it is its position, in Figure A the two lines are parallel which do not have a point,
while in Figure B they have one point or the two lines meet at one point, namely in Figure B.
B is symbolized by the dot T”

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