MODULE IV

CENTROID

SERIN ISSAC
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
NHCE
CENTRE OF GRAVITY
 It is the point where the whole weight of the body is assumed to be
concentrated. It is the point on which the body can be balanced.
 It is the point through which the weight of the body is assumed to act. This
point is usually denoted by ‘C.G.’ or ‘G’.

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE

CENTROID
 Centroid is the point where the whole area of the plane figure is
assumed to be concentrated.

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE

 CENTROID

CENTRE OF GRAVITY

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE

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SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE

  It is easy to find the centroid of simple shapes.
 If the object has an axis of symmetry the centroid will always lie on
that axis.
 If the object has two axes of symmetry, the centroid will be at the
intersection of the two axes.

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE

 SIMPLE GEOMETRIC SHAPES

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 7

 COMPOSITE GEOMETRIC SHAPES

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 8

 COMPOSITE GEOMETRIC SHAPES

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 9

 CENTROID of a figure is always represented in a coordinate system as shown in figure
below. The calculation of centroid means the determination of 𝒙 and 𝒚.

𝒙
ℎ
𝒚

𝑏 x

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 10

 Determination of Centroid by the
Method of Moments
 Let us consider a plane area A. The centre of gravity/ centroid of the area G
is located at a distance 𝒙 from the y-axis and at a distance 𝒚 from the x-axis
(the point through which the total weight W acts).
A

𝒙 G

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 11

 Assume the area A is divided into infinite small areas 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 ,
𝑎3 , 𝑎4 …etc and their corresponding centroids are 𝑔1 , 𝑔2 , 𝑔3 ,
𝑔4 …etc.
Let (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ), (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ), (𝑥3 , 𝑦3) , (𝑥4, 𝑦4 )….etc be the coordinates
of the centroids w.r.t x axis and y axis.
𝑎2 𝑎4
𝑎3
𝑎1 𝑎5
𝑎6

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 12

Applying the principle of MOMENT of area,
Moment of Total area A about y axis = Area x centroidal distance
=Ax𝒙
Sum of moments of small areas about y axis
=𝑎1 𝑥1 + 𝑎2 𝑥2 + 𝑎3 𝑥3 + 𝑎4 𝑥4 …. etc.
= 𝑎𝑥
Using Varignon’s theorem of moments,
A x 𝒙 = 𝑎𝑥
𝒂𝒙
Therefore, 𝒙 =
𝑨

𝒂𝒚
Similarly, 𝒚 =
𝑨 13

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE

Axes of Reference Centroidal Axis
These are the axes with respect to The axis which passes through the
which the centroid of a given centroid of the given figure is known as
figure is determined. centroidal axis, such as
the axis X-X and the axis Y-Y shown in
Figure.

14

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE

SYMMETRICAL AXES

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SYMMETRICAL AXES

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SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 17
 DERIVATION OF CENTROID OF
SOME IMPORTANT GEOMETRICAL
FIGURES

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 18

 RECTANGLE
 Let us consider a rectangular lamina of area (b x d) as shown in
Figure.
 Now consider a horizontal elementary strip of area (b x dy),
which is at a distance y from the reference axis AB.
 Moment of area of elementary strip about AB
= (b x dy) . y
 Sum of moments of such elementary strips about AB is
given by,
𝒅
(b . dy) . y
𝟎
𝒅
=b 𝟎
ydy
𝒅
𝒚𝟐
=b .
𝟐
𝟎
𝒃𝒅𝟐
= 19
𝟐
SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE
 Moment of total area about AB = bd . 𝒚
 Apply the principle of moments about AB,

𝒃𝒅𝟐
bd . 𝒚 =
𝟐
𝒅
𝒚=
𝟐

By considering a vertical strip, similarly, we can prove that

𝒃
𝒙=
𝟐 20

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE

 TRIANGLE
 Let us consider a triangular lamina of area (𝟏 𝟐 x b x d) as
shown in Figure.
 Now consider a horizontal elementary strip of area (𝒃𝟏 x dy),
which is at a distance y from the reference axis AB.
 Using the property of similar triangles, we have
𝑏1 𝑑 −𝑦
=
𝑏 𝑑
𝑑 −𝑦
𝑏1 = .b
𝑑
𝒅 −𝒚
 Area of the elementary strip = .b . dy
𝒅

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 21

  Moment of area of elementary strip about AB
= Area x y
𝒅 −𝒚
= . b . dy. y
𝒅

Sum of moments of such elementary strips is given by

=

𝒃𝒅𝟐
=
𝟔
22

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE

 𝒃
 Whereas, 𝒙= triangle is symmetrical about y axis
𝟐

23

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE

 y y

d
d b/3 2b/3

d/3 d/3

b x b x

24

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE

 SEMI CIRCLE
𝝅𝑹𝟐
 Let us consider a semi circular lamina of area ( ) as shown in Figure.
𝟐
𝟏
 Now consider a triangular elementary strip of area ( x R x Rdθ) at an
𝟐
angle of θ from the x-axis.
𝟐
 Its centre of gravity is R from O.
𝟑
𝟐
 its projection on the x-axis = R cosθ
𝟑
 Moment of area of elementary strip about
𝟏 𝟐
the y-axis = ( x R x Rdθ) . R cosθ
𝟐 𝟑

𝑹𝟑 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 d𝜽
= 25
𝟑
SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE
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SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE

 QUATER CIRCLE
𝝅𝑹𝟐
 Let us consider a quarter circular lamina of area ( ) as shown in Figure.
𝟒
𝟏
 Now consider a triangular elementary strip of area ( x R x Rdθ) at an
𝟐
angle of θ from the x-axis.
𝟐
 Its centre of gravity is R from O.
𝟑
𝟐
 its projection on the x-axis = R cosθ
𝟑
 Moment of area of elementary strip about
𝟏 𝟐
the y-axis = ( x R x Rdθ) . R cosθ
𝟐 𝟑

𝑹𝟑 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 d𝜽
= 27
𝟑
SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE
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SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE

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SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE

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SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 33
NUMERICAL 1

120mm

10mm

60mm

10mm

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 34

 y

120mm

1 10mm

60mm

x
10mm

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 35

COMPONENTS CENTROIDAL CENTROIDAL AREA (𝒎𝒎𝟐 ) ax ay
x DISTANCE y DISTANCE
(mm) (mm)
Rectangle 1 60 65 120 x 10 = 1200 72,000 78,000
Rectangle 2 60 30 60 x 10 = 600 36,000 18,000

𝑎 = 1800 𝑎𝑥 = 108000 𝑎𝑦 = 96,000

𝑎𝑥 108000
𝑥= = = 60mm
𝑎 1800

𝑎𝑦 96000
𝑦= = = 53.33mm
𝑎 1800

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 36

NUMERICAL 2

80 mm

10mm

40mm

10mm

24mm

25mm

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 37

 y
NUMERICAL 2

80 mm

1 10mm

2
40mm

10mm
3 24mm
x
25mm

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 38

COMPONENTS CENTROIDAL x CENTROIDAL y AREA (𝒎𝒎𝟐 ) ax ay
DISTANCE DISTANCE (mm)
(mm)
RECTANGLE 1 40 5+40 +24 = 69 80 x 10 = 800 32,000 55,200
RECTANGLE 2 40 20 +24 = 44 40 x 10 = 400 16,000 17,600
RECTANGLE 3 40 12 25 x 24 = 600 24,000 7,200

𝑎𝑥 = 72,000 𝑎𝑦 = 80,000
𝑎 = 1800
𝑎𝑥 72,000
𝑥= = = 40mm
𝑎 1800

𝑎𝑦 80,000
𝑦= = = 44.44mm
𝑎 1800

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 39

NUMERICAL 3

100 mm

20mm

100mm

20mm
20mm

150 mm

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 40

NUMERICAL 4

60 mm
12mm

128mm
10mm

10mm

75 mm

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 41

NUMERICAL 5

80mm 80mm

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 42

 y
NUMERICAL 5

1 2

𝟒 𝐱 𝟖𝟎
𝟖𝟎 +
𝟑𝛑
𝟒 𝐱 𝟖𝟎
2 1
x 80 x 80 𝟑𝛑
3 3

x
80mm 80mm

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 43

 COMPONENTS CENTROIDAL x CENTROIDAL y AREA (𝒎𝒎𝟐 ) ax ay
DISTANCE DISTANCE (mm)
(mm)
2 1 1
TRIANGLE 1 x 80= 53.33 x 80 = 26.66 x 80 x 80 = 1,70,656 85,312
3 3 2
3200
QUARTER 𝟖𝟎 +
𝟒 𝐱 𝟖𝟎
=
𝟒 𝐱 𝟖𝟎
= 33.95 𝜋x802 5,72,774.23 170651.03
CIRCLE 2
𝟑𝛑 𝟑𝛑 =
113.95 4
5026.54
𝑎𝑥 = 743430.23 𝑎𝑦 = 2,55,963.03
𝑎 = 8226.54
𝑎𝑥 743430.23
𝑥= = = 90.37mm
𝑎 8226.54

𝑎𝑦 2,55,963.03
𝑦=
𝑎
= = 31.11mm
8226.54

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 44

NUMERICAL 6
50mm 150mm

50mm
150mm

150mm
50mm

80mm150mm 50mm

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 45

 y
NUMERICAL 6
50mm 150mm

2
50mm
1 150mm

150mm 3
50mm
x

80mm150mm 50mm

REQUIRED AREA = SQUARE 1 – RIGHT ANGLED TRIANGLE 2 – QUARTER CIRCLE 3

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 46

 COMPONENTS CENTROIDAL x CENTROIDAL y AREA (𝒎𝒎𝟐 ) ax ay
DISTANCE (mm) DISTANCE (mm)

SQUARE 1 100 100 200 x 200 = 40,000 40,00,000 40,00,000

RIGHT ANGLED 50 + (2/3 x 150) 50 + (2/3 x 150) ½ x 150 x150 = - 16,87,500 - 16,87,500
TRIANGLE 2 = 150 = 150 -11,250
QUARTER 4 x 150 4 x 150 𝜋x1502 - 11,24,964.5 - 11,24,964.5
CIRCLE 3
= 63.66 = 63.66 4
= - 17671.45
3π 3π

𝑎 = 11,078.55

𝑎𝑥 = 1187535.5 𝑎𝑦 = 1187535.5

𝑎𝑥
𝑥= = 107.19 mm
𝑎
𝑎𝑦
𝑦= = 107.19 mm
𝑎

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE

NUMERICAL 7

1000 mm

800 mm 200 mm

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 48

NUMERICAL 8

4mm 6mm 3mm

6mm

3mm

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 49

 COMPONENT CENTROIDAL x CENTROIDAL y AREA (m𝒎𝟐 ) ax ay
DISTANCE (mm) DISTANCE (mm)
1 RECTANGLE 13
= 6.5
9
= 4.5 13 x 9 = 117 760.5 526.5
2 2
4
2 SEMI =2 9-
4x2
= 8.15 𝜋22
= - 6.28
2 3𝜋 -12.56 -51.182
CIRCLE 2

3 TRIANGLE 3
13 − 3 = 12 3+
6
=5
1
x3x6=-9 -108 -45
3 2
4 SQUARE 10 +
3
= 11.5
3
= 1.5 3x3=-9 -103.5 -13.5
2 2

5 QUARTER 10 -
4x3
= 8.72
4x3
= 1.27 𝜋 x 32
= - 7.06
3𝜋 3𝜋 -61.56 -8.97
CIRCLE 4

𝑎 = 85.66
2
𝑎𝑥 = 474.8768 𝑎𝑦 = 407.8518
𝑎𝑥 3
𝑥= = 5.51 mm
𝑎
1
𝑎𝑦
𝑦= = 4.76 m
𝑎
SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 50
5 4
NUMERICAL 9
3m

4m

9m
1m 2m

1m 1m

1.5 m 6m

10.5 m

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 51

 COMPONENT CENTROIDAL x CENTROIDAL y AREA (𝒎𝟐 ) ax ay
DISTANCE (m) DISTANCE (m)
1 TRIANGLE 2 x 1.5
=1
9
=3
1
x 1.5 x 9 = 6.75 6.75 20.25
3 3 2
2 RECTANGLE 1.5 + 3
=3
13
= 6.5 3 x 13 = 39 117 253.5
2 2

3 TRIANGLE 1.5 + 3 +
6
= 6.5
9
=3
1
x 6 x 9 = 27 175.5 81
3 3 2
4 SEMICIRCLE 1.5 + 1 + 0.5 = 3 4 x 0.5
+ 2 +1 = 3.2 𝜋52
= - 0.3926 -1.1778 -1.26025
3𝜋
2
5 RECTANGLE 1.5 + 1 + 0.5 = 3 2
+1=2 1x2 = - 2 -6 -4
2

𝑎 = 70.3574
2
𝑎𝑦 = 349.4898
𝑎𝑥 = 292.0722

𝑎𝑥
𝑥= = 4.15 m
𝑎 1 3
𝑎𝑦 4
𝑦= = 4.96 m
𝑎 5
SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 52
NUMERICAL 10

30mm
5mm

10mm

5mm 5mm

25mm
20 mm

10mm 10mm 10mm

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 53

 y

4
2

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 54

 COMPONENTS CENTROIDAL x CENTROIDAL y AREA (𝒎𝒎𝟐 ) ax ay
DISTANCE (mm) DISTANCE (mm)
1 TRIANGLE 20 30
+ 25 = 35
1
x 40 x 30 = 600 12000 21000
3 2
2 RECTANGLE 20 25
= 12.5 30 x 25 = 750 15000 9375
2

3 RECTANGLE 20 20
= 10 10 x 20 = - 200 -4000 -2000
2

4 SEMICIRCLE 20 4x5
+ 20 = 22.12 𝜋52
= - 39.3 -786 -869.316
3𝜋
2
5 CIRCLE 20 10 + 25 = 35 𝜋x 52 = - 78.53 -1570.6 -2748.55

𝑎 = 1032.17

𝑎𝑦 = 24757.13
𝑎𝑥 = 20643.4

𝑎𝑥
𝑥= = 20 mm
𝑎
𝑎𝑦
𝑦= = 23.98 mm
𝑎

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 55

NUMERICAL 11

2
1
3

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 56

 COMPONENTS CENTROIDAL x CENTROIDAL y AREA (𝒎𝒎𝟐 ) ax ay
DISTANCE (mm) DISTANCE (mm)
1 SEMICIRCLE -
4 x 2.25
= -0.955 2.25 𝜋 𝑥 2.252
= 7.95 - 7.952 17.88
3𝜋 2
2 RECTANGLE 6
=3
4.5
= 2.25 6 x 4.5= 27 81 60.75
2 2

3 RIGHT 6+
3
=7
4.5
= 1.5
3 x 4.5
= 6.75
3 3 2
ANGLED 47.25 10.125
TRIANGLE

𝑎 = 41.7

𝑎𝑦 = 88.755
𝑎𝑥 = 120.298

𝑎𝑥
𝑥= = 2.88 mm
𝑎
𝑎𝑦
𝑦= = 2.12 mm
𝑎

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 57

NUMERICAL 12

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 58

 COMPONENTS CENTROIDAL x CENTROIDAL y AREA (𝒎𝒎𝟐 ) ax ay
DISTANCE (mm) DISTANCE (mm)
1 SEMICIRCLE 200 4 x 200
= 84.88 𝜋 𝑥 2002
= 62831.85 12,566,370 5,333,167.428
3𝜋
2
2 SEMICIRCLE 400 4 x 400
= -169.76 𝜋 𝑥 4002
= 251327.41 100,530,964.9 -42,665,341.51
3𝜋
2
3 SEMICIRCLE 400 + 200 = 600 4 x 200
= - 84.88 𝜋 𝑥 2002
=- 62831.85 -37,699,110 5,333,167.428
3𝜋
2

1 SEMICIRCLE + 2 SEMICIRCLE - 3 SEMICIRCLE

Y
𝑎 =251327.41

𝑎𝑦 = −31,999,006.65 1
𝑎𝑥 = 75,398,224.9

𝑎𝑥 X
𝑥= = 300 mm 3
𝑎
𝑎𝑦
𝑦= = - 127.32 mm
𝑎
2
SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE -Y
NUMERICAL 13

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 60

 X = 46.11mm

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 61

NUMERICAL 14
DETERMINE THE CENTOID WITH RESPECT TO THE APEX

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 62

 Y

-X
X

SERIN ISSAC, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, NHCE 63

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