ADAMSON UNIVERSITY

Civil Engineering Department

Analysis of Statically
Determinate Beams
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Civil Engineering Department

Deflection Diagrams
Deflections of structures having linear elastic material response.

Hibbeler, R. C., & Kiang, T. (2015). Structural analysis. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall.
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Civil Engineering Department

Beam bending based on moment diagram

Hibbeler, R. C., & Kiang, T. (2015). Structural analysis. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall.
 ADAMSON UNIVERSITY
Civil Engineering Department

Methods of Analysis of Statically

Determinate Beams
• Double Integration Method
• Area-moment Method
• Unit Load Method

Analysis of Statically Determinate Beams

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Civil Engineering Department

Double Integration Method

Recall from Calculus, the radius of curvature of a curve
y=f(x) is given by: #
! "!
𝑑𝑦
1−
𝑑𝑥
ρ=
𝑑!𝑦
𝑑𝑥 !
And from Mechanics of Deformable Bodies, the radius
of the curvature of beam is given by:
𝐸𝐼
ρ=
𝑀
Deflection of beams are so small, such that the slope of the elastic curve dy/dx=y’ (slope of
the line) is very small and squaring the expression will make the value practically
negligible, hence:
1 1
ρ= ! =
𝑑 𝑦 𝑦"
𝑑𝑥 !
Hibbeler, R. C., & Kiang, T. (2015). Structural analysis. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall.
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Civil Engineering Department

Double Integration Method

Equating both the radius of curvatures,
1 𝐸𝐼
=
𝑦" 𝑀
Therefore,
𝑀
𝑦" =
𝐸𝐼
And if EI is constant,
𝐸𝐼𝑦" = 𝑀 (moment equation)
Integrating the moment equation will give the slope equation of the beam:

𝐸𝐼𝑦 ! = 𝐸𝐼θ = ) 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶"

Hibbeler, R. C., & Kiang, T. (2015). Structural analysis. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall.
 ADAMSON UNIVERSITY
Civil Engineering Department

Double Integration Method

Integrating the slope equation will yield to the value of the
deflection equation of the beam

𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 𝐸𝐼Δ = ) ) 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶"𝑥 + 𝐶#

In summary,
EIy” = Moment Equation
EIy’ = Slope Equation
EIy = Deflection Equation
EIy’’’ = Shear Equation
EIy(4) = Load Equation
Hibbeler, R. C., & Kiang, T. (2015). Structural analysis. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall.
 ADAMSON UNIVERSITY
Civil Engineering Department

Double Integration Method

In general:

1. Cut when there is at least 1 support included

2. It is advised to cut at a place where there are many supports so
that it will represent the whole beam system
3. Negative distance in the developed equations (EIM, EIθ, and EIΔ)
must be neglected or just change it to zero.
4. Negative rotation represents negative slope, in contrast, positive
rotation represents positive slope.

Hibbeler, R. C., & Kiang, T. (2015). Structural analysis. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall.
 ADAMSON UNIVERSITY
Civil Engineering Department

Example 1
A cantilever beam is subjected to a combination of loading, as shown in the
figure. Using the method of double integration, determine the slope and
the deflection at the free end.

https://eng.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Mechanical_Engineering
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Passing a section at a distance 𝑥 from the free-end of the beam

Boundary condition
fixed end

moment equation
Complete slope equation

Integrating with respect to 𝑥 Integrating equation

slope equation deflection equation

Hibbeler, R. C., & Kiang, T. (2015). Structural analysis. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall.
 ADAMSON UNIVERSITY
Civil Engineering Department

Boundary conditions The slope at the free end, at x = 0

fixed end

+ counterclockwise rotation
- clockwise rotation

Complete deflection equation The deflection at the free end, at x = 0

+ upward deflection
- downward deflection

Hibbeler, R. C., & Kiang, T. (2015). Structural analysis. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall.
 ADAMSON UNIVERSITY
Civil Engineering Department

Example 2
Determine the displacement at D of the steel beam in the figure. Take E =
29x103 ksi and I = 800 in4.

Ay = 1k Cy = 7k

Hibbeler, R. C., & Kiang, T. (2015). Structural analysis. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall.
 ADAMSON UNIVERSITY
Civil Engineering Department

Passing a section at a distance 𝑥 from the left end of the beam

x - 10 Boundary conditions
𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0 pin support
# %
0 = 40(0)$− 0 ' − 0 − 10 ' + 0 − 20 ' + 𝐶#(0) + 𝐶$
& &
x - 20 𝐶$ = 0
Ay = 1k Cy = 7k
x
𝑥 = 20, 𝑦 = 0 roller support
1
0 = 40(20)$− 20 ' − 20 − 10 ' + 0 + 𝐶#(20)
𝑀= 80𝑥 ! − 1 𝑥 − 6 𝑥 − 10 + 7 𝑥 − 20 moment equation 6
𝐸𝐼𝑦′′ = 80𝑥 ! − 1 𝑥 − 6 𝑥 − 10 + 7 𝑥 − 20 𝐶# = −683.333

Integrating with respect to 𝑥 ( slope equation ) Thus,

Slope equation
𝐸𝐼𝑦 " = 80𝑥 − #$ 𝑥 $ − 3 𝑥 − 10 $ + %$ 𝑥 − 20 $ + 𝐶#
𝐸𝐼𝑦 " = 80𝑥 − #$ 𝑥 $ − 3 𝑥 − 10 $ + %$ 𝑥 − 20 $ − 683.333
Integrating with respect to 𝑥 ( deflection equation )
Deflection equation
# ' %
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 40𝑥 $ − &
𝑥 − 𝑥 − 10 ' + &
𝑥 − 20 ' + 𝐶#𝑥 + 𝐶$ 𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 40𝑥 $ − #&𝑥 ' − 𝑥 − 10 '
+ %& 𝑥 − 20 '
− 683.333𝑥

Hibbeler, R. C., & Kiang, T. (2015). Structural analysis. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall.
 ADAMSON UNIVERSITY
Civil Engineering Department

x - 10

x - 20
Ay = 1k Cy = 7k
x

The deflection at the free end D, at x = 35 ft

Deflection equation
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 40𝑥 $ − #&𝑥 ' − 𝑥 − 10 ' + %& 𝑥 − 20 ' − 683.333𝑥
1 7
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 40(35)$−
35 ' − 35 − 10 ' + 35 − 20 ' − 683.333(35)
6 6
6250(12)'
𝑦=
20(10')(800)

𝑦 = 0.446 𝑖𝑛 upward deflection

Hibbeler, R. C., & Kiang, T. (2015). Structural analysis. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall.
 ADAMSON UNIVERSITY
Civil Engineering Department

Area-Moment Method
Theorem 1
The change in slope between any two points
on the elastic curve equals the area of the
M/EI diagram between these two points.

It should be evident that this angle is measured

counterclockwise from tangent A to tangent B if the area of
the M/EI diagram is positive.

Hibbeler, R. C., & Kiang, T. (2015). Structural analysis. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall.
 ADAMSON UNIVERSITY
Civil Engineering Department

Area-Moment Method
Theorem 2
The vertical deviation of the tangent at a point (A) on the
elastic curve with respect to the tangent extended from
another point (B) equals the “moment” of the area under
the M/EI diagram between the two points (A and B). This
moment is computed about point A (the point on the
elastic curve), where the deviation tA/B is to be
determined.

Positive M/EI areas indicate that the tangent at A is above

the tangent extended from B

Hibbeler, R. C., & Kiang, T. (2015). Structural analysis. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall.
 ADAMSON UNIVERSITY
Civil Engineering Department

Example 3
Determine the displacement of point B of the steel beam shown. Take
E = 200 GPa, I = 500x106 mm4.

MC = 600 kN.m

Ay = 120 kN

Hibbeler, R. C., & Kiang, T. (2015). Structural analysis. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall.
 ADAMSON UNIVERSITY
Civil Engineering Department

600 kN.m
A tangent at A

𝛿! tB/A
B

120 kN
𝑡$/& = "# "' "#'' "
() *"'
120

+ "* "' +,'' "

() -"'
V
+,'' "
𝑏 -120
+ "' () #"'
𝑥̅ =
n+2
𝟏
1200/EI 𝑡$/& = +"/'''
()
𝑏ℎ 𝟑
(𝟏𝟎)

A= M/EI +"/''' "''' !

n+1 20 𝟏
𝑡$/& = #''0"'" /''0"'#
(𝟏𝟎)
𝟒

-600/EI
The negative sign indicates that
𝑡$/& = −150 𝑚𝑚
𝟏
(𝟏𝟎)
𝟐
B is below the reference tangent
line
-600/EI

Hibbeler, R. C., & Kiang, T. (2015). Structural analysis. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall.
 ADAMSON UNIVERSITY
Civil Engineering Department

Example 4
Determine the slope at point C of the beam shown. Take E = 29x103 ksi
and I = 600 in4.

Hibbeler, R. C., & Kiang, T. (2015). Structural analysis. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall.
 ADAMSON UNIVERSITY
Civil Engineering Department

Hibbeler, R. C., & Kiang, T. (2015). Structural analysis. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall.
 ADAMSON UNIVERSITY
Civil Engineering Department

UNIT LOAD METHOD (VIRTUAL WORK METHOD)

The deflection in any direction at a point on a beam or frame can be obtained by applying
a unit load at that point and using the formula:
#" ∑
𝑀𝑚" 𝑑𝑥
Δ" = <
#! 𝐸𝐼

If the rotation at a point is required, apply a unit couple at that point and use the equation:
#" ∑
𝑀𝑚" 𝑑𝑥
θ" = <
#! 𝐸𝐼
Where:
Δ – deflection at a point considered E – modulus of elasticity of the material
θ – slope at a point considered I – moment of inertia of the material cross-section (at
the neutral axis)
mn – bending moment due to a unit load or a couple applied at
the point where the deflection or rotation is required. EI – flexural rigidity
M – bending moment at the element under consideration due
to applied loadings

Analysis of Statically Determinate Beams

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Civil Engineering Department

UNIT LOAD METHOD (VIRTUAL WORK METHOD)

In general, the beam shall be cut based on
the following:
1. Segment
2. Change in EI or cross-section
3. Every termination of uniform loads
4. Every concentrated loads
5. Every termination of uniformly
varying loads
6. Location of unknown rotation and
unknown deflection

Hibbeler, R. C., & Kiang, T. (2015). Structural analysis. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall.
 ADAMSON UNIVERSITY
Civil Engineering Department

Example 5
Determine the displacement of point B of the steel beam shown. Take
E = 200 GPa, I = 500x106 mm4.

Hibbeler, R. C., & Kiang, T. (2015). Structural analysis. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall.
 ADAMSON UNIVERSITY
Civil Engineering Department

Due to unit load The vertical displacement of B is thus

Due to real loads

The positive sign indicates

downward deflection in the
same direction of the virtual
unit load

Hibbeler, R. C., & Kiang, T. (2015). Structural analysis. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall.
 ADAMSON UNIVERSITY
Civil Engineering Department

Example 6
Determine the slope 𝜃 at point B of the steel beam shown. Take E = 200 GPa
and I = 60x106 mm4.

Hibbeler, R. C., & Kiang, T. (2015). Structural analysis. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall.
 ADAMSON UNIVERSITY
Civil Engineering Department

Due to unit load Due to real loads

The slope at B is thus given by

The negative sign indicates

counterclockwise rotation which
is opposite the direction of the
virtual couple.

Hibbeler, R. C., & Kiang, T. (2015). Structural analysis. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall.
 ADAMSON UNIVERSITY
Civil Engineering Department

Example 7
Determine the displacement at D of the steel beam in the figure. Take E =
29x103 ksi and I = 800 in4.

Hibbeler, R. C., & Kiang, T. (2015). Structural analysis. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall.
 ADAMSON UNIVERSITY
Civil Engineering Department

Due to unit load Due to real loads

Hibbeler, R. C., & Kiang, T. (2015). Structural analysis. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall.
ADAMSON UNIVERSITY
Civil Engineering Department