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4 (Problems and Solutions)
3 Due to some fabrication errors, the cross‐sectional area of emitter has doubled. How does the
collector current change?
Solution
So if AE increases by a factor of two, then IC increases by the same factor.
4 In the circuit of Fig. 4.48, IS1 = IS2 = 5 10–5 A.
(a) Calculate the value of I X if VB = 0.7 V.
(b) Find the value of IS to get IY= 3.5 mA.
Figure 4.48
Solution
(a) Let Is1 = Is2 = Is, then
(b)
I CQ 3 IY I S 3 eVBE /VT
I S 3 e0.7/0.026
3.5 mA
3
3.5 10
IS3
e0.7/0.026
7.10 1015 A.
5 In the circuit of Fig 4.49, it is required that the collector current of Q2 is to be twice that of Q1 if VBE1
– VBE2 = 0. Determine the ratio of base widths of two transistors, if other device parameters are
identical.
Figure 4.49
Solution
ϲ Consider the circuit of Fig. 4.50.
(a) If VB= 0.6 V and IX = 3.5 mA, determine IS1 and IS2 such that IS1 = 2IS2.
(b) Find the value of RC which places the transistors at the edge of the active mode.
Solution
I C1 I S 1eVBE /VT
I C 2 I S 2 eVBE /VT
I X 3.5mA, I S 1 2 I S 2
I X I C1 I C 2
I C1 I S 1eVBE /VT 2I S 2 eVBE /VT
2
I C 2 I S 2 eVBE /VT I S 2 eVBE /VT
I C1 2 I C 2
I X 2 I C 2 I C 2 3.5 mA
I C 2 1.166 mA and I C1 2.334 mA
2.334 mA
I S1 0.6/0.026
2.217 1013 A
e
1.166 mA
I S 1 0.6/0.026 1.107 1013 A.
e
VB VX VCC I X RC
0.6 3 3.5 103 RC
RC 685.7 .
ϳ Consider the circuit of Fig. 4.51. Calculate VX if IS = 6 10–15 A.
Solution
Figure 4.52
2 RC 5 1016 e 2610
3
VB
VB
26103 2
RC e VB
5 1016
4 1015
Use numerical methods or calculate by hit and trial
VB 760 mV
RC 500
ϵ Consider the circuit of Fig 4.53. Calculate the value of VCC that places Q1 at the edge of the active
region. Assume IS = 5 10–16 A.
Solution
VCC I C RC VC
I C RC VC
I C eVBE /VT RC VC
5 1016 e0.75/0.026 500 0.75
1.59 V.
1ϭ Consider the circuit of Fig 4.55, assuming = 100 and IS = 6 10–16 A. If RB = 10 k, determine VB
such that IC = 1 mA.
Solution
VB I B R1 VBE I C RE
IC
R1 VBE I C RE
1 103
10 103 VBE 1 103 10 103.
100
But,
I
VBE VT ln C
IS
1 103
0.026ln 16
0.7316 V.
6 10
Therefore,
1Ϯ Inthe circƵitof Fig4.55,ifVB= 2Vand RB 10 k,caůculatethe collector current.
Solution
VB I B R1 VBE I C RE
IC
R1 VBE I C RE
I
2 C 10 103 0.7316 I C 1 103
100
I C 1.153 mA.
1ϯ In the circuit depicted in Fig 4.56, if IS1= 2IS2 = 5 10–16 A, 1 = 2 = 100 and R1 = 10 k, compute VB
such that IX = 1 mA and IY = 2 mA.
Figure 4.56
Solution
I X I S 1eVBE 1 /VT
IY I S 2 eVBE 2/VT
VBE1 VBE 2 VBE
I X I S1 1
.
IY I S 2 3
Also,
I X 1 I B1 and IY 2 I B 2 ; 1 2 100
I B1 I X 1
I B 2 IY 3
VB I B1 I B 2 R1 VBE .
I
VBE VT ln X
I s1
1 103
0.026 ln 16
5 10
0.736 V.
I
I B1 X
1 103
10 A.
100
IY
I B2
3 103
30 A.
100
VB 10 A 30 A 10 103 0.736
1.136 V.
1ϰ In the circuit of Fig 4.56, if IS1= 3 10–16 A and IS2 = 5 10–16 A, 1 = 2 = 100 and R1 = 5 k, VB =
800 mV, calculate IX and IY.
Solution
1ϱ The base‐emitter junction of a transistor is driven by a constant voltage. Suppose a voltage
source is applied between the base and collector. If the device operates in the forward active region,
what changes will takes place in IB and IC?
Solution
No change in VBE means no change in base current IB, and hence there will be no change in IC.
1ϲ In a bipolar device VBE changes by 10 mV. Calculate the change in gm, if the device is biased at
IC = 2 mA.
Solution
I C I S eVBE /VT
gm
VT VT
I S eVBE /VT VBE I C VBE
g m
VT2 VT2
gm
g m VBE .
VT
IC
gm
VT
2 103
0.026
1
13
I S eVBE /VT VBE
g m
VT2
I V
C 2 BE
VT
gm
g m VBE
VT
1
(10 mV)
13 0.026
1
.
33.8
ϭϳ A transistor gives a transconductance of 1/13 with base‐emitter voltage of 800 mV. Calculate
the value of IS of the transistor.
Solution
IC
gm
VT
I S eVBE /VT
VT
g mVT
IS
eVBE /VT
1
0.026
13
e0.8/0.026
8.67 1017 A.
2Ϯ The collector voltage of a bipolar transistor varies from 1 V to 4 V while the base‐emitter voltage
remains constant. What Early voltage is necessary to ensure that the collector current changes by less
than 2%?
Solution
V
I C I S eVBE /VT 1 CE
VA
VCE
I C I S eVBE /VT
VA
VCE
I S eVBE /VT
I C VA
IC V
I S eVBE /VT 1 CE
VA
VCE
VA VCE
I C
0.02
IC
VCE
0.02
VA VCE
VCE 3V
VCE (min) 1V
50VCE VA VCE (min)
150 VA 1
VA 149 V.
2ϯ In the circuit of Fig 4.59, IS = 6 10–15 A. Determine the value of collector current and VX for
(a)VA= and
(b) VA = 4 V.
Solution
(a)
VA
I C I S eVBE /VT
6 1017 e0.8/0.026
1.38 mA
VX 2.5 I C RC
2.5 1.38 103 1 103
1.11 V.
(b)
VA 5 V
V
I C I S eVBE /VT 1 CE
VA
VX VCC I C RC
VCC VX
IC
RC
VCC VX V
I S eVBE /VT 1 CE
RC VA
V
VCC VX RC I S eVBE /VT 1 CE
VA
V
2.5 VX 1 103 6 1017 e0.8/0.026 1 X
5
VX 0.874 V and I C 1.625 mA.
Ϯϲ Abipolar current source is to be designed for a specific output current. If VA= 2 V and output
resistance is greater than 10 k, find the output current.
Solution
V
I C I S eVBE /VT 1 CE
VA
1 dI
C
r0 dVCE
1 1
I S eVBE /VT IC
VA VA
V
r0 A
IC
VA
10 k
IC
2V
IC 0.2 mA.
10 k
Ϯϵ For the circuit depicted in Fig. 4.64, calculate the value of collector‐base bias, if IS = 7 10–16 A and
VA= .
VCC I C RC VCE
VCC VCE
IC
RC
I S eVBE /VT
VBE VCE RC I S eVBE /VT
16
VBE 0.2 1 10 6 10
3
e
VBE /0.026
VBE VCC
0.7144 V
I C 0.5144 mA.
3ϯ If IS1 =3 IS2 = 6 10–16 A, calculate the value of VB in Fig. 4.68, required for getting IX = 10 mA.
Solution
I C1 I S 1eVBE1/VT
6 1016 eVBE 1/0.026
I C 2 I S 2 eVBE 2 /VT
2 1016 e0.82/0.026
9.95 mA
I X I C1 I C 2
10 mA I C1 9.95mA
I C1 0.05 mA
VEB1 VT e0.05/0.026
0.026 e0.05/0.026
0.654 V
VB 2 0.654
1.346 V.
3ϰ In the circuit of Fig. 4.69, calculate the value of IC, if = 100 and IS = 6 10–16 A.
Solution
VCC VEB RB I B
IC
VEB RB
I S eVBE /VT
1.5 VEB 23 103
16
6 10 e VBE /0.026
1.5 VEB 23 103
100
VEB 0.762 V
I C 3.20 mA.
ϯϴ Calculatethecollectorcurrnt of Qϭ inFiŐ 4.73,ifIS=3 10–1ϳ A.
Solution
1.477 105 A.
4Ϯ A pnp current source must provide an output current of 5 mA with an Early voltage of 2 V. What
is the output impedance?
Solution
VA
r0
IC
20 V
5 mA
4 k
ϰ5 In the circuit in Fig 4.79, = 100, and VA = .
(a) Determine the value of collector‐base forward bias if IS = 5 10–16 A and VBE of 0.8 V.
(b) Calculate the transconductance of the device.
Solution
VC VB VCB
RC I C I B RB VCB
VEB VCC I B RB
2.5 I B 360 k
0.7 2.5 I B 360 k
IB 5 A
I C 0.5 mA
VCB RC I C I B RB
4 k 0.5mA 5 A 360 k
0.2 V.
ϰϳ Consider the circuit of Fig 4.81 where IS1 = IS2 = 5 10–16 A, IC2 = 0.5 mA, 1= 100, 2 = 50, VA = , and
RC = 500 . If Vin= 1.45 V, what is the value of VBE1 and VBE2?
Solution
Vout I C 2 RC
0.5 mA 500
0.25 V.
I
VEB 2 VT ln C 2
IS 2
0.5 mA
0.026 ln 16
(5/3) 10
0.745 V.
Vin VBE1 VBE 2 .
VBE1 Vin VBE 2
1.45 0.745
0.705 V.
48 In order to find out VBE1 and VBE 2 , we have to use the formula,
I
VBE 2 VT ln C 2
IS 2
and
Vin VBE1 VBE 2
In accordance to question,
Vin 1.45 V
I S1 I S 2 5 106 A
I C1 0.5 mA
1 100
2 50
VA
RC 500
I
VBE 2 VT ln C 2
IS 2
To obtain VBE 2 , substitute 0.5 103 A for I C 2 and 5 1016 A for I S 2 in the equation
I
VBE 2 VT ln C 2 , we get,
IS 2