CHAPTER FOUR

Bipolar Digital Circuits

Digital Electronics.
 Introduction
© Dr. Anas

 This chapter describes:

 Basic types of logic circuits:
1. D-R-L
Ch 2. BJT inverter
4 3. T-T-L

2
 Terminal Currents and Voltages
© Dr. Anas

C C
IB  0 IC  0
IB  0 IC  0
 F IB
B 
B 
IE  0
Ch VBE off  IE  0 VBE FA 
 1   I B
4  0.7V   0.7V 
E E
Cut-off Mode Forward-Active Mode
C C
IB  0 I C  0   F I B IB  0  IE  R I B

B VCE Sat   0.2V B

 

VBE Sat  I E  0  I B  IC VBC RA   I C  1   R I B

 0.8V   0.7V 
E E
3 Saturation Mode Inverse-Active Mode
 Terminal Currents and Voltages
© Dr. Anas

 Example
Determine IC , IB, and σ for the BJT shown in the following
circuit, assuming βF=65

 Solution
Ch Assume FA, VBE=0.7V and then calculate VCE. If VCE<=0.2 then the
4 BJT operates in saturation mode
VCE  0.2 VCC  5 V

The BJT operates in saturation mode

RC  0.64 k
i.e. RB  5 k
VCE sat   0.2V VBE sat   0.8V
VCC  VBE sat  
IB   0.84mA VCE
RB
VCC  VCE sat  
IC   7.5mA
IC C R
  0.137
4 F IB
 Terminal Currents and Voltages
With Known States
© Dr. Anas

 Example
Determine the terminal voltages of the transistors shown in
the following circuit, assuming Q1 operates in saturation
mode while Q2 and Q3 operate in forward-active mode

Ch  Solution
4
VE 3  0.0V
VB3  0.7V

VB 2  0.7  0.7  1.4V Q2

Q1
VB1  0.6  1.4  2V
Q3
VE1  0.2  1.4  1.2V

5
 Terminal Currents and Voltages
With Known States
© Dr. Anas

 Example
Determine the dissipated
VCC  5 V
power PCC in the
following circuit, given
that the BJT operates in
Ch saturation mode RB  35 k IC
RC  5 k
4
 Solution
 VCC  VCE sat   VD ON   
  VCE Q1
PCC  VCC   
R C

VCC  VBE sat   2VD ON  
  
 RB 

PCC  5  0.82  0.08  4.5mW

ICC (OL)
6
 Terminal Currents and Voltages
With Known States
© Dr. Anas

 Example
Determine the current IC in the VCC  5 V
following circuit.
IC RC  46 k
Ch  Solution
4
Q1 sat 
VCC  2VCE sat 
IC   0.1mA
RC

Q2 sat 

7
 Terminal Currents and Voltages
With Known States
© Dr. Anas

 Example
Determine the current I in VCC  5 V
the following circuit  F  1
neglecting the base RC  1.5 k I

Ch currents.
4  Solution
Q1 sat 
IC 2  I E 2 Since βF>>1
IC 2  I Since IB2<< Q2 FA
i.e IE1<<
& IC1<<
RE  1.5 k
VCC  VCE1 sat   VBE1 FA
I
RC  RE

I  1.367mA
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 Terminal Currents and Voltages
With Known States
© Dr. Anas

 Example
Determine the voltage VB and the
current I indicated the circuit I
shown below assuming the base
current of Q1 is negligible. R1  0.2 k
Ch
4  Solution Q1 VB
0  VEE  2VD ON  R2  0.75 k
I
R1  R2  R3
5.2  1.4 D1
  3.04mA
0.2  0.75  0.3 D2
VB  0  IR1  3.04  0.2  0.608V R3  0.3 k

VEE  5.2 V
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 BJT Inverter (Basic RTL Inverter)
© Dr. Anas

 Voltage-Transfer Characteristics
For VI  GND  VBE FA IB=0,IC=0,VO=VCC=VOH

Ch For VI  GND  VBE FA IB=(VI-VBE(FA))/RB,IC=βFIB,VO=VCC-ICRC

4 IB=(VI-VBE(sat))/RB
For VI  GND  VIH
VCC IC=(VCC-VCE(sat))/RC
VIH  I B sat RB  VBE sat  VO=VCE(sat)=VOL
RC Edge of
 I B EOS RB  VBE sat 
VO
Q(off conduction
VO VOH  VCC )
RB
 I C EOS  Edge of
 RB  VBE sat  saturation
Q1 VCE F
VI  Q(sat)
VOL  VCE (sat)
VCC  VCE sat 
VI
RB  VBE sat 
VIH VOH

VIL  VBE FA
VIH
10  F RC
 BJT Inverter (Basic RTL Inverter)
© Dr. Anas

 Example
Assume VCC= 5 V, RC= 1kΩ , RB= 10 kΩ, βF=60;

Ch Determine the VTC parameters and

4 the low and high noise margins VCC
 Solution RC
VIL= 0.7 V, VIH= 1.6 V, VO
VOL= 0.2 V, VOH= 5 V, RB

Small value Q1 VCE
N ML  VIL  VOL  0.5V
VI 
N MH  VOH  VIH  3.4V

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© Dr. Anas

Ch
4  HW #4:Solve Problems: 4.1 (a)&(d), 4.3, 4.11,
4.12, 4.13, 4.21

Skip sections 4.3-4.6

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