BLOOD VESSELS

circulatory tubes that are for the passageway of blood

1. Tunica adventitia which is also called Tunica

externa, is the outermost layer and made up of
loose connective tissue/areolar. Connective
tissue – for wrapping and cushioning.

2. Tunica media is the thickest middle layer,

with smooth muscles. Muscular Tissue –
involuntary contraction.

3. Tunica intima or Tunica interna is the

innermost layer that contains elastic fibers and smooth muscles. Muscular Tissue –
involuntary contraction.

4. Endothelium is the layer lining the lumen, which is the central cavity of the vessel. This
is composed of a single layer of squamous cells. Epithelial tissue – protection and
covering.

D. POMIDA
 SKIN
Mainly for protection. In amphibians, it is important in the process of respiration and
water absorption.

I. Epidermis, which is the outer layer, and it is composed of the following sub-layers:

1. Stratum corneum is the outermost or most superficial layer of the organ. This is
made up of squamous cells that undergo molting or ecdysis, which is the shedding
off the skin. Epithelial tissue – protection and covering

2. Stratum germinativum or also known as the Stratum Malpighi, contains mitotic

columnar cells that are actively dividing, producing new cells. It is also where the
chromatophores for pigmentation are found. Epithelial tissue – absorption

II. The dermis is the inner layer, which is also composed of two(2) sub layers, these are:

1. Stratum laxum or Stratum spongiosum is a layer of connective tissue. It is where

the cutaneous glands are located, which are the mucus gland that produces slimy
materials to keep the skin moist, and the poison gland that secretes an alkaloid,
itchy material for the protection of the animal. Loose connective/areolar –
wrapping and cushioning.

2. Stratum compactum is the innermost layer of the frog's skin that has compact
connective tissue fibers. Dense connective tissue – strong bands that attach to
muscle or bone.

D. POMIDA
 STOMACH
This is a J-shaped organ where partial digestion of food takes place. It has internal
folds that aid in the process of digestion, these are known as rugae.

1. Tunica serosa – visceral peritoneum. Squamous cell. Epithelial tissue - covers the
entire digestive tract

2. Tunica Subserosa – Between T. serosa and T. muscularis. Connective tissues with

Longitudinal muscle fibers - compression.

3. Tunica muscularis – 2 smooth muscles. Muscular tissue – compression of tubes,

ducts, etc.
• Stratum longitudinale – outer, longitudinal fibers
• Stratum circulare – inner, circular fibers

4. Tunica Propia – between Muscularis mucosa and T. mucosa. Connective tissue.

5. Tela submucosa – loose connective tissue/areolar. Connective tissue – allows

mucosa to move flexibly. Blood vessels and verves

• Muscularis Mucosa – Inner to submucosa. Longitudinal muscle fibers. Muscular

Tissue – compression.

6. Tunica mucosa – simple columnar cell. Epithelial tissue. Lines the lumen and for
absorption. Goblet cells: interstitial juice.
D. POMIDA
 SMALL INTESTINE
Is a long tube for the final digestion of food and absorption of water. Its internal folds
are called villi.

1. Tunica serosa – visceral peritoneum. Squamous cell. Epithelial tissue - covers the
entire digestive tract

2. Tunica muscularis – 2 smooth muscles. Muscular tissue – compression of tubes,

ducts, etc.
• Stratum longitudinale – outer, longitudinal fibers
• Stratum circulare – inner, circular fibers

3. Tela submucosa – loose connective tissue/areolar. Connective tissue – allows

mucosa to move flexibly. Blood vessels and verves

4. Tunica mucosa – simple columnar cell. Epithelial tissue. Lines the lumen and for
absorption of water. Goblet cells: interstitial juice.

D. POMIDA
 LIVER
This is the largest gland of the body. It secretes bile which is an enzyme for the
emulsification of fats. It is composed of polygonal cells that are separated by spaces,
called sinusoids or blood capillaries. The cavities in the organ are the:

1. Blood vessels. Biggest among the spaces, with different sizes.

2. Bile ducts. Small cavities lined with cuboidal cells. Epithelial tissue – secretions.

3. Arterioles. Thick-walled, small cavities.

4. Bile capillaries. Smallest cavities with fewer cuboidal cells. Epithelial tissue –
secretions.

D. POMIDA
 KIDNEY
This is the main excretory organ which functions as the disposal agent for nitrogenous
waste. It is a bean-shaped organ which is filled with cavities or spaces, that are
identified as:

1. Mesonephric duct or Wolffian duct. This is located at the sides of the kidney, with
a lumen lined with epithelial cells - excretion.

2. Renal Portal Vein. It is a space filled with red blood cells

3. Uriniferous Tubules. These are cavities lined with cuboidal cells. Epithelial tissue –
excretion

4. Bowman's Capsule. These contain a ball of capillaries, called glomerulus.

D. POMIDA
 OVARIES
This is the female gonad which is for the production of egg cells and female sex
hormones, the estrogen and progesterone. It is suspended to the dorsal body wall by
its mesentery, the mesovarium.

1. Outside layer – Visceral peritoneum: Simple cuboidal cell. Epithelial Tissue –

protection and covering

2. Inner later – Tunica Albuginea: Dense connective. Connective tissue – binding

and protection

Covering:
• Theca externa: outer

• Theca interna: inner

• Mesovarium: mesentery

D. POMIDA
 TESTES
The male gonad is made up of numerous, seminiferous tubules which are composed of blood vessels,
nerves, and interstitial cells, called the cells of Leydig, for the production and development of the male
gametes, the sperm cells and male hormones, the testosterone.

Covering:
• Visceral Peritoneum: outer. Simple cuboidal cell. Epithelial Tissue – protection
and covering

• Tunica albuginea: inner. Dense connective. Connective tissue – binding and

protection

• Seminiferous Tubules: composed of blood vessels, nerves, and interstitial cells,

called the cells of Leydig – oval cells, for the production and development of the
male gametes- sites of spermatogenesis - Complex stratified epithelium –
envelope and support

• Mesorchium: mesentery, support

D. POMIDA
 SPINAL CORD
Organ connected to the brain. Transmission of nerve signal

1. Canalis centralis. This is the central canal which is lined with simple columnar
epithelium, called ependymal cells – serves as barrier and for secretion of cerebral
spinal fluid.

2. Two(2) Layers:
• Dura mater: Outer layer
• Pia mater: Inner layer

3. Two(2) Central Areas / Regions or Divisions:

• White matter: Outer mass
• Gray matter: Inner part which contains nerve cells and neuroglia cells – nervous
tissue. The dorsal part is with the slender extensions, called the dorsal horns,
wheres the ventral part is with the broad extensions, called the ventral horns with
stellate motor cells.

4. Two(2) Septa:
• Ventral Septum: Is the ventral fissure which is the broader surface with blood
vessels, called as the ventral spinal artery.
• Dorsal Septum: Is a narrower dorsal fissure.

D. POMIDA