Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
REGION V
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF MASBATE PROVINCE
CATAINGAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
POBLACION, CATAINGAN, MASBATE

Self-Instructional Materials
(SIM) No. 1

LEARNER’S INFORMATION

Name of Learner:

Grade Level: GRADE 12

Name of Teacher: JOY L. MACATOL

Learning Area: PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2

Address:Poblacion, Cataingan, Masbate

Telephone No: (056) 578-3469
Content Standard:
• The Characteristics, strengths, weaknesses and kind of Quantitative
Research

Learning Objectives:
The learners will be able to:
• Define Quantitative Research
• Describes characteristics of Quantitative Research
• Describe the strength and weaknesses of Quantitative Research
• Describe the kind of Quantitative Research

OPENING ACTIVITIES

ACTIVITY 1: VOCABULARY IMPROVEMENT

DIRECTION: Define the Following:

1. Research
_________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________.

2. Objective
_________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________.

3. Concept
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________.

4. Theory
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________.

5. Sample
_________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________.

6. Quantitative Research
_________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________.

7. Statement of the Problem

_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________.

8. Qualitative Research

Address:Poblacion, Cataingan, Masbate

Telephone No: (056) 578-3469
 _________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________.

9. Hypothesis
_________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________.

10. Conclusion
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________.

ACTIVITY 2: TRUE OR FALSE

A. Direction: Based on your stock knowledge and on the words surrounding the middle word, define the
middle word in each cluster.

DIRECTION: Read the following sentences carefully. WriteFALSEif the statement is CORRECTand
writeTRUEif the statement isWRONG

______________1. Research must be hurriedly conducted.

______________2. Research must observe a step-by-step process.
______________3. Quantitative Research may be defined as the systematic empirical investigation of social
phenomena using tools of mathematics and statistics.
______________4. Causal-comparative Research studies the relationship between two or more
characteristics of one or more groups.
______________5. Quantitative Research requires a small number of respondents.
______________6. Quantitative Research is based on mere intuitions and guesses of respondents.
______________7. Research is asking questions and looking for answers to these question.
______________8. Both Qualitative and Quantitative Research method have their own distinct strengths
and weaknesses, and limitation.
______________9. Quantitative Researchers believe that social science phenomena can be studied similarly
to natural science phenomena.
_____________10. A person’s opinion is acceptable and considered as an answer to the questions asked by
the researcher.
_____________11. The research foundations refer to the fundamental components of research such as the
research problem, purpose, specific questions to be addressed, and the conceptual framework to be applied.
_____________12. Research provides a specific basis for any practice or methodology in any field or
discipline.
_____________13. Research helps develop tools for assessing effectiveness of any practice and operation.

Address:Poblacion, Cataingan, Masbate

Telephone No: (056) 578-3469
_____________14. Most quantitative researchers subscribe to a philosophy called positivism
_____________15. Descriptive research is generally concerned with investigating, measuring, and
describing one or more aspects or characteristics of one or more groups, communities, or phenomenon.

ACTIVITY 1.3: FIND ME!!

DIRECTION: Select your answer on the box and write it on the space provided before the number.

Matched comparison Research Procedural Design

NUMERICAL DATA Theory Descriptive Research
LARGE SAMPLE SIZES REPLICATION FUTURE OUTCOMES
SURVEY RESEARCH

________________1. Choosing a treatment group and another group that has similarities with the treatment
group.
______________2. Is a careful and systematic study and inquiry in some field of knowledge? It is
careful and systematic since a course of action may only be known by first identifying the condition that
needs corrective measures after an analysis of its background and effects.
________________3. Is carefully and judiciously planned to produce objective results?

________________4. It is a set of systematically interrelated concepts, definitions, propositions which are

advanced to explain or predict some facts or phenomena?

________________5. Data are in the form of numbers and statistics, often organized and presented using
tables, charts, graphs and figures that consolidated in numbers of data to show trends, relationships, or
differences among variables. Random sampling is recommended in determining the sample.

________________6.This design is concerned with describing the nature, characteristic and components of
the population or a phenomenon.
________________7.By using complex mathematical calculations and with the aid of computers, if-then
scenarios may be formulated thus predicting for results.
________________8.To arrive at a more reliable data analysis, a normal population distribution curve is
preferred. This requires a large sample depending on how the characteristic of the population vary.

Address:Poblacion, Cataingan, Masbate

Telephone No: (056) 578-3469
________________9. It is used to gather information from group of people by selecting and studying
samples chosen from a population. It may done in various ways like face-to-face, phone, mail, and online. It
is considered longitudinal if the researcher collects information on the same subject over a period of time,
sometimes lasting many years in order to study the changes through the years longitudinal survey is utilized.

_______________10. Reliable quantitative studies can be repeated to verify the correctness of the results in
another setting.

THE MEANING OF RESEARCH

Research is a careful and systematic study and inquiry in some field of knowledge. It is careful and
systematic since a course of action may only be known by first identifying the condition that needs
corrective measures after an analysis of its background and effects. Further, it is an investigation of a certain
phenomenon or results of previous studies to find out their present relevance.
Research can build or change. Principles and generalizations of past generations may still be
contributor to reaching more milestones; however, it is only a current study that can help reveal important
thinking and philosophies. Thus, research can build through laying stronger foundations for the use of these
principles and generalizations. Through research, new discoveries are found and established, and non-
workable and irrelevant principles and generalization are then discarded and replaced.

What is a Good Research?

The quality of research can be examine through the findings and conclusions of the study, and the
degree of confidence that a researcher can place on his or her study and its result. There are seven
requirements for a good research:

1. The purpose or problem is clearly defined and substantially explained and sharply delineated.

2. The research procedure is described in a satisfactory and adequate detail for easy replication of the same

research topic.

3. The procedural design is carefully and judiciously planned to produce objective results.

Address:Poblacion, Cataingan, Masbate

Telephone No: (056) 578-3469
4. The flaws in procedural design and estimate of their effect on the findings must be presented. This

includes limitations or weaknesses of the study, as well as the delimitations or scope and coverage of the

study.

5. The analysis of data must be sufficiently adequate to disclose its significance.

6. The conclusions must be justified and strongly supported with only the data specified in the findings of

the research.

7. The researcher is someone who must know the rigors and rigidities of the research. S/He is very familiar

with the specialization s/he wants to work into.

What are the basic terms used in research?

Some definitions and classifications of ideas are defined for the researcher to predict and understand
a certain phenomenon. Theories about how these ideas relate to certain rules of logic are designed in more
scientific ways by getting acquainted with these research terms.
1. Concept: It is an abstraction of meanings or ideas from reality to which words are assigned to

communicate about it.

2. Construct: It is an idea specifically inverted for theory building purpose.

3. Operational Definition: It is the functional meaning used in the study to have a common understanding

between the researcher and the reader. It is not literal meaning, but how much this word is used in the

specific research study.

4. Proposition: It is a statement about concepts which may be adjudged as true or false. When a proposition

is made for experimental testing, this is called hypotheses.

5. Theory: It is a set of systematically interrelated concepts, definitions, propositions which are advanced to

explain or predict some facts or phenomena.

6. Model: It is a representation of relationship between or among concepts. Some sources for model

building are theories, laws, hypotheses, and principles.

OVERVIEW OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

Address:Poblacion, Cataingan, Masbate

Telephone No: (056) 578-3469
  Research is asking questions and looking for answers to these question. We are already engaging
ourselves into research when we are looking into something.When we are comparing and contrasting
things, when we are searching for more information, and when we are finding what people think and
want.
 The word research was coined from the French word “cerheir” which means “seek” . The prefix
“re” means repeat. Literally research is to repeat looking for something.
 Research signifies finding the truth again about ideas and problems which were in existence before
in different perspective.
 Research is a natural day-to-day activity of gathering information. There is one form of research,
however, which is more disciplined in its methodology and more scientific in its procedure.It is
called academic research. An academic research can be quantitative in its approach. It means that
information are obtained and presented in numerical form and analysed through the use of statistics.
 Quantitative Research is an objective systematic empirical investigation of observable phenomena
through the use of computational techniques. It highlights numerical analysis of data hoping that the
numbers yield unbiased result that can be generalized to some population and experiment in
particular observation.

CHARACTERISTIC OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

1. OBJECTIVE
 Quantitative research seeks accurate measurement and analysis of target concept.
 It is not based on mere intuitions and guesses. Data gathered before proposing a conclusion or
solution to a problem.

2. CLEARY DEFINED RESEARCH QUESTION

 In quantitative research, researchers know in advance what they are looking for. The research
question are well-defined for which objective answer are sought.
 All aspect of study are carefully designed before data are gathered.

3. STRUCTURED RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS

 Data are normally gathered and structured research tools such as questionnaires to collect measurable
characteristic of the population like age, socio-economic status, and numbers of children, among
others.

Address:Poblacion, Cataingan, Masbate

Telephone No: (056) 578-3469
4. NUMERICAL DATA
 Data are in the form of numbers and statistics, often organized and presented using tables, charts,
graphs and figures that consolidated in numbers of data to show trends, relationships, or differences
among variables. Random sampling is recommended in determining the sample

5. LARGE SAMPLE SIZES

 To arrive at a more reliable data analysis, a normal population distribution curve is preferred. This
requires a large sample depending on how the characteristic of the population vary.
 Random sampling is recommended in determining the sample size to avoid researcher’s biased
interpreting the results.

6. REPLICATION
 Reliable quantitative studies can be repeated to verify the correctness of the results in another setting.
 This strengthens the validity of the findings thus eliminating the possibility of spurious conclusions.

7. FUTURE OUTCOMES
 By using complex mathematical calculations and with the aid of computers, if-then scenarios may be
formulated thus predicting for results.

STRENGTHS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

1. It is objective. Since it provides numerical data, it can’t be easily misinterpreted.
2. The use of statistical techniques facilities sophisticated analyses and allow you to comprehend a huge
amount of vital characteristics of data.
3. The numerical data can analysed in a quick and easy way. By employed statistically valid random models,
findings can be generalized to the populations about which information is necessary.
4. Quantitative studies are replicable. Standardized approaches allow the study to be replicated in different
areas or over time with the formulation of comparable findings.

WEAKNESSES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

1. Quantitative Research requires a large number of respondents. It is assumed that the larger the sample is,
the more statistically accurate the findings are.

Address:Poblacion, Cataingan, Masbate

Telephone No: (056) 578-3469
2. It is costly. Since, there are more respondents compared to qualitative research, the expenses will be
greater in reaching out these people and in reproducing the questionnaires.
3. The information contextual factors to help interpret the result or to explain various are usually ignored. It
does not considered the distinct capacity of the respondents to share and elaborate further information unlike the
qualitative research.
4. Many information are difficult to gather using structured research instruments, especially on sensitive
issues like pre-marital sex, domestic violence, among others.
5. If not done seriously and correctly, data from questionnaires may be incomplete and inaccurate.
Researchers must be on the look-out on respondents who are just guessing in answering the instrument.

KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

The kind of research is dependent on the researcher’s aim in conducting the study and the extent to
which the findings will be used. The following are the various kinds of quantitative research that a
researcher may employ:

1. Descriptive Research
 This design is concerned with describing the nature, characteristic and components of the population
or a phenomenon.There is no manipulation of variables or search for cause and effect related to the
phenomenon.This design attempts to find general attributes of the presently existing situation and
determine the frequency with which it occurs.Descriptive research is used if, for example, you want
to know how hour’s senior high school students may spend in social media, the number of
malnourished students who failed in the achievement test, and how healthy is the food served during
recess in the public school.

2. Correlational Research
 It is a systematic investigation of the nature of relationships, or associations between and among
variables without necessarily investigating into casual reasons underlying them.It is also concerned
with the extent of relationships that exists between or among the variables.

3. EVALUATION RESEARCH
 This kind of research aims to assess the effects or outcomes of practices, policies or programs.
Assessing the implementation nursing care in a hospital and determining the impact of a new
treatment procedure for patients are example of evaluation research

Address:Poblacion, Cataingan, Masbate

Telephone No: (056) 578-3469
4. SURVEY RESEARCH
 It is used to gather information from group of people by selecting and studying samples chosen from
a population. It may done in various ways like face-to-face, phone, mail, and online. It is considered
longitudinal if the researcher collects information on the same subject over a period of time,
sometimes lasting many years in order to study the changes through the years longitudinal survey is
utilized.

5. CASUAL-COMPARATIVE RESEARCH
 It is also as ex post facto (after fact) research. This kind of research derives conclusion from
observation, manifestation that already occurred in the past and now compared to dependent
variable.It discusses why and how a phenomenon occurs.

6. Experimental Research
 This research utilizes scientific method to test cause and effect relationships under conditions
controlled by the researchers.In this case effort is made to determine and impose control over
variables. An independent variable is manipulated to determine the effect on the dependent variable.

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
Experimental Research
Is a quantitative research that treats or deals with the object or subject.
 Experimental Research is categorized into two:
1. True-experimental Research
2. Quasi-experimental Research
True experimental Research
-absolutely uses random selection in determining who among the participants should
compose the experimental group.

Quasi-experimental Research
- adopts a comparative technique in choosing the subjects.
Types of Quasi-experimental Research

Address:Poblacion, Cataingan, Masbate

Telephone No: (056) 578-3469
1. Matched comparison- choosing a treatment group and another group that has similarities
with the treatment group.
2. Time-series Quasi-experimental Research
- Giving them of pre-tests and post-test
3. Single-subject quasi-experimental Research
- Controls treatment and condition applied to just one individual or a group.
TRUE EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH USUALLY TAKE PLACE:
1. Physics
2. Chemistry
3. Biology
4. Pharmacy
QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH USUALLY TAKE PLACE:
1. Psychology
2. Sociology
3. Humanities
4. Literature
5. Education

NON-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
 NON-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH- is a way of finding out truths about a
subject by describing the collected data about such subject and determining their
relationships or connection with one another.
 Your desire to discover people’s thoughts, views, feelings, and attitudes about a
certain societal issue, object, place, or event causes
CHARACTERISTICS OF NON-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
1. It is incapable of establishing cause-effect relationships, it is able, if it takes place in
conjunction with other experimental and quasi-experimental research method.
2. It involves various ways of data analysis:
➢ Primary-analysis of data collected by the researcher himself

Address:Poblacion, Cataingan, Masbate

Telephone No: (056) 578-3469
 ➢ Secondary- examination of data collected by other people
➢ Meta-analysis- analysis of data expressed numerically
3. It uses research method that applicable to both quantitative and qualitative data. It collects
data through survey, observation, historical studies, case studies. Documentary analysis, and
so on.

SURVEY RESEARCH- is a method of research that aims at knowing what a big number of
people think and feel about what some sociological issues.
The data collects from these people serving as “representative or informants” explain or
describe the society’s thoughts, attitudes, and feelings towards environmental issues.
 Survey research is a very old research technique that begun in the period of the ancient
Egyptian rulers, many still consider this as a very popular means of social inquiry.
 Survey Research is the most used in non-experimental research in the field of
Sociology, Psychology, and Humanities. Inquiries, investigation, and experiment also
happen in this type non-experimental research.
 Survey research is proven by the fact that more than one-third of published research
online in Sociology, Psychology, and Humanities were done through survey research.
 Survey research requires data-gathering techniques such as interviews, questionnaire,
online survey, and the telephone interview that primarily consider the size of the group
being studied.

Purposes of Survey Research

1. To obtain information about people’s opinions and feelings about an issue
2. To identify present condition, needs, or problems of people in a short span of
time.
3. 3. To seek present answers to social problems.
4. 4. To give school officials pointers on curricular offerings, guidance and
counselling services, teacher evaluation, and so on.

Address:Poblacion, Cataingan, Masbate

Telephone No: (056) 578-3469
EXERCISES
EXERCISE 1: MULTIPLE CHOICE
Direction: There are four options on each numbered statement. Encircle only the letter from these options to
indicate your answer.
1. Research is a careful and systematic study and investigation in some field of knowledge. To be so, it
involves:
a. Defining conditions that need corrective measures and thorough analysis of its background and its effects.
b. Finding out the workability of previous researchers work and their current relevance,
c. Verifying and refuting existing conditions and presenting their background effects.
d. Discovering new concepts, presenting data, facts and information and analyzing background effects.

2. Research studies can build or change; therefore, challenge of new studies on past researchers that were
proven true and effective is to:
a. Strengthen the foundations of past researchers.
b. Find out relevance of past researchers to present practice.
c. Replicate past researchers and discredit their merits.
d. Discover limitations and weaknesses of past researchers as guide.

3. Operational definitions of terms used in a research study means:

a. How words are defined literally in the dictionary.
b. How words are connotatively used in the research study.
c. How words are defined by various authors and researchers
d. How words are arranged and integrated in the research study

4. While concepts are abstraction of meanings from certain realities proposition are:
a. Statement about concepts which may be proven true or false.
b. Ideas formulated for theory building purposes.
c. Interrelated concepts, definitions and propositions that explain some phenomena.
d. Representation of relationship between or among concepts as in theories and laws.

5. Theories are set of systematically interrelated concepts, definitions, proposition used to explain a
phenomena and these are used as:
a. A strong reference from which the research study is attached on.
b. A representation of relationship between or among concepts.

Address:Poblacion, Cataingan, Masbate

Telephone No: (056) 578-3469
c. An idea invented for theory building purpose.
d. An example of a theory proven to be true and relevant.

6. The quality of a research study could be established through:

a. A well-defined research topic.
b. Its findings and conclusions
c. Its research procedure and procedural design
d. The expertise of the researchers.

7. Flaws in procedural design must be well-discussed to shed further light on any gap to other researchers
who may want to replicate the study. Flaws mean:
a. Scope and parameters of the study
b. Completeness of the research report
c. Limitations and weaknesses of the study.
d. Basis for new discoveries for the new study.

8. Conclusions of any research must always be supported by:

a. Results and findings of the research.
b. Relevant data and information.
c. Significant data and statistics.
d. Responses to research problems and question

9. Data and findings in the research study must all be reported including:
a. Related literature and studies
b. Personal insights and opinions
c. Statistical computations and their interpretations.
d. Weaknesses in procedural designs and their effects on findings.

10. The researcher must finally decide that in writing a research paper, the foremost thing to consider thing
is the:
a. Worth and novelty of the research topic is foremost.
b. Manageability and availability of resources are foremost.

Address:Poblacion, Cataingan, Masbate

Telephone No: (056) 578-3469
c. Support from peers and mentors is foremost.
d. Time, money, and effort are foremost.

EXERCISE 2: TRUE OR FALSE

Direction: On the space before the number, write T if the statement is true and F if false.
_____________1. Research is advantageous not only to students but to life as a whole.
_____________2. Research can be done even informally.
_____________3. Research requires no step-by-step procedure for as long as results are obtained.
_____________4. Empirical data should be gathered and analyzed before arriving at a conclusion.
_____________5. The procedural designis carefully and judiciously planned to produce objective results.
_____________6. Random sampling is recommended in determining the sample size to avoid researcher’s
biased interpreting the results.
_____________7. The word research was coined from the French word “cerheir” which means “seek” . The
prefix “re” means repeat. Literally research is to repeat looking for something.
_____________8. Quantitative Research is an objective systematic empirical investigation of observable
phenomena through the use of computational techniques.
_____________9. Model is a representation of relationship between or among concepts. Some sources for
model building are theories, laws, hypotheses, and principles.
____________10. Descriptive data are in the form of numbers and statistics, often organized and presented
using tables, charts, graphs and figures that consolidated in numbers of data to show trends, relationships, or
differences among variables. Random sampling is recommended in determining the sample.

EXERCISE 3: MULTIPLE CHOICE

Direction: Write the letter of the correct answer on the space provided before the number.
___________1. Which of the following BEST defines quantitative research?
a. It is an activity of producing or providing theorem.
b. It is an activity concerned with finding new truths in education.
c. It is an exploration associated with libraries, books and journals.
d. It is a systematic process for obtaining numerical information about the world.
Refer to the following characteristics of research for items 2-5:
a. Objective c. Replication
b. Numerical Data d. Large Sample size
__________2. Data are in form of statistics.

Address:Poblacion, Cataingan, Masbate

Telephone No: (056) 578-3469
__________3. It is not based on guess work.
__________4. It is needed to arrive at a more reliable data analysis.
__________5. It is done to check the correctness and verify the findings of the study.
__________6. It is an idea specifically inverted for theory building purpose.
a. Construct c. Conclusion
b. Objective d. Data
__________7. It is an abstraction of meanings or ideas from reality to which words are assigned to
communicate about it.
a. Construct C. Concept
b. Conclusion d. Objective

__________8. It is not based on mere intuitions and guesses. Data gathered before proposing a conclusion or
solution to a problem.
a. Construct C. Concept
b. Conclusion d. Objective
__________9. All aspect of study are carefully designed before data are gathered.
a. Cleary defined research question C. Concept
b. Conclusion d. Objective
__________10. It is the functional meaning used in the study to have a common understanding between the
researcher and the reader. It is not literal meaning, but how much this word is used in the specific research
study.
a. Operational definition C. Concept
b. Conclusion d. Clearly Defined research question

EXERCISE 4
Direction: Complete the following: (5pts. Each)
1. Research is important to a teacher because
___________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________.
2. Research is important to a doctor because
____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________.
3. Research is important to an engineer because
__________________________________________________

Address:Poblacion, Cataingan, Masbate

Telephone No: (056) 578-3469
____________________________________________________________________________________.
4. Research is important to an entrepreneur because
______________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________.

EXERCISE 5: ESSAY (10pts.)

Direction: 10-minute non-stop writing:
Compare Quantitative Research to Qualitative Research.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________.

QUESTIONS: (5pts. Each)

1. What is Quantitative Research?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________.

2. What are the characteristics of Quantitative Research?

_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________.

3. What are the features of Quantitative Research?

_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________

Address:Poblacion, Cataingan, Masbate

Telephone No: (056) 578-3469
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________.

4. What is Correlational Research?

_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________.

5. What is Experimental Research?

_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________.

ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY: (10pts.)

EXPLAIN:
What is a good Research?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________.

Address:Poblacion, Cataingan, Masbate

Telephone No: (056) 578-3469