Running head: CHAPTERS OUTLINE 1

Chapters Outline

Students Name

Institutional Affiliation
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Chapters Outline

CHAPTER 10: THE AUDITORY SYSTEM

I. Introduction

A. William Shakespeare requested friends, Romans, and countrymen to lend him their years

when he was writing Julius Cesar's play (Schwartz et al. 2017).

1. It sounds people hear from any given moment are interpretations of the auditory system.

2. The essence of hearing is information transformation.

II. Sound as stimulus

A. The sound stimulus is the periodic variation in air pressure.

1. Sound waves are described as pressure change waves.

2. Cycles are measured in their number per second.

B. There is a relationship between physical and perceptual sound attributes.

C. Sound comprises amplitude and loudness

D. Pitch and sound frequency

III. Anatomy of the ear

A. Outer ear

1. Comprise of the pinna, external auditory canal, and tympanic membrane.

B. The middle ear

1. Comprise of the malleus, incus, and stapes

2. Ossicles play an essential role in the hearing process.

C. The inner year

1. Made up of the cochlea

2. The Corti organ

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CHAPTER 11: THE AUDITORY BRAIN AND SOUND LOCALIZATION

I. Introduction

A. Many members of the family, in most cases, misplace their phones.

1. The effective way of located a misplaced phone in a house is by calling.

2. Perceptual level of hearing is mostly used in many homes.

B. The auditory system functions closely with the visual aspect.

II. Brain anatomy and the pathway of hearing

A. Auditory nerve fibers

1. Include cochlear nucleus, trapezoid body, and superior olive.

B. Auditory cortex

1. It is a sizeable multifaceted area located in the temporal lobe.

III. Localizing sound

A. Localization of an object takes place either in the right or left direction

B. Includes an interaural time difference(Schwartz et al. 2017).

C. Interaural level difference

D. The confusion cones

E. Elevation perception

F. Distance detection

1. Involves determination of direction in which sound adopts

IV. Auditory scene analysis

A. Includes temporal segregation

B. Spectral segregation

C. Spatial segregation
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CHAPTER 14: TOUCH AND PAIN

I. Introduction

A. There are many things that bring people discomfort while others pleasure.

1. Touch is an essential sense of the body that is employed by many people.

2. Touch sense has many benefits, for example, in cases where a person cannot see.

II. The skin and its receptors

A. The skin is a complex organ comprised of different organs

1. The skin has two layers which are the epidermis and the dermis

2. Parts of the skin include erector pili muscle, hair follicle, and nerves.

B. Comprise of mechanoreceptors

1. They are sensory receptors and are divided into four types.

C. Proprioception

D. Skin plays a significant role in thermoreceptor.

E. It also has a role in nociception and the perception of the pain.

III. Neural pathway

A. Body system responsible for pain detection

1. Comprise of dorsal root ganglion, dorsal foot, and the ventral root.

B. It has an area in the parietal lobe called the somatosensory cortex.

1. Its primary function is processing the information from the skin sensing mechanisms.

C. There are various pathways of pain (Schwartz et al. 2017).

IV. The neurochemistry of pain: Endogenous opioids.

A. Pain is essential to the body since it informs the body organs of possible trauma.
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Reference

Schwartz, B. L., & Krantz, J. H. (2017). Sensation and perception. Sage Publications.