HA NOI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING


-- --

Design Project I

Simulation of routers of mobile ad-hoc network and

evaluate data transmission of network using UDP
through wireless channel

Instructor: Dang Quang Hieu

Class: ET-E4 K63
Name: Le Bao Ngoc
Student ID: 20182930
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
I) Overview of our project

II) Technical characteristic of MANETs

III) Routing of MANETs

IV) Implement MANETs on NS3

V) Wireless channel

VI) Image transmission through wireless channel(implementation on

Jupyter Notebook)

VII) Evaluate image transmission of MANETs network and wireless

channel
I) OVERVIEW OF MY PROJECT
A.Overview
In recent years, with the dramatic improvement of data structures and algorithmic
techniques with fundamental techniques of measurement with network
communication is the foundation of this field. Before concluding this resource,
we have a report on subject that we learn and practice during this by making a
simple server to test the loss propagation and do the survey with data rate of my
server. With the knowledge I have learned about , I will find the best form of my
server and get the best simple server, avoid packet loss when doing and
researching a more complicated server

B.Development history

-Mobile Ad-hoc Network - MANET was formerly known as wireless network

package, and funded, developed by DARPA in the early 1970s.
-Then a new network: SUSAN (Adaptive Survivable Network) was proposed
published by DARPA in 1983 to support a larger, more robust network
stronger. This time, Ad-hoc was used to describe a type of network such as
IEEE802.11 . standard
C.Purpose

-Build up a server with full infrastructure is so costly and not reasonable. Some
places don’t have condition: Sponsor, Geography location, Facilities,… So, we
need to build a wireless communication network without infrastructure to ensure
that mobile device or electronics can transmiss and get information conveniently
over nodes and interconnection of server. It is model of mobile ad hoc
netwook(MANETs)

MANETs architecture

D.Basic knowledge of MANETs

The Mobile Adhoc Network (MANET) consists of loosely interconnected router
domains. A MANET is characterized by one or more MANET network
interfaces, which are distinguished by their time-varying "asymmetric
accessibility" to neighboring routers. These routers identify and maintain a
routing structure between them. Routers can communicate over dynamic radio
channels with asymmetric access, are mobile, and can join or leave the network
at any time. In order to communicate with each other, adhoc nodes need to
configure their network interface with local addresses that are valid in the area of
that adhoc network. Adhoc nodes may have to configure routable global
addresses to communicate with other devices on the Internet. From an IP layer
perspective, the MANET acts as a Layer 3 multi-hop network made up of links.
Therefore, each adhoc node in the MANET will act as a Layer 3 router to
provide connectivity to other nodes in the network. Each adhoc node maintains
routes to other nodes in the MANET and network routes to destination nodes
outside of that MANET. If connected to the Internet, MANETs become edge
networks, meaning their borders are defined by edge-routers. Due to the nature
of the links that make up the MANET, the adhoc nodes in the network do not
share access for the multicast signaling single link. Thus, in MANETs, there is
no reserve or dedicated multicast link and broadcast link.
Test with MANET Routing(employs several multihop routing protocol, and
packet queueing and enqueuing) with high data rate transmission and with
low packetper second we can evaluate data transmission exactly through
AWGN Channel and AWWN+Rayleigh Channel

Result:

Received photo Sending photo

E.Functional requirement of MANETs
1) Main function:
-MANETs is network that has seft-setup and be adaptive(tính tự thiết lập và dễ thích
nghi).All nodes of network can moving make topology structure of network change,
but network nodes can detect the appearance of other one and process the connection
to transmiss information without management of host station or control
devices.Noticed that, besides detecting the connection of devices, it can types of
device and respective description of this connected devices(laptop, PDA or
smartphone,….) so the calculating, storing, data transmission of each node is also
different when compared these nodes.Specially, routing problems is very important
because it is effect on MANET’s efficiency.
2) In real life
-Military field
-Commerical filed
-Internal network
-Personal Area Network(PAN)
-Industrlize
-Health care
-Searching and aid(tìm kiếm và viện trợ)
-Educational Curriculum
II) TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTIC OF MANETs
*Functional Characteristic:
1)Autonomous terminal(thiết bị tự trị đầu cuối): In MANETs, each end point-
mobile devices is self-control node(node tự trị). It can own function of host(máy
chủ) and router(định tuyến).
2)Distributed operation(Phân chia hoạt động): All node of network have good
combination to each other, so it is easier for observing and manage to distribute to
start-end point(thiết bị đầu cuối)..
3)Multihop router(định tuyến đa lường): Based on different attribute connection
can set router on 1 hop or multihop over wirless communication range(phạm vi
truyền tải không dây).
4)Dynamic network topology(cấu hình động): Because all nodes are mobile
nodes, so structure of network is easily change, so MANETs will routers
adapting and condition of propagation like mobile sample and mobile node.Thus,
not only MANETs can operate inside mobile network but also it can access to
public network(Internet).
5)Fluctuating link capacity(dao động về lượng liên kết): High bit error of
propagion is notice to MANETs network since inteference, multipath effects and
its effect is less than ethernet channel(mạng có dây)
6)Light-weight terminals(tối ưu hóa thiết bị dầu cuối): All node need to
be optimized algorithms and operation.
*Classify based on function:
1)Flat MANETs(Mạng MANETs đẳng cấp)
- Hierachical MANETs(Mạng MANETs phân cấp)
+This is the most commonly used model. In this model, the network is
divided into domains, in each domain includes one or more clusters, each cluster
is divided into many nodes. There are two types of nodes, master node and
normal node.

++Master node: is the node that administers a router that is responsible

for transferring data from nodes in the cluster to other nodes in the cluster and
vice versa. In other words, it acts as a gateway.
 ++Normal nodes: are nodes located in the same cluster. It can connect to
the nodes in the cluster or connect to other clusters through the master node

+With mechanisms on the network to use bandwidth resources more

efficiently because messages only have to be transmitted in 1 cluster. However,
managing node mobility becomes more complex. The hierarchical network
architecture is suitable for networks with low mobility.

Hierachical MANETs Model

- Aggregate MANETs(Mạng MANETs kết hợp)

+Network = Zones, Zone = nodes
+Each node consists of two topology levels: low-level topology (node level),
and high-level topology (zone level).
+Each node is characterized by: node ID and zone ID. In a Zone can apply
hierarchical architecture or hierarchical architecture

Aggregate MANETs Models

2)Classify based on protocol:
-Signal-hop: The singal-hop routing Manet network is the simplest type of ad-
hoc network model. In it, all nodes are in the same coverage area, that is,
nodes can connect directly to each other without the need for intermediate
nodes.

Signal-hop Model
-Multihop: Nodes can route with other nodes through intermediate nodes in
the network. In order for this model to work properly, a routing protocol that is
compatible with the MANET network model is required.

Multihop Model
-Mobie-multihop: This model is similar to the second model, but the difference
here is that this model focuses on real-time applications such as audio, video..
 Mobile-multihop Model

*Connection type and working mechanism:

1)Network topology connection types.

-Mobile server network: in this topology, devices are only linked to a single server
The network has inhomogeneous mobile devices

-The network has inhomogeneous mobile devices: in this topology, machines can
link directly to each other within their coverage area

2) Operation mode

-IEEE-ad hoc mode: In this mode, mobile nodes communicate directly with each
other without the need for any infrastructure. In this mode, links can not be made
over multiple hops

-Infrastructure mode: In this mode, the network includes fixed AP access points
and mobile nodes participating in the network, performing communication through
the access points. In this mode, links can be made over multiple hops
III) ROUTING OF MANETs

*Routing type of MANETs:

-Bellman-ford routing:
+In the Bellman-Ford algorithm, every node maintains a routing table or
information matrix, its distance and information about its next node on the shortest
path to any destination, where the distance is the shortest length from the node to
the destination. To update information about the shortest path, each node will
exchange frequently routing table with buttons next to it.
+Based on the routing table from those neighboring nodes, any node knows the
shortest distance from its neighbors to any destination node. Therefore, for each
destination node, the starting node will choose an intermediate node for the next
hop such that the distance from it through the intermediate node to the destination
node is minimal

-Path routing:
+New protocols such as DSDV (Destination Sequenced Distance Vector) and
WRP (Wireless Routing Protocol) is based on DBF to provide repeater routing
do. Even if the problem has been solved, there is still a problem of lack correctly in
DBF routing, this problem can cause performance degradation network.
+The cause of the inaccuracy is that the network node is not available network-
wide state information leads to only optimal decisions in the local scope, it does
not guarantee an optimal solution in the environment of mobile.

-On-demand routing:
On-demand routing is known as DC (Diffusion Computation) as well used in
wireless networks. In the On-demand routing scheme, a node constructs a path by
interrogating all the nodes in the network. Package query finds the IDs of the
intermediate nodes and stores them in the Path section. When detecting the query,
the destination node or the nodes that know the way to the destination answer the
quality of query by responding “source routed” to the sender

-Area Routing:
This is a hybrid protocol between On-demand routing and an arbitrary protocol
period existed. In zone routing, each node defines its own zone when the node is at
certain distance. The advantage of zone routing is scalability level when the storage
need for the routing table decreases
*Main routing protocol of MANETs:
-Proactive(định tuyến theo bảng):
+DSDV(Destination Sequence Distance
Vector)
+OLSR(Optimized Link State Routing)
-Reactive(định tuyến theo yêu cấu):
+DSR(Dynamic State Routing)
+AODV(Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing)
Beside that, we can classify by to types: Link State Protocol, Distance Vector
Protocol

1) DSDV(Destination Sequence Distance Vector)

-DSDV is a step-by-step distance vector routing protocol: Each node maintains a

routing table that stores the possible destination at the next hop of the route and the
number of steps to reach the destination. DSDV requires the node to periodically
send broadcast routing information across the network

-The advantage of DSDV is that it ensures no closed routes by using sequence

numbers to mark each path. The sequence number indicates how "new" the route
is, the larger the number, the higher the degree of assurance (the R path is
considered better than R' if the sequence number of R is larger, in the case of the
same number). order, then R must have a smaller number of steps). The sequence
number will increase when node A finds that the route to destination D is broken,
then node A advertises its route to node D with unlimited number of hops and the
sequence number will increase.

- DSDV depends on periodic broadcasts, so it takes time to collect information

before the route is available. This time is negligible for fixed-structured networks
in general (including wired networks), but for Ad hoc networks this time is
significant, which can cause packet loss before it can be detected. reasonable
routing. In addition, periodic advertising bulletins are also a cause of wasting
network resources.
2) OSLR(Optimized Link State Routing)

-It is proactive => Routes are prepared before needed

-It is optimize => Min flooding duplication in highly connected nets

-Ask only a subset of neighbors to forward link states. This subset is “Multipoint
Relay”(MPR) .For instance, if X is your MPR, you are X’s “MPR selector”. Each
MPR has set of MPR selectors. Each node sends link state to all its neighbors.
MPRs forward link state of MPR selectors. Other neighbors use information to
compute routing table, but it is not forward. OLSR significantly reduces the link
state control traffic

Example of OSLR:

+Node 5 has selcted 4,8 as MPR

+Node 5 sends a link state to2,3,4,6,7,8,11
+Nodes 2,3,6,7,11 uses the info but do not forward
+Node 4 uses the info and forwards it to 1,6,12,13
+Node 8 uses the info and forwards it to6,9,10
3) DSR(Dynamic State Routing)

- This is a protocol in the form of Distance Vector used in Manet. When a network
node needs to transfer data but does not know the path to a certain address, this
network node initiates the process of route discovery (Route discovery). So DSR is
a passive protocol (Only updates the network state and finds the path when
required). One advantage of DSR is that no routing packets are sent periodically
(since there is no need to update the network state as often – in contrast to the Link
state protocol). The DSR is also capable of operating a one-way link. Because DSR
finds its way on demand, it is not suitable for high-capacity and highly mobile
networks. The DSR protocol also has two main operations: Route finding and path
maintenance. The following figure shows a simple example of DSR. Routers A, B
and C form a Manet network. Router A and C are not connected to each other
while both are connected to router

DSR Model

+During routing, routers maintain a list of the IDs of intermediate routers in recent
search requests to avoid having to process the same (repeated) lookup request.
Lookup requests are ignored in cases where they have already been processed near
that point and are identified as a duplicate request. When a router receives a
request and realizes that its ID is already in the intermediate router list for that
request, the request is ignored.

+ Path maintenance occurs when the path becomes unusable because of the
unpredictable movement of routers (characteristic of MANET). Each router
manages all paths to forward packets, when a path fails, a packet of route error
reporting (Route error) is immediately sent to the source router and the
corresponding path. So the broken path will be ignored.
4) AODV(Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing)

-In AODV, route reply comeback on the reverse path(intermediate record node
from which the first copy was received), so intermediate nodes update their
following table, old entries are time out

-AODV supports only symmetric links. If a source node moves, it must reinitiate
route request. If an intermediate node moves, all upstream nodes broadcast a link
failure to their upstream neighbors until source node is reached. But this protocol
has disadvantage: Intermediate nodes may send more up-to-date but still state
routes

-Example of AODV:

+Node 1 sends route request to 2,3,4

+Node 2 sends route request to 5,7
+Node 3 has 3-5-8-9-10 <Sequence#1>
+Node 4 has 4-6-8-9-10 <Sequence#4>
+Node 4 reponds
IV) IMPLEMENT MANETs ON NS3

A.Create network’s nodes on MANETs

Simulated mobile node model

The main network elements used to construct the protocol layer for each mobile
node include: channel, network interface, radio propagation model, and protocols.
MAC, interface queue, link layer, ARP address resolution protocol model, and
routing agent.

There are currently several pre-installed protocols in NS3 namely DSDV, AODV,
TORA,OLSR,DSR,….
B.Shared media model

The wireless model is based on the shared media model (Ethernet in the air),
illustrated in below figure. All mobile nodes have one or more connected network
interfaces

connected to a channel. A channel is a specific band of radio frequencies with its

own modulation and coding scheme. Channels are orthogonal, which means that
packets sent on one channel do not interfere with packets transmitted and received
on another channel.

The basic operation is as follows, every packet sent or placed into the channel will
be received or copied by all mobile nodes connected to the same channel. When
the mobile node receives the packet, the node first considers whether it received
the packet or not. This is dictated by the radio broadcast model, based on the
communication band, the distance the packet has traveled, and the amount of bit
errors.

Shared media model on NS3

C.Mobile node on MANETs

1)Operation of mobile node

Each mobile node uses a routing agent to calculate the route to other nodes in the
AD HOC network. Packets are sent from the application and received by the
routing component. This part will decide the path of the packet to reach the
destination and attach this information to the packet. The packet is then sent down
to the link layer. The link layer uses the ARP address resolution protocol to decide
on the hardware address of the neighbor node and maps the IP address to the
correct interface. When the information is received, the packet is sent down the
interface queue and waits for the signal from the MAC protocol. When the MAC
layer decides which packets can be sent into the channel, the packet is taken from
the queue to the network interface and then sent out over the air channel. The
packet is copied and delivered to all network interfaces at the time the first bit of
the packet begins to arrive at the interface in the physical system. Each network
interface marks the packet with properties of the receiving interface and then
invokes the broadcast model.

2)Topology of mobile node

-A mobile node is a basic nsNode object with additional functions such as

movement, the ability to transmit and receive on a channel allowing it to be used to
create mobility, simulating a wireless environment. The MobileNode class is
derived from the base class Node. MobileNode is a split object. The mobility
features including node movement, periodic location updates, maintaining
topology boundaries, etc. are implemented in C++, while the network elements in
the MobileNode itself (such as classifiers, dmux, LL, etc.) Mac, Channel, ...)

-A definite adhoc-routing agent that creates a network stack consisting of a link

layer, an interface queue, a MAC layer, and a network interface with an antenna,
using the radio broadcast model, links between components and connect the stack
to the channel.

3)Moblie node’s movement creation on MANETs

-Mobilenode is designed to move in 3D space. However, so far the 3rd dimension

(Z) is not used, that is, the mobilenode is assumed to always move on a plane with
Z = 0. Then the mobilenode has X, Y, Z coordinates (= 0) is continuously adjusted
as the button moves. There are 2 mechanisms for creating motion in mobilenodes.
In the first method, starting from the location of the node and the destinations of
those nodes can be explicitly set. Control directives are usually in a separate
migration script file

-The initial location and destination for a mobilenode can be established using the
following APIs:

$node set X_ <x1>

$node set Y_ <y1>
$node set Z_ <z1>
D.Create protocol entities and traffic generators

Communication network models

-The communication models simulated in NS3 include two types of traffic
generators and simulated applications. Communication generators use the UDP
protocol to send packets, and simulation applications use the TCP protocol.

-There are four types of traffic generators: exponential, pareto, CBR and file trace
traffic generators.

+Exponentially distributed traffic generator: generates traffic according to an

exponential on/off distribution. During the “on” period, packets are sent at a fixed
rate, and during the “off” period no packets are sent. In addition, the on and off
times are distributed according to an exponential distribution. Packets have a
constant size. The exponential traffic generator is configurable to act as a Poisson
process.
+Parero distributed traffic generator: generate traffic according to Pareto on/off
distribution.This distribution is similar to the power on/off distribution, the only
difference being the on and off time periods taken according to the Pareto
distribution. These sources can be used to generate combined traffic representing
dependencies.
+Evenly distributed traffic generator - CBR: generates traffic at a specified rate
determined. The packet size is constant. In addition, a number of random
oscillations are performed between the starting intervals of the packets.
+Trace file traffic generator: generates traffic according to a trace file that
determines the time to transmit and stop transmitting packets and other parameters
based on data obtained from the real network, recorded in the trace file. .
E.Create motion patterns following templates

-In AD HOC network simulation, migration patterns play a very important role.
They need to accurately represent the possible contexts of the network and help
determine the correct performance of the protocols before being implemented in
practice. For wireless networks, two types of migration models are used, the trace
model and the synthetic model. Trace models are patterns of movement observed
in the real system. Trace models provide accurate information, especially when
they involve many participants and the observation period is long enough.
However, with the new network environment, AD HOC networks are not easily
traceable. In this case it is necessary to use synthesize models.

-Synthesize models attempt to represent the behavior of mobile nodes without

resorting to a trace model by statistically describing node movements. Each node is
assigned an algorithm to randomize the movement. The network migration pattern
is the set of migrations from applying the migration model to one or more nodes.
Two typical migration models that emulate AD HOC networks are the Random
Waypoint and the Random Walk.

*General diagram of simulation:

V)WIRELESS CHANNEL

A.PARAMETERS OF WIRELESS CHANNEL

-BANDWIDTH (Unit: KHz/MHz): The space allowing how much amount of
data should be transferring. Higher the bandwidth the more will data transfer and
receiving rate.
-ARIER FREQUENCY (Unit: KHz/MHz): In telecommunications, a carrier
wave, carrier signal, or just carrier, is a waveform that is modulated with an
information-bearing signal for the purpose of conveying information. \

B.TWO TYPES OF WIRELESS CHANNEL

-Communication channel means a physical transmission medium. Channels is
used to convey an information signal. A defining characteristic of the mobile
wireless channel is the variations of the channel strength over time and over
frequency. The variations can be roughly divided into two types:
+ Large-scale fading, due to path loss of signal as a function of distance
and shadowing by large objects such as buildings and hills.
+ Small-scale fading, due to the constructive and destructive interference of
the multiple signal paths between the transmitter and receiver.

Large-scale Fading

Small-scale Fading
C.FREE SPACE MODEL & GROUND REFLECTION MODEL
-Path loss can be expressed as the ratio of the power of the transmitted signal
to the power of the same signal received by the receiver, on a given path.
-Two-way model also called as two path models is widely used path loss model.
The free space model described above assumes that there is only one single path
from the transmitter to the receiver.
-In reality, the signal reaches the receiver through multiple paths

D.SHADOWING & SCATTERING EFFECT

-In real life scenarios we have obstacles, so that the receiver is at the same
distance from the transmitter, but in a different location is experiencing much
weaker received signal level.
-The effect happens when there is a large object such as a building or a hill
“blurring” the main radio path between the receiver and the transmitter. This
is known as shadowing.
-Scattering occurs when a wave impinges upon an object with dimensions,
causing the reflected energy to spread out or “scatter” in many directions.
-Small objects such as street lights, signs, & leaves cause scattering
E.TIME-INVARIANT CHANNEL IMPULSE
-Is a transmission channel, in which, there is no motion between transmitter
and receiver.
-Both the impulse response and the transfer function of the channel are time
independent. The channel impulse response is a sequence of impulses received at
the receiver when the transmitter transmits a Dirac impulse.
F.COHERENCE BANDWIDTH
-If the stability frequency bandwidth of the channel is much larger than the
bandwidth of the system,the channel is defined as non-frequency selective
channel.
-If the stability frequency bandwidth of the channel is much smaller than the
bandwidth of the system,the channel is defined as frequency selective channel.
G.WIRELESS CHANNEL MODELING
-AWGN noise is a noise that affects the transmitted signal when it passes
through the channel. It contains a uniform continuous frequency spectrum over a
particular frequency band
-Rayleigh Fading: When no LOS path exists in between transmitter and receiver,
but only have indirect path than the resultant signal received at the receiver will
be the sum of all the reflected and scattered waves.
H.AWGN CHANNEL
AWGN channel is a basic noise model used in information theory to mimic the
effect of many random processes that occur in nature

Gaussian PDF of AWGN

J.RAYLEIGH FADING CHANNEL
Rayleigh fading model considers the fading is caused by multipath reception.
Rayleigh fading model assumes that the magnitude of a signal that has passed
through transmission medium will vary randomly according to a Rayleigh
distribution. There are many objects in the environment that scatter the radio
signal before it arrives at the receiver and no dominant LOS propagation between
the transmitter and receiver

Gaussian PDF of Rayleigh Fading Channel

_Rayleigh model= scatter signal+reflected signal

My implemented code and results is same zip.file with my report for this progress
VI) IMAGE TRANSMISSION THROUGH WIRELESS
CHANNEL (IMPLEMENT ON JUPYTER NOTEBOOK)

A)SCHEMATIC OF SYSTEM

B)EACH PART OF DESIGN

1)QPSK: _QPSK has twice bandwidth efficiency of BPSK since

two bits are transmitted in a single modulation
_The phase of the carrier takes on one of for equally spaced
value such as π/4, 3π/4 ,5π/4 ,7π/4, where each value of
phase corresponds to unique pair of message bits

QPSK Transmitter

QPSK Receiver
*QPSK modulator and demodulator :

QPSK modulation output

=> [0, 3, 1, 2, 0, 3, 2, 1]

*In our design:

-First, we open image and convert it to input image and open it with gray
scale to evaluate filter:
 Input image Output of first stage

Const QPSK modulation

-QPSK real and imaginary plot:

-Encoding bit symbol by QPSK modulation and get the result:

-Generate nosie of transmitter interference:

*Overview of Gaussian Noise Channel:
 Mutual information over an AWGN channel for different input distributions.

Simulated symbol error rate performance of M-PSK modulation over AWGN channel

Given a specific SNR point to simulate, we wish to generate a white Gaussian noise
vector of appropriate strength and add it to the incoming signal. The method
described can be applied for both waveform simulations and the complex baseband
simulations.SNR (γ) refers to γb = Eb/N0 when the modulation is of binary type (example:
BPSK). For multilevel modulations such as QPSK and MQAM, the term SNR refers
to γs = Es/N0.

Simplified simulation model for awgn channel

Complete simulation model for a communication system with AWGN channel

-Get the modulated data stream by modulated the encoded symbol array

2)Capsulate modulated data for packets to transmit:

 -The data will be sent in packets which are small chuck of data sliced
from the original data we want to send
-The packets we are going to create will consist of two main part:
header and payload( the data that we want to send)
-Packets my images capsulated: 11685
3)Sending packing, receiving packets and equalizing them

We use MMSE equalizer since:

-It is linear equalizer
-Its function to minimize the
difference(error) between modulated
signal data at previous stage and
output signal of equalizer
-Can evaluate the transmission
coefficient of channel based on auto-
correlation and correlation

-Modulated header data:

[-0.71+0.71j -0.71+0.71j 0.71-0.71j -0.71-0.71j -0.71-0.71j -0.71-0.71j -0.71-0.
71j 0.71-0.71j]

-Error:

4)Take the transmitted image and get ideal ouput:

6)Actual output of transmission(so much nosie at received image, test
with another image with small size the ignore out of index of image
after transmitted):

6)Evaluate output(ideal) by histogram equalizer:

*Note use some filter for output after QPSK modulator:
VII) EVALUATE IMAGE TRANSMISSION OF MANETs NETWORK AND
WIRELESS CHANNEL

A.MANETs network:

-Mobile wireless networks are generally open to various attacks, such as

information and physical security attacks than fixed wired networks. Securing
wireless ad hoc networks is particularly more difficult for many of the reasons such
as: vulnerability of channels and nodes, absence of infrastructure, dynamically
changing topology and etc. The wireless channel is accessible to both legitimate
network users and malicious attackers. The abstract of centralized management
makes the classical security solutions reliable on certification authorities and on-
line servers not applicable. A malicious attacker can rapidly become a router and
break network operations by deliberately not following the protocol specifications.
-In Mobile ad-hoc network. In order for a node to transmit a message to a node that
is out of its radio range, the cooperation of other nodes in the network is required;
this is called as multi-hop communication. Therefore, each node at the same time
must act both as a host and as a router as well.

b)Wireless channel

-In order to transmit an image through a wireless channel various characteristics

such as reduced propagation time, less power consumption and higher bit rate with
an efficient bandwidth are required for a better image transmission. The bandwidth
restriction of wireless channel demands to reduce the data size of transmitted
image. Reduction of image data size is termed as image compression, therefore
image to be represented in compact format.
-Developing an efficient wireless communication system for image and video
signals other than voice signal is the need for a mobile radio link. Image
transmission through a wireless channel requires an image to be compatible with
the channel characteristics such as bandwidth. The image and video signals
occupies a large space in storage device and takes long time to transmit over a
wireless channel. Compression techniques are used to reduce the redundant data
from an acquired image and make it compatible with channel bandwidth. In this
paper various compression techniques and communication models are analyzed.
Various noises introduced during image acquisition and in channel. These noises
are required to be reduced during image formatting and de-formatting process at
transmitter and receiver respectively.