Tle 8 - Module 1

UNIT 1
Lesson 1: Use Tools, Equipment, and

Paraphernalia
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of this Lesson, you are expected to do the

following:
 identify caregiving tools, equipment, and
paraphernalia applicable to specific job
 use caregiving tools, equipment and
paraphernalia properly
 perform preventive maintenance.
PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
1. Equipment, tools, and paraphernalia are identified
according to their types, functions and classifications.
2. Equipment, tools, and paraphernalia are
determined based on the specified task.
3. Equipment, tools, and paraphernalia are used
properly.
4. Equipment, tools, and paraphernalia are used based
on the task requirement.
1
DEFINITION OF TERMS!
BULB – a rubber which is squeezed to inflate the cuff

CARAFE – a glass pot with a pouring spout
CAREGIVER – a worker who is qualified to provide personal care independently
or with minimal supervision, to children, elderly or people with special needs
(disabilities)
CHESTPIECE – also called the head, contains the diaphragm or bell that vibrates
with sound
CHILD – an individual with age ranging from 0-13 years old
COUNTERTOP – a flat surface on top of a cabinet or display case as in a kitchen
CUFF – a fabric that is wrapped around a patient’s arm
EAR TUBES – attach the earpieces to the main body of the stethoscope
EARPIECES – part of the stethoscope which are placed into the ears and transmit
sounds directly into them
ELDERLY – an individual with age ranging from sixty (60) years old and above
EMULSIFY – the process of combining two liquids that do not normally mix
easily
INFANT – an individual with age ranging from 0- 12 months (1 yr. old)
LEVER – a projecting handle used to adjust or operate a function
PEOPLE WITH SPECIAL NEEDS (Disabilities) – person incapable of
performing specific tasks either physically, mentally, and/or behaviorally.
RECTUM – the end part of the large intestine
RESERVOIR – a receptacle for storing fluid
SUCTION – a force that causes a fluid or solid to be drawn into an interior space
or to stick on to a surface because of the difference between the external and
internal pressures.
TODDLERS – individuals with age ranging from 1-3 years old
TUBING – also called acoustic tubes which connect two ear tubes to the
chestpiece (diaphragm or bell)
VALVE – allows air in to inflate the cuff when the bulb is squeezed, then can be
unscrewed to release the air and remove the cuff.
VESSEL – is a hollow container used to hold liquid
WHIP – is the process of striking something with continual, repetitive strokes
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LEARNING OUTCOME 1
Identify Caregiving Tools, Equipment and Paraphernalia Applicable to the Specific Job
WHAT DO YOU ALREADY KNOW?

Let us determine how much you already know about the tools, equipment, and
paraphernalia used in caregiving. Take this test.
D
B C E
A \
Directions: Match the pictures above with the descriptions below.

Write the letter of your choice on the space provided before each item.
___ 1. It destructs microorganisms in containers.
___ 2. It is a multi-tasking tool used in preparing food.
___ 3. It removes moisture through ventilation.
___ 4. It is used for listening to the action of the heart, lungs etc.
___ 5. It is an instrument for grasping and holding.
WHAT DO YOU NEED TO KNOW?
3
Caregiving Tools, Equipment, and Paraphernalia
One of the most important tasks of a caregiver is to make sure that he/she uses the right
equipment, tool, or paraphernalia that is applicable to a specific job. You, as a future caregiver,
therefore, should be well versed with the different tools and equipment that you will use when
you are already in the health care profession.
A. Tools, Equipment, and Paraphernalia Used in Meal Preparation
Airpot
An air pot is a vessel usually rounded which is used for holding liquid to maintain heat or
coldness.
Blender
A blender is a kitchen and laboratory appliance which is used to mix, puree, or emulsify food
and other substances
Coffee Maker
A coffee maker is an electric countertop appliance that brews hot coffee automatically.
Chopping Board
A chopping board is a flat, wooden, or plastic board where meats or vegetables can be cut.
Electric Knife
An electric knife is a kitchen device which is used for slicing food. It requires less physical effort
than an ordinary knife and makes neater slices.
Electric Can Opener
An electric can opener is a very useful device which is used to open canned goods with ease and
accuracy.
Food Processor
A food processor is a multi-tasking tool which is used to slice, dice, or whip food ingredients.
Food Tongs
A food tongs is an instrument with two hinged or sprung arms for grasping and holding.
Ladle
A ladle is a long-handled spoon with a deep bowl at the end for serving food specially broth or
soup.
Microwave Oven
A microwave oven is an oven that uses microwave to cook or heat food.
Stove
A stove is an appliance in which electricity/gas is utilized to supply heat to be used for cooking
or reheating.
B. Tools, Equipment, and Paraphernalia for Cleaning, Washing, and Ironing
Bottle Sterilizer
A bottle sterilizer is an apparatus which is used in destructing microorganisms in containers like
feeding bottle through boiling.
Broom
A broom is a tool which is used for sweeping dirt. It consists of twigs and bristles bound together
and attached to a handle.
Clothes Hanger
A hanger resembles the shape of a person’s shoulders and is used to hang garments on.
Dishwasher
A dishwasher is a mechanical device for cleaning dishes, eating utensils and pots.
Dryer
A dryer is a machine or apparatus that removes moisture through ventilation or heat.
Dustpan
A dustpan is a handled pan or scoop into which dust is swept.
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Duster
A duster is a cloth or brush which is used in removing dirt and dust.
Flat Iron
A clothes iron is an electric appliance which is used along with an ironing board, to iron or press
clothing, fabric or draperies.
Ironing Board
An ironing board is a long, narrow padded board, often with collapsible supporting legs, used as
a working surface for ironing.
Laundry/Sorting Basket
A laundry basket is a hamper that is used for holding dirty clothes for washing or wet clothes for
drying. It may also be used for sorting clean clothes to be folded.
Vacuum Cleaner
A vacuum cleaner is an electrical appliance which is used for cleaning floors, carpets, and
furniture by suction.
Washing Machine
A washing machine is an electric appliance which is used for washing clothes and linen.
C. Tools, Equipment, and Paraphernalia for Taking Vital Signs
BP Apparatus Aneroid (sphygmomanometer)

An aneroid unit is mercury free and consists of a cuff that can be applied with one hand for self-
testing; a stethoscope that is built in or attached; and a valve that inflates and deflates
automatically with the data displayed on an easy-to-read gauge that will function in any position
BP Apparatus Mercurial (sphygmomanometer)
A mercury-based unit has a manually inflatable cuff attached by tubing to the unit that is
calibrated in millimeters of mercury. During blood pressure measurement, the unit must be kept
upright on a flat surface and the gauge read at eye level.
BP Apparatus Digital (sphygmomanometer)
A digital unit is mercury free and consists of a cuff that can be applied with one hand for self-
testing; a stethoscope that is built in or attached; and a valve that inflates and deflates
automatically with the data displayed on the LCD
Stethoscope
A stethoscope is an instrument which is used for listening to the action of the heart, lungs, etc.,
usually consisting of a circular piece placed against the chest, with tubes leading to earpieces.
Thermometer
A thermometer is an instrument for measuring temperature
HOW MUCH HAVE YOU LEARNED?

I. Directions: Search for the ten (10) different caregiving equipment, tools or paraphernalia
found in this puzzle. Encircle the word/words vertically, horizontally, backward, upward
or downward.
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II. Directions: Identify the tool, equipment, or paraphernalia used in the given specific
tasks.
________________________________1. For sorting clean clothes
________________________________2. For sweeping dirt on the floor
________________________________3. For measuring blood pressure
________________________________4. For removing dirt from the surface of a television
________________________________5. For scooping dust on the floor
III. Directions: Group the following tools, equipment, and paraphernalia according to their
classifications. Write each word in the appropriate box.
Dryer Electric knife Iron
Sphygmomanometer Food Processor Ladle
Ironing board Stethoscope Thermometer
Used for meal preparation Used for cleaning, laundry, Used for taking vital signs
and ironing
HOW DO YOU APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED?

Directions: Compile pictures of the different caregiving equipment, tools, and
paraphernalia. Make a handbook that will be useful for a future caregiver like you.
Provide a summary which presents the equipment, tools, and paraphernalia according to
its classification, use and function.
A sample guide is provided for you.
Name Classification Use Function
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Sample picture of Equipment, tools and Used for cleaning Removes dust
duster paraphernalia for
cleaning, washing,
laundry and ironing
Submitted by: : ___________________ Submitted to: ___________________ Date:

______________
Name of Student TLE Teacher
HOW DO YOU EXTEND YOUR LEARNING?

Directions: Make a list of the different tools, equipment and paraphernalia that may be
found in your home. Identify the function of each and determine whether or not this can be
used in a health care environment.
Tools, equipment, Functions Can these be used in a health care

and paraphernalia environment?
LEARNING OUTCOME 2
Use Caregiving Tools, Equipment, and
Paraphernalia Properly

I. Directions: Write True if the statement is correct, or False if it is incorrect.
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___________1. Infrared thermometers are commonly called laser thermometers. ___________2.
Temperatures are bodily functions that reflect the body’s state of health and are easily
measurable.
___________3. The first step in washing clothes is sorting them according to color and type of
garment.
___________4. Iron should cool down before storing.
___________5. When measuring the client’s temperature, it is not important for the caregiver to
wash his/her hands because he/she does not come in contact with the client’s bodily fluid.
II. Directions: Encircle the letter of the best answer.
1. What is the balance between heat produced and heat lost in the body?
a. pulse rate b. body temperature c. respiratory rate d. blood pressure
2. This type of thermometer uses mercury and, therefore, is considered unsafe to use.
a. ear thermometer b. infrared thermometer
c. digital thermometer d. clinical thermometer
3. Which of the following is not proper when operating a blender?
a. operating a blender in a dry, flat surface
b. plugging the blender first before putting the pitcher onto the base
c. choosing the setting appropriate for the specified task
d. placing all the parts of the blender in their appropriate places before operating it
4. The kind of temperature when the thermometer is placed under the armpit.
a. oral temperature b. rectal temperature c. axillary temperature d. none of the
above
5. These should be checked before ironing as some fabrics need special care instructions.
a. labels of the garments to be ironed b. pleats and pockets of skirts
c. collars and sleeves of shirts d. pants’ waistbands
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Operating Caregiving Equipment, Tools and Paraphernalia
Now that you have successfully identified the different equipment, tools, and paraphernalia
used in providing health care, it is a must that you master the proper utilization of each. As
an efficient and dependable caregiver, you must learn the procedures in operating them,
since you will be expected to use them in your particular job.
Common Equipment in Meal Preparation

A. Blender
1. Choose a flat, dry surface on which to operate your blender.
2. Make sure that all the parts are placed in their appropriate places before operating.
3. Put the pitcher onto the base and plug the blender.
4. Place the ingredients in the pitcher and put the lid on firmly.
5. Start operating by choosing the setting appropriate for the task you are going to do.
6. You may add food or ingredients through the secondary lid while the blender is running.
7. Clean the blender after use.
B. Coffee Maker
1. Fill the carafe with water according to the number of cups of coffee you need to make.
2. Pour the water from the carafe into the reservoir of the coffee maker, and place the carafe back
into position.
3. Place a coffee filter into the filter basket. The amount of coffee you'll need to add depends on
how strong or weak your clients like it. Then, add the coffee into the filter using a spoon.
4. Turn on the coffee maker and wait for your coffee to brew.
Electric Can Opener

1. Plug the electric can opener into an outlet.
2. Lift up the lever that raises the cutting wheel into the air. Place the lip of the can under the
wheel. Put the lever down and press hard enough so that the wheel gets into the can.
3. Turn on the opener while holding the bottom of the can and it will automatically turn as the
wheel slices through the can.
4. Remove the can from the opener when it reaches the end and you feel a slight drop of the can.
The lid will remain attached to the magnet on the opener and the can is ready to dump.
5. Unplug the opener from the outlet
Food Processor
1. Remove the food processor from its box container.
2. Place it on a stable, flat surface.
3. Plug it on the electrical outlet safely.
4. Remove the cover and put the food ingredients to be processed.
5. Put back the cover and turn on the processor to start with the procedure.
6. As soon as you have reached the desired size or texture for your food ingredients, remove the
cover and pour the ingredients into your bowl or plate.
7. Unplug the food processor and clean it based on the manufacturer’s instructions
Microwave Oven
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Microwave oven is a very useful tool specially during mealtime, but you should exercise special
care when using it to cook or reheat food to ensure that it is prepared safely.
Microwave Oven Cooking

 Position evenly the food items in a covered dish. You may add some liquid if necessary. Cover
the dish with a lid or plastic wrap, but make sure not to cover it completely to let steam come
out. The moist heat that is created will help destroy harmful bacteria and ensure uniform
cooking.
 It is better to cook large cuts of meat on medium power for longer periods than on high power.
This way, heat reaches the center without overcooking outer areas.
 Mix or rotate food midway through the microwaving time. This is important so as to eliminate
cold spots where harmful bacteria can survive, and for more even cooking.
 When partially cooking food in the microwave oven to finish cooking on the grill or in a
conventional oven, it is important to transfer the microwaved food to the other heat source
immediately. Never partially cook food and store it for later use.
 Use a food thermometer or the oven's temperature probe to verify the food has reached a safe
minimum internal temperature. Cooking times may vary because ovens vary in power and
efficiency. Always allow standing time, which completes the cooking, before checking the
internal temperature with a food thermometer.
Microwave Defrosting
 Remove food from the package before defrosting. Do not use foam trays and plastic wraps
because they are not heat stable at high temperatures. Melting or warping may cause harmful
chemicals to migrate into food.
 Immediately after defrosting meat and poultry in microwave oven, they should be cooked since
some areas of the frozen food may begin to cook during the defrosting time.
Bottle Sterilizer
1. Place the recommended amount of water as specified in the manufacturer’s instructional
manual. Then, plug in the unit.
2. Place the bottle upside down (use the prongs to support them individually). Place the nipples,
nipple rings and caps in such a way that they do not touch each other. Either prop them between
the lower prongs, or place them on the supplied surface.
3. Cover the sterilizer and turn on the unit. Sterilization typically takes about 10 minutes with an
automatic cycle that raises water temperature to a sufficient level to kill off any bacteria (212
degrees Fahrenheit). Once this cycle ends, the unit automatically begins to cool. Some models or
units will not allow you to open the cover until the cooling cycle is completed.
4. Unplug the unit.
5. Remove the feeding bottles from the sterilizer.
6. Clean the sterilizer based on the manufacturer’s specifications
Common Equipment in Cleaning, Laundry, and Ironing
Flat Iron
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1. Check the label of every garment before ironing. This is necessary as some fabrics need
special care instructions.
2. Unfold your ironing board near the outlet. Plug in your iron and choose the appropriate setting
based on the material of the clothes you are ironing.
3. Preheating the flat iron should be done before starting. You will have to wait about 2-5
minutes to let the iron warm up.
4. Stretch the garment across the ironing board to make sure it is flat.
5. Run the iron over one part of the garment such as the hem just to be sure that it is not too hot.
6. Move the iron over the pants, blouse, or shirt and take note of pleats and pockets. For the
shirts, start with the collar next to the sleeves, and then the shirt itself. For pants and shorts, start
with the inside then the outside of the pants starting from the waistband down. Generally, skirts
and dresses are ironed from the top to the hem. If there are pleats, iron from the bottom and work
upward with fast strokes. Each pleat should be pressed individually. Hang each garment that you
have ironed to keep it from wrinkling again.
7. Unplug the iron and allow the unit to cool before storing it.
Washing Machine
1. The very first step in washing is sorting the clothes of your client. Separate white and light-
colored from dark-colored clothes. Also, they should be sorted according to their material. Wash
clothes with heavy fabrics together and clothes with light fabrics together.
2. Put detergent into the washing machine. Let the detergent go to the bottom of the washing
machine.
3. Put the clothes loosely into the washing machine.
4. Load the laundry as high as the manufacturer specifies or to the top row of holes in the tub.
5. Close the lid and choose the setting of the washing machine according to what you are
washing.
6. Turn on the machine. Let the unit work through all of the cycles. Wait for the machine to turn
off before you unload the washed laundry.
7. Load the next batch of clothes and do steps 5 and 6 again until you are done with the laundry.
8. Turn off and unplug the unit.
Common Equipment in Taking the Vital Signs
When caring for an infant, toddler, child, elderly or person with special needs, measuring the
vital signs is of utmost concern. This is also a concern of your client. Hence, he/she has the right
to know her vital signs.
This module will walk you through the basics of taking two of the important measurements.
As you learn the different processes, you will also get your hands on the crucial pointers
necessary in obtaining an accurate reading. But first, let us talk about vital signs. Vital signs are
bodily functions that reflect the body’s state of health and are easily measurable: body
temperature, pulse rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure. In some cases, the fifth vital sign is
considered to be the pain that a person experiences.
Thermometer
Body temperature is a measurement of the amount of heat in the body. The balance between heat
produced and heat lost is the body temperature. The normal adult body temperature is 37 degrees
Celsius. There is a normal range in which a person’s body temperature may vary and still be
considered normal. Take a look at these normal ranges of body temperature:
Oral : 36.4 to 37.2 degrees Celsius
Rectal : 37 to 37.8 degrees Celsius
Axillary : 35.9 to 36.7 degrees Celsius
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The following are the different types of thermometers:
Clinical thermometer may be inserted either into the rectum through the anus (rectal
temperature), into the mouth under the tongue (oral or sub-lingual) or armpit (axillary
temperature). It is made of glass with a narrowing above the bulb so that the mercury column
stays in position even when the instrument is removed. The use of this type is now being
eradicated as the mercury content is dangerous to people.
Digital thermometer may be inserted into the mouth under the tongue, under the armpit or into
the anus. This thermometer displays the reading in the LCD. This type of thermometer does not
use mercury which is hazardous to humans. That is why more and more people are using it now.
Also, using this is simple, quick and effective.
Ear digital thermometer measures the heat coming from the eardrum. This release of heat is
converted into a temperature and displayed on an LCD. It is very easy to use this. You just have
to place the tip in the ear of a person, press the button and in a few seconds, the measurement is
seen on the LCD.
Infrared thermometer with laser pointer measures temperature using thermal radiation emitted
by the body. It is also called laser thermometer if a laser is utilized to aid in aiming the
thermometer. Others call it non-contact thermometer because of its ability to measure
temperature from a distance. It provides temperature reading without physically touching the
object. All you have to do is aim at the object (as in the forehead), pull the trigger and
immediately, you can see the temperature reading on the LCD.
Using a Digital Thermometer (mouth)

1. Wash your hands and take the thermometer from its holder.
2. Clean the probe (pointed end) of the thermometer with rubbing alcohol or soap and then rinse
it in cool water.
3. Inform the client that you are going to take his temperature orally.
4. Ask the client to wet his/her lips and pick up his tongue.
5. Place the thermometer under the client’s tongue on one side of his/her mouth. Ask him/her to
close his/her lips. (You may have to hold the thermometer specially if your client is sick and
weak enough to even hold the thermometer with his/her lips.)
6. Leave the thermometer in place until the thermometer signals it is finished. When it beeps, it
signifies that it can be removed.
7. Remove the thermometer carefully and read the temperature on the digital display.
Clean the tip of the thermometer with a cotton ball soaked in alcohol. Put the thermometer’s tip
cover. Place the thermometer in its container.
8. Record the reading and wash your hands.
Using a Digital Thermometer (armpit)

1. Wash your hands and take the thermometer from its holder.
2. Clean the probe (pointed end) of the thermometer with rubbing alcohol or soap and then rinse
it in cool water.
3. Inform the client that you are going to take his temperature under the armpit.
4. Place the thermometer under the client’s armpit. (You may have to hold the thermometer
specially if your client is very sick and weak that he/she cannot even hold the thermometer with
his/her armpit.)
5. Leave the thermometer in place until the thermometer signals it is finished. When the
thermometer beeps, it means that it can be removed.
6. Remove the thermometer carefully and read the temperature on the digital display.
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Clean the tip of the thermometer with a cotton ball soaked in alcohol. Put the thermometer’s tip
cover. Place the thermometer in its container.
7. Record the reading and wash your hands.
BP Apparatus
Another important measurement that you should learn to take is the blood pressure. Blood
pressure is the force of the blood pushing against the walls of the blood vessels. The heart
contracts as it pumps the blood into the arteries. When the heart is contracting, the pressure is
highest. This pressure is what we know as the systolic pressure. Now, as the heart relaxes
between each contraction, the pressure decreases. When the heart is at its most relaxed state, the
pressure is lowest. And we call this diastolic pressure. The following steps will help you measure
blood pressure accurately.
1. Wash your hands and prepare the equipment you will use.
2. Introduce yourself and let the patient/client know the procedure to be done.
3. Sanitize the earpieces of the stethoscope with an antiseptic pad.
4. Ask your client to rest quietly. Have him/her lie down or sit on a chair whichever is more
comfortable for him/her.
5. If you are using a mercurial apparatus, the measuring scale should be within the level of your
eyes.
6. Expose the arm of your client by rolling the sleeves up. Have your client’s arm from the elbow
down to rest fully extended on the bed or the arm of a chair.
7. Unroll the cuff, loosen the screw and squeeze the cuff with your hands to remove air
completely.
8. Wrap the cuff around your client’s arm above the elbow, not too tight or too loose.
9. Find your client’s brachial pulse at the inside of the elbow. Hold the diaphragm there and
inflate the cuff until the pulse disappears. Take note of the reading and immediately deflate the
cuff. This is the client’s approximate systolic reading and is called the palpated systolic pressure.
10. Place the stethoscope’s earpieces into your ears and place the diaphragm on the brachial
pulse.
11. Turn the screw to close it. Inflate the cuff until the dial points to 30 mm above the palpated
systolic pressure.
12. Turn the screw to open it. Let the air escape slowly until the sound of the pulse comes back.
Take note of the calibration that the pointer passes as you hear the first sound.
This indicates the systolic pressure.
13. You have to continue releasing the air from the cuff. When you hear the sounds change to
something softer and faster and disappear, take note of the calibration. This is now the diastolic
pressure
14. Deflate the cuff complete. Remove it from the arm of your client and record the reading on
the client’s chart.
15. Wipe the earpieces of the stethoscope with an antiseptic pad and place the equipment back to
their proper place and wash your hands.

Directions: Encircle the letter of the best answer.
1. When an adult client asks you about his/her vital signs, your best answer would be:
A. ―I am only allowed to report them to my superior.‖
B. ―Your temperature is 37 degrees orally; your blood pressure is 128/70, and your respirations
are 24. Is there anything more that you would like to know sir/ma’am? ‖
C. ―Oh, they are not that important. There is no need for you to know about it.‖
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D. ―Even if I tell you sir/ma’am, you will not understand them.‖
2. The fifth vital sign is
A. blood pressure B. pain C. temperature D. respiration
3. This appliance is useful especially at mealtime.
A. blender B. food processor C. microwave oven D. electric can opener
4. This uses a magnet so that the lid will remain attached to it.
A. blender B. coffee maker C. microwave oven D. electric can opener
5. When the heart is contracting, the pressure is highest. This is called the
A. blood pressure. B. systolic pressure. C. heart pressure. D. diastolic pressure.
HOW DO YOU APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED?

Activity 2.1
Directions: Watch the following videos by following the links provided. Work with a
partner and answer the questions that follow.
Video No. 1
1. What is the video all about?

2. What are the three most important steps you have seen in the video? Explain your answer.
3. Do you think the caregiver handled her client well? Why do you think so? Can you cite
situations that would prove that the caregiver handled her client well?
Video No. 2

2. What are the three most important steps you have seen in the video? Explain your answer.
3. What are the advantages of using the equipment shown in the video? Cite three (3)
advantages.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S648xZDK7b0&feature=fvsr
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HHosKND-kZk&feature=fvsr
Activity 2.2
Directions: You will be provided with five (5) equipment, tools or paraphernalia. Prepare
them for use by identifying and demonstrating the function of each. You must get 100%
accuracy. Students with the score of 9 and below are required to perform again the
activity.
Complete the table below in a separate sheet of paper.
Equipment, Functionality
Task to be Function of the
tool or Remark
undertaken equipment, tool or Functiona
paraphernal Defective s
paraphernalia l
ia to be used
For mixing,
Prepare
puree or
apple and Blender
emulsifying
banana
food and other
smoothie
substances
Sterilize Sterilizer  For destroying
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feeding Microorganisms in
bottles containers
Iron shirt Iron and For pressing
and pants of ironing clothes
the client board
Take Thermo
For measuring
temperature meter
temperature
reading
Open a Electric
For opening a
canned good can
canned good
for the client opener
How Well Did You Perform?

STUDEN
SCORIN
ACCURACY (100%) T’S
G
SCORE
Identified and demonstrated the function of 5 equipment, tools,
10
or paraphernalia
7
or paraphernalia
5
or paraphernalia
3
or paraphernalia
2
or paraphernalia
Failed to identify and demonstrate the function of any of the
1
given equipment, tools, or paraphernalia
15
Lesson 2: Practice Occupational Health and
Safety
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
following:
 Identify hazards and risks
 Evaluate and control hazards and risks
1. Workplace hazards and risks are identified.
2. Hazards, risks and their corresponding indicators
are identified in the workplace.
3. Effects of hazards are determined.
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ASSESS – to determine the value or extent of something

CONTAMINATE – to make unclean through contact
CRUCIAL – significant to the solution of a problem
DISCARD – to put away or throw away
DOUBLE-BAGGED– a technique of putting contaminated items/things in a
plastic bag and then placing the closed bag into another plastic bag
FUSE – a device used for protecting an electric circuit
POTENTIAL – capable of growth, development and coming into being
RESPIRATOR – an instrument that supplies oxygen for breathing
LEARNING OUTCOME 1 :
Identify Hazards and Risks
I. Directions: Write True, if the statement is correct, or False, if it is incorrect.
1. __________Too much bending and reaching is an example of physical hazard.
2. __________Psychological hazards happen when a worker’s environment becomes stressful.
3. __________Observing the nursing home environment is one of the ways in determining health
problems in the workplace.
4. __________Accidents happen because people are not mindful of their environment.
5. __________Too much lifting of heavy loads does not result in injury.
II. Directions: Determine the type of hazard a worker is exposed to, based on the
description given in each item. Unscramble the letter by placing the correct letter sequence
in the shaded boxes to come up with the correct answer for each number.
1. repetitive and forceful movements
R O G I M C E N O
2. spillages of toxic materials

H A L E C M C I

L O B G I I O C L A

H I Y S C A P L

P C O S Y H O L A G I C L
What Do You Need To Know?
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HAZARDS AND RISKS
Hazard is anything that may cause harm to an individual, such as chemicals, electricity, open
drawers, and inadequate ventilation.
Risk is the possibility that somebody could be harmed by these and other hazards and the
indication of how serious the harm can be.
Occupational Health and Safety

Occupational Health and Safety is the campaign and maintenance of the well-being of workers
in every occupation. It talks about providing a safe working environment to achieve an injury-
free workplace and a healthy atmosphere that protects every worker against illness. As an effect,
it may also protect co-workers, family members, clients, and other members of the community
who are affected by the workplace environment.
Types of Hazards
A. Physical hazards are the most normal occurrences in workplaces. They are usually easy to
detect, however, very often are neglected because people are too accustomed to them.
Another reason may be due to lack of knowledge or people do not see situations as hazards.
Examples of physical hazards that a caregiver may be exposed to:
 Electrical hazards: Even in day care institutions or nursing homes where care should be
of utmost concern, improper wiring and frayed cords may still go unnoticed. Misuse of
electrical equipment also happens in any type of work environment.
 Endless loud noise: If one is going to work in a nursing home, frequent noise from
patients who are suffering from depression is definitely a hazard.
 Spills on floors or tripping hazards: There are times when even the caregivers
themselves do not mind spills on floors. This, definitely, poses hazard to everyone.
Some of the Effects of Physical Hazards

 Fire  Decreased efficiency
 Annoyance  Falls
B. Biological hazards come from working with animals, people or infectious materials. This is,
therefore, one of the most common hazards that a caregiver faces. If one is working in a day
care, hospital, hotel laundry, nursing home, laboratories, he/she may be exposed to biological
hazards.
Examples of physical hazards that a caregiver may be exposed to:
 blood or other body fluids  fungi
 bacteria and viruses  contaminated wastes
Some of the Effects of Biological Hazards
 infections  skin irritations
 allergy  Tuberculosis
 AIDS
C. Ergonomic hazards occur when a caregiver’s nature of work, body position and working
conditions put pressure on his/her body. It is difficult to spot this type of hazard, because
caregivers do not immediately notice the effect to their bodies. At first, sore muscles may be
experienced. But long term exposure to this type of hazard can cause musculoskeletal problems.
Examples of ergonomic hazards that a caregiver may be exposed to:
 performing tasks that require lifting heavy loads
 too much bending and reaching
 standing for long periods of time
 holding body parts for long period of time
 awkward movements, especially if they are repetitive
 repeating the same movements over and over
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 Some of the Effects of Ergonomic Hazards
 pain in the shoulders
 back injury
 too much impact on wrist and hands
 numbness in some parts of the body
 muscle cramps
D. Chemical hazards are present when a worker is exposed to any chemical preparation in the
workplace in any form (solid, liquid or gas). There may be chemicals which are safe, but some
caregivers who are sensitive to solutions may cause skin irritation, illness or breathing problems.
Examples of chemical hazards that a caregiver may be exposed to:

 liquids like cleaning products  disinfecting solutions
Effects of Chemical Hazards

 Lung diseases  Difficulty in breathing
 Allergy
E. Psychological Hazards take place when a caregiver’s work environment becomes stressful or
demanding.
Examples of psychological hazards that a caregiver may be exposed to:
 ―Burn out‖, fatigue and on call duty
 Unreasonable expectations from patients or clients
 Verbal abuse form dissatisfied clients
 Unreasonable expectations from supervisors and management.
Some of the Effects of Psychological Hazards

 Depression  Anxiety
 Loss of confidence  Loss of concentration at work
 Deterioration of performance at work
Recognizing Hazards and Risks in the Workplace

Hazards and risks vary from one workplace to another. Even in day care or nursing homes where
work routines may be the same, hazards will differ depending on the type of building the
establishment is situated, and the attitudes of caregivers, clients, or employers.
The good news is hazards and risks can be prevented! However, before thinking about what
control measures are needed, first a caregiver has to know whether there are health and safety
problems in his/her workplace. So, how can someone identify the hazards in the workplace? The
following are some ways for a caregiver to determine health and safety problems:
1. A caregiver should observe the workplace.
2. A caregiver may examine complaints from his/her co-workers.
3. A caregiver should check accident records.
4. A caregiver should examine chart on results of inspections done by the employers or private
organizations.
5. A caregiver may use checklists and inspect the workplace.
6. A caregiver may study reports or any other vital information about the nursing home.
In a nutshell…
Nursing home and day care institution services are of great value to everyone. As such, owners
of these establishments are highly reliant on their staff, particularly the caregivers, for the
delivery of safe, efficient and responsive service. It is, therefore, the responsibility of the
management to ensure a safe and healthy work environment. Every caregiver, on the other hand,
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should also take part in determining the hazards and risks in the workplace in the attainment of a
conducive organizational climate within the nursing home or day care he/she is working for.
How Much Have You Learned?

1. __________Occupational hazards and risks can be prevented.
2. __________Hazard is the possibility that somebody could be harmed by these and other
hazards and the indication of how serious the harm can be.
3. __________Performing repeated movements in the workplace are an example of biological
hazard.
4. __________Occupational health and safety is the promotion of health and safety of every
working man.
5. __________Every caregiver should take part in determining the hazards and risks in the
workplace.
II. Directions: Match the word in Column A with that of the description in Column B.
Write the letter of your choice in the space provided in each item.
Column A Column B
______ A. It is anything that may cause harm to an
Biological hazard
1. individual.
______ B. The type of hazard that is usually the easiest
Hazard
2. to spot.
______ C. It comes from working with infectious
Risk
3. materials.
______ D. The indication of how serious the harm can
Occupational health and safety
4. be.
______ E. The promotion and maintenance of the well-
Physical hazard
5. being of workers
How Do You Apply What You Have Learned?
Directions: For you to be able to understand more the concepts about hazards and risks, do
this interactive online activity by following the link below:
http://www.safework.sa.gov.au/contentPages/EducationAndTraining/ActivitiesAndTests/Hunt
TheHazards/hunt.htm
Try to identify the hazards in every scene by dragging the given solution situated at the right side
of the scene. If in case you will find it difficult to find the hazards, you can ask for help by using
the ―indicate hazards‖ button. You will definitely enjoy this as you go through each scene. Also,
you will acquire additional knowledge about hazards and risks. So what are you waiting for?
Take pleasure in searching for the different hazards that may be seen in the workplace.
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Directions: Watch these videos by following the links that follow. Then, answer the
questions direct to the point. Write your answers on a sheet of paper. Use additional sheet
if necessary.
A. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UWSPIHGiuFs&feature=related

2. Have you seen any hazard or risk in the video? What are these?
3. Do you believe the caregiver handled her task well as seen in the video? Defend your answer.
B. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nvldyOyv--0
1. What does the video tell about the potential threats of chemotherapy drugs to health care
workers?
2. What will be the role of a caregiver or a health care worker in this type of possible hazard?
How Do You Extend Your Learning?
Directions: Walk around your house and list down 10 possible hazards and risks that you may
find. Explain why these things that you have identified or listed pose danger to the members of
your family. Follow the format given.
Possible hazard/risk Reason/s why it poses danger to me
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LEARNING OUTCOME 2 :
Evaluate and Control Hazards and Risks
1. __________Human wastes should be discarded in the street.
2. __________Every time a risk assessment is done, details should be recorded.
3. __________Engineering control is the best control measure for hazards and risks.
4. __________Appliances may be turned on at the same time to save time and effort on the part
of the caregiver.
5. __________A wet mask is not considered contaminated.
II. Directions: Match the picture with that of the description below.
Write the letter of your choice in the space provided in each item.
A B C D
_____ 1. It protects a caregiver’s clothing from contamination.

_____ 2. It is used to protect the hands from contamination.
_____ 3. This may be used when gown is not available.
_____ 4. It is used to avoid droplets of saliva from reaching other people.
EVALUATING AND CONTROLLING HAZARDS AND RISKS

Once you recognize a hazard in the workplace, then you can proceed with risk assessment, that is
focusing on the risks that really matter in the workplace. Evaluating hazards and risks is the
process of determining the level of risk created by the hazard and the likelihood of injury or
illness occurring. Most of the time, simple measures can be done, with no trouble, to control
risks. An example of this is making sure that cabinet drawers are kept closed so that people do
not trip.
Needless to say, the concern for control increases as the recognized level of risk increases.
A person identifying the risk of harm or injury from a hazard in a nursing home or day care
should consider these questions:
 how likely it is that a hazard will cause harm;
 how serious that harm is likely to be;
 how often (and how many) workers are exposed.
It is a must that you have a record of every risk assessment done. If a certain accident or damage
happens again, it might be that you will trace back the original records to check if the assessment
overlooked a potential hazard. Assessing or evaluating the hazards and risks is crucial in making
a decision on the mode of control to be used.
CONTROL HAZARDS AND RISKS
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It is possible that workplace hazards can be controlled by a variety of methods. Of course, the
very reason why hazards should be controlled is to prevent workers from being exposed to
occupational hazards. Hazard control comes in different processes. But one method may be more
effective than the others.
When we speak of controlling hazards and risks, it means settling on the measure that will solve
the trouble most successfully. There are five major categories of control measures: elimination,
substitution, engineering controls, administrative controls and personal protective equipment.
1. Eliminating a hazard means removing it completely.
2. Substitution is replacing or substituting a hazardous agent or work process with a less
dangerous one.An engineering control may mean changing a piece of machinery (for example,
using proper machine guards) or a work process to reduce exposure to a hazard.
4. An administrative control may mean working a limited number of hours in a hazardous area
is an example of an administrative control (for example, job rotation)
5. Personal Protective Equipment includes ear and eye protection, respirators and protective
clothing.
Obviously, the best method of controlling hazards and risks is through elimination. That is to
take away or to get rid of the hazard. However, more often than not, this is not possible. So,
employers make use of any of the remaining control measures. The general rule is that the use of
personal protective equipment (PPE) should be the last alternative in controlling hazards and
risks in a workplace. Although it is said that the best method of control measure is through
elimination of hazards, a very good technique for a safe and healthy environment is through the
utilization of a combination of methods.
PRACTICAL WAYS TO PREVENT HAZARDS AND RISKS

A Closer Look at Electricity
 As common sense dictates, you have to ensure that all electrical equipment you use is in
good condition.
 Check electrical cords and make sure they are not frayed.
 Your hands should be dry before attempting to use any electrical equipment.
 Do not attempt to change fuses unless you know what you are doing.
 Do not turn on all appliances at the same time just because you want to save time.
Use of Personal Protective Equipment

Caregivers should religiously abide by the following to prevent biological hazards from
happening:
 Wear gown that is long enough to cover your clothing. Because the outside of the gown is
considered contaminated, this should not be touched when it is removed. A gown that is wet is,
of course, considered contaminated also. A caregiver should wear a clean gown every client care.
In case the gown is not available, apron should be worn to mask clothing during client contact.
 Masks should fit comfortably over the nose and mouth. The same with a gown or apron, a
wet mask is considered contaminated. The front of the mask is also contaminated.
Masks should not be worn around the neck. For each client contact, a clean mask should be used.
 Gloves should be used when issue on contamination is present. Also, when a caregiver has
open wound on the hands, it is a must that he/she use gloves. The outside of the gloves should
not be touched when removed as this is considered contaminated.
Disposal of Health Care Wastes

In order to reduce the burden of disease, health care wastes should be managed appropriately.
Whether a caregiver is working in a hospital, a day care, or even at home, proper discarding of
medical wastes should be of great consideration.
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Human waste products. Obviously, these wastes should be flushed down the toilet without
delay and should not be discarded in the street or in any public places.
Blood and bloody fluids. These must be removed right away. It is best if they can be directly
flushed down the toilet. If clothes are contaminated, they should be washed separately using hot
water and should be dried. Dressings with blood need to be double-bagged in plastic and
disposed of based on existing community or local rules.
Needles (sharps). Sharps should be kept in a container which is not easy to pierce like metal
(coffee can). Some items may be kept while some should be discarded right away. It is advisable
to discuss with the supervisor for the best disposal method.
Medical equipment. If the equipment is contaminated, it should be thrown away. It is ideal that
the equipment be double-bagged and disposed of based on the existing regulations in the
community. Also, this should be discussed with the immediate supervisor as to whether or not
the said equipment can be kept or should be disposed of already.
Proper Handwashing
As you touch people, tables, chairs, books, sinks, handrails, and other objects and surfaces, there
is a possibility that you contaminate your hands. The germs that have accumulated when
touching things may be the means for you to get sick and spread illness to others. The
importance of hand washing comes in. It is by far the best and simplest way to prevent germs
from spreading and to keep the people around you from getting sick. Though it is said that hand
washing is the first line of defense against the spread of illnesses, you should be aware of the
proper way of doing it. Otherwise, you may just be wasting your time doing it because you do
not really wipe out what should be eliminated.
Put a Stop to Ergonomic Hazard

Efficient control measures are now being utilized by employers to avoid ergonomic hazards
among health care workers. Manual handling of patients, for example, has become less stressful
due to some paraphernalia being used that facilitate the task. Adjustable height work stations,
improved tool design, and adjusted work pace are now part of a worker’s life.
Unfortunately, ergonomic hazard effects continue to happen. Why? At times, the workers
themselves invite these hazards due to the wrong way they do their tasks.
In a nutshell…
CAREGIVERS’ ACCOUNTABILITY
A caregiver has to have a sense of duty for her own health and safety at work. He/She has the
responsibility, therefore, to follow safety instructions in the workplace. In addition, he/she has to
use tools, equipment and paraphernalia with care. When hazards or injuries happen, the caregiver
must report the same to the person in charge or directly to the immediate supervisor. Although a
health worker’s concern primarily focuses on his/her safety, he/she has to take all reasonable
care not to put other people at risk. After all, a caregiver gives care not only to the client but also
to co-workers, supervisors, and the people within the working environment.

_______ 1. Twisting the body when doing a task is important to avoid ergonomic hazard.
_______ 2. Proper hand washing is the first line of defense against the spread of illness to other
people.
_______ 3. A wet gown is considered contaminated.
_______ 4. The best method of control measure is through substitution.
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_______ 5. Providing improved tools and equipment to workers to prevent hazard is an example
of engineering control.
II. Directions: Give an example for each type of control measure.

1. Elimination
2. Substitution
3. Engineering control
4. Administrative control
5. EPP

Directions: Do this interactive online activity by following the link provided to you.
http://www.safework.sa.gov.au/contentPages/EducationAndTraining/ActivitiesAndTests/
VirtualKitchen/vkitchenframe.htm
Part of a caregiver’s work is to prepare meal for a client. Therefore, moving around in the
kitchen becomes a common experience. This activity will test how well you have learned from
this module. You will enter the world of the kitchen and examine the environment for possible
hazards. You will then be given a situation which you need to think about. Choices will be given
and you must choose the best possible control measure.
Directions: Work with a partner and study the situation given. Then, answer the questions
that follow:
Case Study:
On December 20, 2011, Velanie Lopez was working in the kitchen to prepare an apple-
watermelon smoothie for her client. Paper towels or floor mops were not in sight. When she left
the kitchen, another caregiver named Rafael went inside to prepare a meal. The next day, Velanie
found out that Rafael was brought to a hospital.
Situation:
The blender which Velanie used on December 20 was found in the kitchen still plugged in the
outlet. There was a spill on the floor which seems to be a fruit shake.
The Accident:
After Rafael finished his client’s meal, he hurriedly went out of the kitchen moving his way
through the floor where the spill was situated. He badly fell on the floor and heavily bumped his
head to it.
Questions
1. What do you think were the reasons which caused this accident to happen?
2. How could this misfortune have been prevented?
3. Who is to blame in this scenario, Velanie or Rafael? Defend your answer.
Lesson 3: Use of Nail Care Tools and

Equipment
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
following: 25
 Prepare the necessary tools and equipment for
PERFORMANCE STANDARDS:
 Tools and equipment are prepared based on
salon procedure and policies.
 Tools and equipment are identified and checked
according to task requirements
 Tools and equipment are used according to task
requirements.
 Safety procedure of using tools and equipment
are observed.
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Bevel - a term in manicuring and pedicuring that means to shape the edge of
something
Dispose of - to throw away
Hygiene - the science concerned with maintaining good health and cleanliness
Implements - articles or tools used in manicuring that are durable
Infection - a condition caused by a germ or a pathogen
Pathogen - a microbe or microorganism such as a virus, bacterium, prion, or
fungus that causes disease
Sterilization - a term referring to any process that eliminates (removes) or kills all
forms of microbial life
Radiation - a process in which energy is transmitted in the form of waves or
particles that can be used to destroy micro-organisms
Disinfectant - an agent, such as heat, radiation, or a chemical, that destroys,
neutralizes, or prevents the growth of disease-carrying microorganisms Antiseptic
- a substance, milder than a disinfectant, that prevents the growth and
development of micro-organisms
Cuticle - the nonliving epidermis that surrounds the edges of the fingernail or
toenail
Moisten - make wet or damp
Nail bed - the portion of the skin upon which the nail plate rests
Effleurage - a French word meaning "to skim" or "to touch lightly on", is a series
of massage strokes used in Swedish massage to warm up the muscle
Spa - a beauty care service where curative minerals are present for beautification
Hand Spa - a beauty care service using natural oils, vitamins and minerals, having
curative effect to the body
Paraffin - a waxy white or colorless solid hydrocarbon mixture used to make
candles, wax paper, lubricants, and sealing materials
Foot Spa - a beauty care service offered by salons to relax and moisturize the feet
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LEARNING OUTCOME 1
Prepare the Necessary Nail Care Tools and Equipment for the Specific Nail Care Activity

Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Encircle your answer.
1. A tool that is used to push back or loosen the cuticles.
a. Cuticle remover b. Nail File c. Cuticle nail pusher d. Emery board
2. An implement that is used to shape the free edges of the nail with the coarse side and bevel the
nail with the finer side.
a. Nail Cutter b. Nail Trimmer c. Nail File d. Nail Buffer
3. The equipment which is used to sanitize or kill bacteria or micro-organisms in metal
implements.
a. Hand Spa Machine b. Solvent c. Buffer d. Sterilizer
4. The implement with pointed and rounded ends to remove excess polish.
a. Orangewood Stick b. Nail Buffer c. Nail File d. Emery board
5. The electronic gadget which is used to soothe pain of arthritis, muscle spasms and dry skin of
the hands.
a. Sterilizer b. Hand Spa Machine c. Foot Spa Machine d. Manicure Table
6. It is used to: smooth out ridges on the nails , give nails a healthy shine and remove any surface
stain.
a. Sterilizer b. Nail file c. Buffer d. Orangewood stick
7. A type of volcanic rock used to remove callouses.
a. Foot spa basin b. Pumice stone c. Foot spa tray d. Cotton
8. It is a wheeled cart that is pushed by hand and used for transporting manicuring and
pedicuring tools and materials.
a. Trolley b. Manicure tray c. Supply tray d. Foot file
9. It is an organic compound used as sanitizer in nail salons.
a. Base coat b. Alcohol c. Top coat d. Cuticle solvent
10. It is a clear polish applied to the nail plate before the application of colored polish.
a. Base coat b. Alcohol c. Top coat d. Cuticle solvent
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NAIL CARE TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT
A. TOOLS are the articles used in any nail care service which are durable or permanent and are
hand-held. Tools are also referred to as implements.
The tools commonly used in giving manicure and pedicure are the following:
Callous Remover is a tool designed to strip off calluses and corns.
Cuticle Nail Pusher is a tool used to push back and loosen the cuticles.
Cuticle Nipper is an implement used to cut the cuticles. Cuticle Scissor is an implement to cut
stubborn cuticles.
Finger or Manicure Bowl is a small bowl used for soaking the fingers to soften the cuticles.
Foot file is made of metal or sandpaper, with a rough file on one side to remove calluses and a
fine file on the other to smoothen the feet.
Foot Spa Basin is a large rectangular container used for bathing and soaking the feet when
giving a pedicure.
Manicure Tray is a flat container where all the necessary tools and implements are placed for
use by the manicurist.
Manicure Nail Brush is a plastic handled brush with nylon bristles used to clean dirt and
cosmetic residue from the nail surface and skin.
Mixing bowl is a small open-top, rounded cup-like container used for mixing the aromatic oils
and other fluids for the hand or foot spa.
Nail Buffer is an implement used for smoothening and polishing the nails.
Nail Cutter / Nail Clipper / Nail Trimmer is a hand tool made of metal used to trim fingernails
and toenails.
Nail File is an implement used to shape the free edges of the nail with the coarse side and bevel
the nail with the finer side.
Orangewood Stick is an implement with pointed and rounded ends to remove excess polish.
Pedicure Nail Brush is a tool used to remove cosmetics and cleanse nails.
Plastic Container for Cotton is a small receptacle where cotton balls are put
Pumice Stone is a type of volcanic rock, which is actually frothy lava solidified to form a porous
rock to remove dry and annoying skin of the feet as well as calluses.
Supply Tray is a flat container that holds the necessary cosmetics and implements.
Trolley is a wheeled cart that is pushed by hand and used for transporting manicuring and
pedicuring tools and materials.
B. MATERIALS are the cosmetics and supplies that are consumed and should be replaced from
time to time. They are also called consumables.
The following are the materials used in giving manicure, pedicure, hand and foot spa:
Alcohol is an organic compound used as sanitizer.
Antiseptic Solution is an agent that reduces or prevents the multiplication of micro- organisms.
Apron is an outer protective garment that covers primarily the front of the body to protect
clothes from dirt or stains.
Assorted Colored Nail Polish is a lacquer applied on fingernails and toenails to decorate and/or
protect the nail plate.
Base Coat is a clear layer of polish applied to the nail plate before the application of colored
polish to smoothen surface for color and promote healthier nails.
Benzalconium Chloride is a yellow-white powder prepared in an aqueous solution used as
surface disinfectant and topical antiseptic.
Bleaching Soap is a soap formulated to whiten the skin.
29
Cling Wrap is a thin plastic film used for sealing the paraffin during a hand spa.
Cotton is a soft white downy fiber for dubbing or cleaning the nails and removing nail polish.
Cuticle Oil is a mixture of fats and waxes containing lanolin and petroleum base to soften and
lubricate the skin around the nails.
Cuticle Remover is a liquid used to soften nail cuticles and prepare them to be cut.
Disinfectant is an agent, such as heat, radiation, or a chemical, that destroys, neutralizes, or
prevents the growth of disease-carrying microorganisms.
Emery board is a wooden, sand paper-like stick with a fine texture on one side and a coarse
texture on the other side used to gently grind down the edges of the nails.
First Aid Kit is a collection of supplies for use in giving first aid.
Foot Blush is a liquid spray that contains peppermint and alpha hydroxyl acids derived from
fruits that whisks away dead skin cells, deodorizes and soften the feet, giving it a pinkish glow
after use.
Foot Soak is an herbal blend to relax, energize, soothe and deodorize the feet.
Foot Scrub is a mixture of natural ingredients to keep feet soft, smooth and moisturized.
Garbage bins/bags are plastic disposable bags or trash receptacles used to contain rubbish to
keep the place clean.
Hand Towel is an absorbent cloth for drying the hands.
Lotion is any of various cosmetic preparations that are applied to soften the skin.
Manicure pillow is a hand cushion that helps a client to keep her hands steady and relaxed.
Nail Hardener is a liquid applied to the nails to form a protective barrier to prevent chipping,
peeling and splitting of nails.
Nail Polish Remover (Acetone) is an organic solvent used to dissolve old polish on nails. Quick
Dry is a liquid applied to colored nail polish to dry faster
Solvent is a substance used to thin out the nail polish when it has thickened.
Toe Nail Separator is a soft material where toes are inserted to keep them apart to prevent a
freshly painted toenail from staining another toe.
Top Coat is a clear nail polish applied to the nails after the colored polish to protect it from
scratches and chips, it makes nails harder and keep them looking shiny.
Towel is an absorbent cloth for drying the hands and feet. Wet Sanitizer is a substance or
preparation for killing germs.
C. EQUIPMENT are the items which are more or less durable and permanent needed for a
particular activity or purpose.
These are the equipment and furniture or fixtures that are used in a salon:
Chairs are seats with back support which have four legs and some have rests for the arms.
Foot Spa Machine is an electronic gadget used for soaking, bathing and massaging the feet
during a foot spa.
Foot Spa Stool is a simple seat with three or four legs designed to provide comfort and elevation
during a foot spa.
Hand Spa Machine is an electronic gadget used to soothe pain of arthritis, muscle spasms and
dry cracked skin of the hands.
Manicurist’s Chair or Stool is the adjustable upholstered seat fitted over a metal or chrome.
Manicure Table is a furniture especially designed for giving manicure. Usually it has a
laminated plastic surface and a drawer for storing materials. It is often fitted with ball casters for
easy mobility
Sterilizer is an equipment in a salon used for sterilizing metal implements to kill micro-
organisms.
Timer is a device that can be preset to start or stop something at a given time.
30
Read the questions carefully. Write the answer on the space provided for each number.
____________________ 1. What do we call the tool that is used to push back or loosen the
cuticles? ____________________ 2. What implement is used to shape the free edges of the nail
with the coarse side and bevel the nail with the finer side?
____________________ 3. What hand tool is made of metal and is used to trim fingernails and
toenails? ____________________ 4. How do we call the implement used for smoothening and
polishing the nails?
____________________ 5. How is a wooden, sand paper-like stick with a fine texture on one
side and a coarse texture on the other side used to gently grind down the edges of the nails
called? ____________________ 6. How do we call the implement with pointed and rounded
ends to remove excess polish?
____________________ 7. What electronic gadget is used for soaking, bathing and massaging
the feet during a foot spa?
____________________ 8. What do we call the equipment in a salon that is used for sterilizing
metal implements to kill micro-organisms?
____________________ 9. How do we call the simple seat with three or four legs designed to
provide comfort and elevation during a foot spa?
____________________10. What electronic gadget is used to soothe pain of arthritis, muscle
spasms and dry cracked skin of the hands?

I. Identification of Tools and Equipment According to Task Requirement
Materials, Tools and Equipment
Tools Materials Equipment
Callous Remover Alcohol Chairs
Cuticle Nail Pusher Antiseptic Solution Foot Spa Machine
Cuticle Nipper Apron Hand Spa Machine
Cuticle Scissor Assorted Nail Polish Foot Spa Stool
Finger or Manicure Bowl Base Coat Manicurist’s Stool
Foot File Benzalconium Chloride Manicure Table
Foot Spa Basin Bleaching Soap Sterilizer
Foot Spa Tray with Handle Cling Wrap Timer
Manicure Tray Cotton
Manicure Nail Brush Cuticle Oil
Mixing Bowl Cuticle Remover
Nail Buffer Disinfectant
Nail Cutter/Clipper/Trimmer First Aid Kit
Nail File Foot Blush
Orange Wood Stick Foot Soak
Pedicure Nail Brush Foot Scrub
Plastic Container for Cotton Garbage Bags/Bins
Pumice Stone Hand Towel
Trolleys Emery board
Lotion
Manicure Pillow
Nail Hardener
Nail Polish Remover
Quick Dry
Solvent
Toe Nail Separator
Top Coat
31
Wet Sanitizer
Instructions:
You are given different materials, tools and equipment. Group all the materials, then all the tools
and the third group, equipment.
II. Procedure:
1. Identify the tools, materials and equipment which are used in giving:
A. Manicure and Pedicure
B. Hand Spa
C. Foot Spa
2. Check the tools, materials and equipment for proper operation as per safety practices.
3. Gather all the materials in the shop or laboratory. Classify all those unsafe for use and mark
“S”; those unsafe for use, mark “U” and those for repair, “R”
How Do You Extend Your Learning?

I. Directions: After learning about the different tools, materials and equipment, with your
own sets of nail care tools, materials and equipment, classify them using the grid below. Do
this on a separate sheet of paper.
TOOLS MATERIALS EQUIPMENTS

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
32
LEARNING OUTCOME 2
Use nail care tools and equipment

Directions: Match the word in column A with its description in column B. Write the letter
of the correct answer on the space provided.
Column A Column B
___1. Emery board a. an electronic gadget that is used in giving foot spa.
___2. Nail buffer b. a tool that is used to give the nail a natural glow
___3. Callous remover c. an implement that is used to bevel and smoothen the nail.
___4. Foot spa machine d. a tool that is used to remove callouses
___5. Cuticle nipper e. it is used to remove nail polish
___6. Cuticle pusher f. it is a soft material inserted to toes
___7. Foot scrub g. It is an implement with pointed and rounded ends used to
___8. Orangewood stick remove excess polish
___9. Acetone h. an implement used to push dead cuticle
___10. Toe nail separator i. it is a mixture of natural ingredients to keep feet soft, smooth
and moisturized

Nail Care, once considered as a luxury for the few or as a mark of distinction between the rich
and the poor, is now within the reach of the general public. In fact, part of a person’s grooming
and a form of inexpensive relaxation is a regular nail care activity – be it manicure, pedicure,
hand spa or foot spa.
The following shows the proper way of holding and handling some nail care tools or
implements and equipment.
MANICURE AND PEDICURE

 Nail File
Hold the file firmly in the right or left hand (as the case may be), with the thumb underneath it
for support and the other four fingers on its upper surface. Place the file slightly under the free
edge and file the nail from corner to center, shaping the nail. Never file back and forth; this
would cause the nails to crack and split. Do not file deep into the corners; this weakens the
nails, hurt the skin and cause ingrown nails.
 Emery Board
It is held in the same manner as the nail file. Bevel the rough surface of the nail using the fine
side to smoothen it. Emery boards are discarded after use on one person.
 Orangewood Stick
It is held in the same manner as in writing with a pencil. To loosen cuticle, work around nail; for
applying oil or solvent, slightly dip the cotton-tipped orangewood stick and work around the
base of the nail; to clean under the free edge of the nail, from the center toward each side, with
gentle pressure so that live tissue at the root of the nail will not be injured.
 Cuticle Nail Pusher
33
It is held in the same manner as in writing with a pencil. The dull spade side is used to push back
and loosen the cuticles. Keep cuticle moist using cuticle remover while working. Use the cuticle
pusher in a flat position to remove dead cuticle adhering to the nail without scratching the nail
plate. In using the pusher, avoid too much pressure to prevent injury on tissues.
 Cuticle Nipper
Pick up the cuticle nipper by the handles and turn the cutting edges towards you; place the bent
tip of the index finger over the top of the shank. Place the thumb on the side of the handle and
the remaining fingers over the opposite handle. Use it with utmost care to remove dead cuticle
and hangnails so as not to injure live tissue
 Nail Cutter
Hold clippers with cutting edges downward between thumb, index and middle finger. Press
clipper handles by squeezing them together and remove excess nail length.
 Nail Brush
Insert the ring finger and pinky in the nail brush handle and brush the nails with a downward
motion from the base to the fingertips to clean the nails and fingers.
 Nail Buffer
Place the thumb and the ring finger under the handle of the buffer while the index and the
middle fingers are on its top and the pinky is on its side. Apply a small amount of powder over
the buffer then buff the nails with downward strokes from the base to the free edge of each
nail until a smooth clear gloss has been obtained. Buffing helps in giving the nail natural gloss
and increases blood circulation to the finger tips. To prevent heating and burning sensation, lift
the buffer from the nail after each stroke.
HAND AND FOOT SPA

 Foot File
Start with the course side of the foot file. Gently slide it back and forth across the ball of your
foot and the bottom the toes. Still with the rough side of the file work mostly on the outside rim
of the heel. Flip the file over and repeat the process with each foot. The fine side will smoothen
the skin and leave it feeling polished.
 Callous Remover
Insert the blade into the callous remover with care. Lay the callous remover on the top thick
part of the callous. Do not lay the blade above the area that is going to be cut, as this may result
in cutting the soft part of the foot, resulting to open wound. Applying light pressure with a
steady hand on the callous remover, gently glide it over the callous. Repeat the process if
necessary until the callous is thinner. Smoothen the callous with a foot file.
 Pumice Stone
After soaking the feet in warm soapy water, use the pumice stone to gently buff away cracked
or dry skin of the feet with a soft, circular motion. Never apply heavy pressure to the pumice for
this can cause sores, open wounds and possible infection.
 Hand and Foot Spa Machine
Make sure that electrical wirings are dry and protected from accidental water spillage. Set the
machine to the temperature that the client can withstand. Learning to use tools and equipment
properly assures you that you will give your client a nail care service safely. You should carefully
follow these tips if you want to achieve quality service all the time.
PPE (Personal Protective Equipment)

Personal Protective Equipment are the garments designed to protect the wearer’s body from
injury or chemicals or for job-related occupational safety and health purposes.
 Glove is a garment covering for the whole hand.
 Smock gown is a loose cloak or robe worn to protect the clothes.
34
 Mask is a protective face covering for hygienic purposes and to prevent the face from
chemical exposure
 Headband is a band of absorbent material worn on or around the head across the
forehead to keep the sweat and the hair off the face.

I. Answer each question briefly.
1. Why should filing be done from the corners to the center of the nails?
2. Why is gentle pressure applied in using orangewood stick?
3. What effect does buffing have on the nails?
4. Why should a cuticle nipper be used with utmost care?
5. What would likely to happen if heavy pressure is applied when using a pumice stone?
After learning how to use the different nail care tools and equipment properly, you will be
shaping the nail using the emery board on your own.
1. Hold emery board between thumb and index finger of the dominant hand.
2. Hold the client’s fingertip between thumb and index finger of auxiliary hand.
3. Position the emery board under the free edge of the nail.
4. Slide emery board across free edge to center of nail edge in one stroke. Work from the
corner to the center of the nail.
5. Place the emery board on the opposite side of the nail and repeat procedure.
6. Repeat until desired shape is achieved.
7. Check nail edge for rough spots. Bevel nail by lightly filing edge downward with the fine side
of the emery board.
When you are finished, check your work and then show it to your teacher for critiquing.
35
LESSON 4
Maintain Tools and Equipment
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
following:
 Check condition of nail care tools and equipment;
 Perform basic preventive and corrective
maintenance; and
 Store nail care tools and equipment.
1. Procedures for sterilization and sanitation of nail care
tools and equipment are followed
2. Non-functional tools and equipment are segregated and
labeled according to classification.
3. Tools and equipment are safely stored in accordance with
salon requirements and local health regulations.
4. Conditions of PPE are checked in accordance with
manufacturer’s instructions
36
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Antiseptic - a substance, milder than a disinfectant, that prevents the

growth and development of micro-organisms
Contaminated wastes - materials which are infected or with some
measure of decay
Disinfectant - an agent, such as heat, radiation, or a chemical, that
destroys, neutralizes, or prevents the growth of disease-carrying
microorganisms
Dispose of - to throw away
Foot Spa - a beauty care service offered by salons to relax and moisturize
the feet
Hand Spa - a beauty care service using natural oils, vitamins and
minerals, having curative effect to the body
Hygiene - the science concerned with maintaining good health and
cleanliness
Implements - articles or tools used in manicuring that are durable
Infection - a condition caused by a germ or a pathogen
Pathogen - a microbe or microorganism such as a virus, bacterium, prion,
or fungus that causes disease
Polythene - a kind of plastic commonly used as grocery bags, shampoo
bottles, children’s toys among others
PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) - protective clothing designed to
protect the wearer’s body from injury or chemicals or for job-related
occupational safety and health purposes
Radiation - a process in which energy in transmitted in the form of waves
or particles that can be used to destroy micro-organisms
Spa - a beauty care service where curative minerals are present for
beautification
Sterilization - a term referring to any process that eliminates (removes)
or kills all forms of microbial life
37
LEARNING OUTCOME 1
Check condition of nail care tools and
equipment

A. Multiple Choice Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answer
on a separate sheet.
___1. It is the process of destroying all living micro-organisms.
a. Sanitation c. Sterilization b. Disinfecting d. Sanitization
___2. It is the process of destroying some, but not all micro-organisms using heat or antiseptics.
___3. It is a substance used to control micro-organisms on non-living surfaces.
a. Antiseptic c. Disinfectant b. Solvent d. Nail Hardener
___4. It is an agent that prevents the multiplication of micro-organisms.
a. Antiseptic c. Disinfectant b. Solvent d. Nail Hardener
___5. It is the application of measures to promote public health and prevent the spread of
infectious diseases.
B. Essay
Directions: Briefly discuss the following questions
1. A strong emphasis is placed on sanitizing all implements and equipment. Why is sanitizing so
important in nail care?
2. Differentiate sanitation from sterilization.

Check condition of tools and equipment It is important to assemble, sanitize and sterilize all the
necessary items before starting any nail care activity. Sanitation is the application of measures to
promote public health and prevent the spread of infectious diseases. The observance of safety
rules in the salon industry can be of great help in preventing accidents and injury to anyone in the
salon.
What is meant by Sterilization? What is Sanitization?
Sterilization is the process of destroying all living micro-organisms. Sanitization is the process
of destroying some, but not all micro-organisms. Sterilization and sanitization techniques which
are being practiced in the beauty salon involve the use of physical agents like heat and radiation;
and chemical agents like antiseptics and vapor fumigants.
What is the difference between disinfectant and antiseptic?
38
A disinfectant is a substance used to control micro-organisms on non-living surfaces such as
tools, equipment, and furniture/ fixtures. An antiseptic is an agent that prevents the multiplication
of micro-organisms. Since it is milder than a disinfectant, it can be used directly on the skin.
Preparation of Equipment to be Sanitized

a. Read directions on disinfectant.
b. Measure and mix disinfectant as directed.
c. Saturate a cleaning cloth with disinfectant solution and wipe entire surface area of equipment.
d. Wipe the surface with paper towel to dry it.
e. Dispose of sanitizing solution and used towels.
Preparation of Metals Implements for Sterilization

a. Soak the tools/ implements in hot, soapy water solution to remove any debris and oil residue.
Rinse them thoroughly.
b. Place the tools/implements in a 70% to 90% alcohol solution for 20 minutes.
c. Remove the tools/implements from solution, wipe them dry, and place them into a dry
sterilizer.
Preparation of the Sanitizing Jar
a. Cleanse sanitizing jar with disinfectant and wipe it dry.
b. Place thin layer of sterile cotton at the bottom of jar.
c. Remove implements from wet or dry sanitizer and place them into the jar, handles up, except
for metal nail files.
d. Fill jar with 70% to 90% alcohol solution to cover cutting edges and tips of orangewood
sticks.
Keep in mind that all tools/implements and equipment should not be used unless effectively
sanitized or sterilized so as to prevent possible diseases and that all materials are neatly
organized on the trolley. All beauticians should maintain a high standard of personal hygiene.
Wherever possible, use disposable products.
Make sure that the client’s safety and comfort is ensured by using tools and equipment which are
in good condition and that he/she is provided with the appropriate personal protective clothing.
Your goal is to give the highest professional nail care service to each client thus, tools and
equipment are checked thoroughly to identify those which function efficiently and those which
are not; Functional tools and equipment are stored safely in accordance with salon requirements
and local health regulations. Non-functional or faulty tools and equipment are segregated and
labeled properly either for repair or for discarding.
After every working session, the following should be done:

a. Tools which are made of plastic should be kept clean and sanitized properly in preparation for
the next patron.
b. Empty bottles and containers are discarded in a covered trash bin.
c. Used treatment products and other chemicals are stored, arranged and properly labeled in the
cabinet.
d. Finger bowls must be sanitized before use of every client.
e. The hand and foot spa machines must be flushed with a solution of about 5% bleach and
circulate the liquid through the system for at least 10 minutes.
f. Leave the solution in the hand and foot spa machines overnight or at least 5-10 hours before
draining the machines so that they are thoroughly sanitized.
g. Table tops and door handles are wiped with disinfectant and the floor should be mopped with
disinfectant as well.
h. Metal tools and instruments must be sterilized following proper sterilization techniques. After
the process, store in a dry cabinet until needed.
39
i. Tools/Implements which are made of porous materials such as nail files, buffers, nail brushes
and orangewood sticks can harbor bacteria easily. Since they are wood products which cannot be
sterilized, these tools should not be reused.
j. Waste materials should be disposed properly in an enclosed waste bin fitted with polythene
bag. The bin should be sanitized with disinfectant regularly in a wellventilated area. Remember
to wear protective gloves while doing this.
k. Contaminated wastes should be disposed off as recommended by local authority.
l. Any tool or equipment in poor condition must be repaired immediately or disposed properly so
as not to pose danger to the clients as well as the beauticians

Directions: Write brief answers to the following questions:
1. How often does a beautician sanitize her hands?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. How can you keep metal tools/implements clean after being sterilized?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. How should waste materials be disposed? How about contaminated wastes?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. Why is it important to observe safety rules in the salon?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
5. When do we say that tools and equipment are in good condition? When do we say that they
are not?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
LEARNING OUTCOME 2
Perform Basic Preventive and Corrective
Maintenance
40
Directions: Supply an appropriate word to make each statement complete. Choose the
answer from the pool below and write it on the space provided.
Water Store Inspect Boil

Enclosed Sterilize Disinfect Sanitary
Laundered Directed
1. _________ metal implements after every use to avoid infection or possible diseases.
2. _________ foot basins after each use with a bleach solution.
3. _________ metal implements once a month in a pot for 10 minutes.
4. _________ sterilized metal instruments in an airtight, zipper-sealed bag to keep them from
being exposed to dirt and bacteria.
5. _________ tools and equipment regularly to identify defective ones.
6. All beauty salons must be well-lighted and ventilated and must be in good_______ condition.
7. Salon establishments must be provided with continuous running hot and
cold___________.
8. All waste materials should be disposed of in an __________waste bin fitted with polythene
bin liner.
9. Each client must be provided with a freshly _______towel.
10. Measure and mix disinfectant as _________.

How can tools and equipment be kept safe, clean and functional?
It is vital to sterilize metal implements, sanitize wooden tools, and disinfect hand and foot spa
machines as well as environmental surfaces before and after each use. Contaminated tools can
cause bacterial and fungal infections that are unsightly, painful and sometimes, fatal. There are
several methods of cleaning and sterilization. Do a cursory cleaning after each nail care service
and deep-clean monthly to keep tools safe and useful all the time.
1. Sterilize metal implements after each use in a hospital-grade disinfectant that is bactericidal,
virucidal, and fungicidal. This disinfectant can be found in beauty supply stores. Immerse the
tools in the disinfectant for 10 minutes.
2. Disinfect foot basins after each use with a bleach solution. Make a 1-to-10 solution by mixing
one part bleach with 10 parts water. Using gloves, rinse the basin with the solution to disinfect. If
necessary, scrub with a detergent to remove any dirt or debris.
3. Use a boiling method of sterilization once a month to disinfect all metal implements.
Designate one pot for sterilization to prevent cross-contamination with food. Submerge the tools
in boiling water for 10 minutes. Drain the tools and allow them to dry.
4. Store sterilized metal implements in an airtight, zipper-sealed bag to keep them from being
exposed to dirt and bacteria. Be sure tools are completely dry before storing them. If waiting
more than a couple of weeks before the next nail care service, sterilize the tools again before use.
5. Inspect tools and equipment regularly to identify defective ones for repair, replacement or
condemnation.
Keeping the Workplace Clean and Safe
1. All beauty salons must be well-lighted and well-ventilated and must be in good sanitary
condition.
2. The salon premises must be free from rodents, vermin, flies or other similar insects.
3. All salon establishments must be provided with continuous running hot and cold water.
4. The curtains and floor coverings in the salon must be washable and kept clean.
41
5. All hair, used cotton or other waste materials must be removed from the floor immediately,
and deposited in a closed container. Get rid of them from the salon premises at frequent intervals.
6. The rest rooms must be well-sanitized and be provided with individual towels.
7. Each beautician must wear a washable uniform while working on clients.
8. Each client must be provided with a freshly laundered towel.
9. All waste materials should be disposed of in an enclosed waste bin fitted with polythene bin
liner, durable enough to resist tearing.

Directions: Enumerate the following:
1. 5 Ways/Means to Keep Tools and Equipment Safe and Functional.
2. 7 Measures in Keeping the Salon Clean and in a Safe State.

Directions:
After learning the proper cleaning procedure of nail care tools and equipment, you are
now ready to clean your own sets of tools and equipment.
1. Clean your metal instruments according to standard procedure.

2. Disinfect your foot basin, finger bowl, foot spa stool, manicurist’s stool, and manicure table.
3. Sanitize your orangewood stick, buffer, foot brush, nail brush.
Present your finished work to your teacher for inspection.
LESSON 5
Practice Basic Nail Design
42
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
following:
 LO1 Identify nail structure and shapes; and
 LO2 Create basic nail designs
1. Nail structure and shapes are identified;
2. Nails are trimmed and varied shapes are applied;
3. Nails diseases and disorders are identified.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Nail - a plate of keratin that lies on the tips of the fingers and toes
Keratin -a sulfur-containing fibrous protein constituting the main structural protein of hard
epidermal tissues, such as horn , hair, feathers, nails, claws, hoofs, and the like.
Dermis - the second layer of skin, it contains blood vessels, nerves, hair roots and sweat glands.
Hyponychium - the epithelium of the nail bed , particularly its proximal part in the region of the nail
root and lunula , forming the nail matrix .
Epidermis - the upper or outer layer of the two main layers of cells that make up the skin. The
epidermis is mostly made up of flat, scale-like cells called squamous cells.
43
Directions:
A. Label the different parts of nail. 3
1. _____________________________
2. _____________________________ 1 4
3. _____________________________
4. _____________________________
5. _____________________________ 2 5
B. Identify the different shapes of nail.
6. ______________________________
7. ______________________________
8. ______________________________
9. ______________________________
10. _____________________________
6 7 8 9 10

Basic Information About Nail
Nail is a plate of keratin that lies on the tips of the fingers and toes. The main purpose of the nail
is to protect the fingers and toes, however, the fingernail also assists with certain physical
activities in daily life.
Below are the diagrams of the nail and its structure.
44
Structures of Nail
1. Lunula - the pearly coloured and crescent shaped is due to the cells being pushed closely
together, the blood capillaries cannot be seen through the lunula because of this.
2. Cuticle - the overlapping epidermis around the nail. It is the transparent skin, which is called
the 'true cuticle that is removed during the manicuring process
3. Free edge -the part of the nail that can be filed and shaped. It is an extension of the nail plate
that overlaps the hyponychium
4. Matrix - the only living reproducing part of the nail. This is situated directly below the
cuticle. New cells form here and continually push towards to produce the nail plate. It also
contains blood vessels and nerves. Blood supply provides the cells with nourishment. If the
matrix is damaged the nail will grow deformed.
5. Nail bed - the part of the nail where the nail plate rests on, also a continuation of the matrix. It
is abundantly supplied with blood vessels and nerves, having numerous parallel ridges which
dovetail exactly with the ridges on the under surface of the nail plate.
6. Nail walls - the folds of skin that overlap the sides of the nail. They hold your nail in place
and protect the nail plate edges.
7. Nail Plate - is visible nail that rests on the nail bed up to the free edge. This is made up from
dead cells and minimum amount of moisture. The nail is semi-transparent – allowing the color of
blood supply of the dermis to show.
Shapes of Nail
The shape of nail conforms to that of finger tips of an individual.
1. Oval nail - this is common among people with long, perfect nail beds. It may be styled
slightly rounded at the base and slightly pointed at the fingertips. Most often this type of nail has
a natural look and looks very good in a short-medium length.
2. Round nail - ideal for shorter nails, the nail is allowed to grow out straight at the sides for
approximately 1.5 mm and then the tip is filed into a rounded shape. This is a strong shape which
is great for those who keep their nails short.
3. Stiletto/ pointed nail - filed away at the sides to a point at the tip; this shape is very weak as
the sides of the nail (which provide the strength) are totally lost
4. Squoval - As above, but followed by squaring off the tip, this gives the nail tip strength over
the oval shape
5. Square nail- The square-shaped nails are the most famous among the nail shapes. It is created
by allowing the nail to grow out straight and then filing the tip straight across at right angles with
the rest of the nail plate.
45
Test 1. ENUMERATION:
Directions: Enumerate the following items listed below.

A. Parts surrounding the nail B. Shapes of nails
______________________ ________________________
______________________ ________________________
______________________ ________________________
______________________ ________________________
______________________ ________________________
______________________
______________________
Test II. FILL IN THE BLANK
Directions: Fill in the blanks with the correct answer.

1. Free edge is the part of the nail that can be filed and shaped. It is an extension of the
_____________ that overlaps the hyponychium.
2 ____________are the folds of skin that overlap the sides of the nail. It holds your nail in place
and protects the nail plate edges.
3. Nail bed is the part of the nail that the nail plate ______________ on, also a continuation of
the matrix. It is abundantly supplied with blood vessels and nerves, having numerous parallel
ridges which dovetail exactly with the ridges on the under surface of the nail plate.
4. Matrix is the only living reproducing part of the nail, this is situated directly below the
___________. New cells form here and continually push towards to produce the nail plate. It
also contains blood vessels and nerves. Blood supply provides the cells with nourishment. If the
matrix is damaged the nail will grow deformed.
5. ____________is a visible nail that rests on the nail bed up to the free edge. This is made up
from dead cells and minimum amount of moisture.
46

Tle 8 - Module 1

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Tle 8 - Module 1

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UNIT 1

Lesson 1: Use Tools, Equipment, and

At the end of this Lesson, you are expected to do the

BULB – a rubber which is squeezed to inflate the cuff

WHAT DO YOU ALREADY KNOW?

Directions: Match the pictures above with the descriptions below.

WHAT DO YOU NEED TO KNOW?

A. Tools, Equipment, and Paraphernalia Used in Meal Preparation

B. Tools, Equipment, and Paraphernalia for Cleaning, Washing, and Ironing

C. Tools, Equipment, and Paraphernalia for Taking Vital Signs

BP Apparatus Aneroid (sphygmomanometer)

HOW MUCH HAVE YOU LEARNED?

HOW DO YOU APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED?

Submitted by: : ___________________ Submitted to: ___________________ Date:

HOW DO YOU EXTEND YOUR LEARNING?

Tools, equipment, Functions Can these be used in a health care

WHAT DO YOU ALREADY KNOW?

II. Directions: Encircle the letter of the best answer.

Common Equipment in Meal Preparation

Electric Can Opener

Microwave Oven Cooking

Common Equipment in Cleaning, Laundry, and Ironing

Common Equipment in Taking the Vital Signs

Using a Digital Thermometer (mouth)

Using a Digital Thermometer (armpit)

HOW MUCH HAVE YOU LEARNED?

HOW DO YOU APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED?

1. What is the video all about?

1. What is the video all about?

How Well Did You Perform?

ASSESS – to determine the value or extent of something

2. spillages of toxic materials

3. spillages of toxic materials

4. spillages of toxic materials

5. spillages of toxic materials

What Do You Need To Know?

Occupational Health and Safety

Some of the Effects of Physical Hazards

Examples of chemical hazards that a caregiver may be exposed to:

Effects of Chemical Hazards

Some of the Effects of Psychological Hazards

Recognizing Hazards and Risks in the Workplace

How Much Have You Learned?

I. Directions: Write True if the statement is correct, or False if it is incorrect.

How Do You Apply What You Have Learned?

1. What is the video all about?

How Do You Extend Your Learning?

Possible hazard/risk Reason/s why it poses danger to me

_____ 1. It protects a caregiver’s clothing from contamination.

What Do You Need To Know?

EVALUATING AND CONTROLLING HAZARDS AND RISKS

CONTROL HAZARDS AND RISKS

PRACTICAL WAYS TO PREVENT HAZARDS AND RISKS

Use of Personal Protective Equipment

Disposal of Health Care Wastes

Put a Stop to Ergonomic Hazard

How Much Have You Learned?

I. Directions: Write True if the statement is correct, or False if it is incorrect.

II. Directions: Give an example for each type of control measure.

How Do You Apply What You Have Learned?

Lesson 3: Use of Nail Care Tools and

WHAT DO YOU ALREADY KNOW?

How Much Have You Learned?

Submitted by: : _ Submitted to: _ Date: