Professional Documents
Culture Documents
GE 15 Week 4 5
GE 15 Week 4 5
BIG PICTURE IN FOCUS: ULO-3. Describe how evolution produces species and discuss
how species interaction shape biological communities.
Below are the essential terms that you are going to encounter in the pursuit of ULO-3.
Describe how evolution produces species and discuss how species interaction shape
biological communities. Again, you advise to frequently refer to these definitions to help
you understand the following topics. I would like to highly recommend familiarizing and
review the previous definition terms for ULO-1. And ULO-2 to connect and comprehend
the basic as well the technicalities that surround the study environmental science in
studying evolution and ecosystems processes and functions.
5. Genetics. A branch of biology which studies genetic traits, its variation, and how
these traits are being passed to an organism from one generation to another.
5.1. Gregor Mendel is known as the father of heredity, who study genetics in the
19th century.
Page | 39
College of Arts and Sciences Education
2nd Floor, DPT Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 118
9.1. It is one of the known modes of feeding behaviors that includes parasitism
and micropredation and parasitoids.
12. Parasitism. A symbiotic relationship between species, where one organism, the
parasite, lives on or in another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is
adapted structurally to this way of life.
13. Keystone species. It is a concept that was introduced by Robert T. Paine in 1969. It
pertains to species relative to its abundance is a disproportionate effect on its natural
environment.
14. Resilience is referring to the capacity to recover quickly from difficulties, toughness.
15. Ecotones. These refer to the area of transition area where ecological or biological
communities meet and integrate.
15.1. It sometimes manifests a sharp boundary line that appears on the ground. It
may be narrow (small) or wide (big) , and it may be local or regional.
Consequently, it blends biological communities across a broad area.
16. Ecological succession is referring to the process of change in the species structure of
an ecological community over time.
16.1. It refers to a more or less orderly and predictable phenomenon or process
experienced in an ecological community. Subsequently, this is also the
initial colonization of a new habitat.
17. Biomes. These refer to a community where plants and animals exist, thrive, and
survive due to similar or shared characteristics in the given environment.
17.1. These can be found over an area of different continents.
17.2. These are formed in response to a distinct physical climate, which results in
the formation of different biological communities, we call it biomes.
18. Marsh is referring to a wetland abundant in the herbaceous type of plant species
instead of woody plant species.
18.1. This wetland forms a transition between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems,
as the location is at the edges of lakes and streams.
18.2. Grasses, rushes, or reeds often dominate them.
19. Swamps. A forested wetland. Swamps are considered transition zones due to the
shared roles of both lands in water in creating this environment.
19.1. This type of environment can be seen in different sizes and is located all
around the world.
Page | 40
College of Arts and Sciences Education
2nd Floor, DPT Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 118
19.2. The water present in this type of environment varies. It can be freshwater,
brackish water, or seawater.
20. Wetlands. These refer to a distinct ecosystem where oxygen-free processes prevail.
This type of environment is regularly or seasonally flood by water.
20.1. These environments differ from other landforms and bodies of water due to
the characteristic vegetation of aquatic plants, adapted to the unique hydric
soil.
21. Estuaries. These refer to a partially enclosed coastal body of brackish water that is
freely connected to the open sea and comes from one or more rivers or streams
flowing into it.
21.1. These form a zone where both river environments and maritime
environments meet, which can also be identified as an ecotone.
To perform the aforesaid big picture (unit learning outcomes) for the first three (3)
weeks of the course, you need fully understand the following essential knowledge that will
be laid down in the succeeding pages. Take note that you are not limited to refer to this
resource exclusively. Thus, you are expected to utilize other books, research articles, and
other available resources in the university library. e.g.,e-library, search.proquest.com, etc.
NATURAL SELECTION
Adaptation and the acquisition of traits that allow a species to survive in its environment
are among the most important biological concepts. Natural selection leads to evolution.
The term can be used in two ways:
1. Genetic traits being transmitted from one generation to another and allow an
organism or individual to survive in the environment. This type of adaptation results
in the costing of many individuals in a population. Subsequently, individual
organisms adapt immediately to the changes in a specific environment known as
acclimation.
2. Another type of adaptation affects populations due to the breakage of a large unit
of individuals creating a smaller group in establishing a colony. For an organism to
survive in a specific environment, genetic traits suitable for survival from one
generation to another.
Page | 41
College of Arts and Sciences Education
2nd Floor, DPT Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 118
LIMITING FACTORS
Anything that constrains or compel a population's size and slows or stops it from
growing. All living things need food, water, shelter, and space to survive. As long as
organisms have all of these things available to them, their population will continue.
However, populations cannot grow forever. Here are the types of limiting factors that affect
population dynamism:
Page | 42
College of Arts and Sciences Education
2nd Floor, DPT Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 118
HABITAT
Page | 43
College of Arts and Sciences Education
2nd Floor, DPT Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 118
learn from their social group how to behave and can invent new ways of doing things when
presented with novel opportunities or challenges.
The idea that “complete competitors cannot coexist” was proposed by the Russian
Microbiologist G. F. Gause (1910–1986) to explain why mathematical models of species
competition always ended with one species disappearing. Two animal species can inhabit
the same ecological niche for a long time, as stated in the competitive exclusion principle.
A niche evolution resource is partitioning a process in which one is efficient than
the other organisms. Partitioning it will allow several species to utilize different parts of the
same support and coexist within a single habitat Species can specialize in time, too.
SPECIATION
Mechanism of Speciation
4. If the small subset of a large population becomes isolated at the periphery of the
original population's range and over generations, the small group becomes
reproductively isolated from the original community—this type of speciation also
known as the founder effect.
6. Sympatric (sym means same, Patric = place) speciation. The species split into
two groups that diversify and become genetically isolated while remaining in the
same place.
Page | 44
College of Arts and Sciences Education
2nd Floor, DPT Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 118
EVOLUTION
It is a process of genetic change from generation to generation, occurring in
populations or higher-order groupings of organisms. Ample evidence from both laboratory
experiments and nature shows evolution at work. Geneticists have modified many fruit fly
properties, including body size, eye color, growth rate, life span, and feeding behavior
using artificial selection. The evolutionary change is also occurring in nature—a classic
example in some of the finches on the Galapagos Islands of Daphne.
https://www.sciencealert.com/that-classic-image-everyone-uses-to-illustrate-evolution-is-just-plain-wrong
On the other hand, evolution sometimes works in our favor. We've spread several
persistent organic pollutants (called POPs), such as pesticides and industrial solvents,
throughout our environment. The best thing to get rid of them is with microbes that can
destroy or convert them to a nontoxic form. It turns out that the best place to look for these
species is in the most contaminated sites. The presence of a new food source has stimulated
the evolution of organisms that can metabolize it. A little artificial selection and genetic
modification in the laboratory can turn these species into handy bioremediation tools.
Page | 45
College of Arts and Sciences Education
2nd Floor, DPT Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 118
TAXONOMY
It is the study of naming, describing, and classifying organisms, including the rules,
theories, principles, and procedures. A Swedish Botanist named Carolus Linnaeus
developed Binomial Nomenclature, a two-word naming system for naming all species on
Earth. The first part or portion of the scientific name is the genus that is always written first
and capitalized, and appears in italics or underlined. The second word of the scientific name
is the species, and appears in italics or using underline. An example is Homo sapien or
Homo sapien. Scientists communicate about species using these scientific names instead
of common names (e.g., lion, dandelion, or ant lion), to avoid confusion. The common name
can refer to any number of species in different places, and a single species might have many
familiar names.
https://byjus.com/biology/taxonomy-biological-classification/
SYMBIOSIS
https://slideplayer.com/slide/6052987/
Page | 46
College of Arts and Sciences Education
2nd Floor, DPT Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 118
Commensalism is a type of symbiosis in which one member benefits and the other
neither harm nor benefit.
COMPETITION
It occurs when organisms of the same or different species trying to use an ecological
resource in the same area and the same period. It is a type of antagonistic relationship
within a biological community. Organisms compete for resources in limited supply, such as
energy and matter in usable forms, living space, and specific sites to carry out life’s activities.
For example, plants compete for the growing area to develop root and shoot systems to
absorb and process sunlight, water, and nutrients. Competition shapes a species
population and biological community by causing individuals and species to shift their focus
from one segment of a resource type to another. There are two types of competitions:
intraspecific and interspecific. Intraspecific competition is a group of the same species
that compete for access to essential resources (food, water, shelter). Interspecific
competition competes between different species.
PREDATION
It is the interaction between two species in which one species, the predator, feeds on
the other species, the prey. It describes interactions that have a positive influence on one
species and a negative impact on the other species. Predation affects species relationships.
Predation is a powerful but complex influence on species populations in communities. It
affects:
KEYSTONE SPECIES
Page | 47
College of Arts and Sciences Education
2nd Floor, DPT Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 118
plants. The keystone species role is grain into interactions of other species, which can be
challenging to unravel. Competitive relationships change due to the use of the keystone
species influence. In some communities, it is possible to call it a "keystone set" of organisms.
COMMUNITY PROPERTIES
PRODUCTIVITY
The rate of biomass production, which is a sign of the conversion rate from solar to
chemical energy of a community, is called primary productivity. Net primary production
is the remaining energy after respiration. Atmospheric temperature, light (wavelengths)
levels, nutrient availability, and moisture are the component that would affect the rate of
photosynthesis. A small percentage of sunlight is needed to produce energy-rich
compounds for the ecosystem. The surface of the leaf reflects around ¼ and ¾ of the light
that reaches it. The light that is successfully absorbed by leaves converting into heat, which
either radiates away or lost through evaporation. Chloroplasts only use around 0.1 to 0.2
percent of the energy consumed to synthesize carbohydrates.
COMMUNITY STRUCTURE
The wind's groves can't destroy the evergreen trees at the topmost part of a
mountain and along the shoreline. They are offering mutual protection from strong winds
not only to each other but also to other organisms finding shelter within them.
Page | 48
College of Arts and Sciences Education
2nd Floor, DPT Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 118
CHARACTERISTICS OF ECOSYSTEMS
There are several fundamental characteristics that ecosystems exhibit. Their structure or
processes can group these characteristics.
Ecosystem Structure. Ecosystems have two major parts: living and nonliving
components. The nonliving part is the physical-chemical environment, including the
local atmosphere, water, and mineral soil (on land) or other substrates (in water). In
contrast, the living part, referred to as the ecological community, is the interaction
of different species.
A lot of biological communities tend to be constant and relatively stable over time.
Stability and resilience produce communities that are resistant to disturbance. On the flip
side, when removing keystone members in a highly specialized, diverse ecosystem can
eliminate other associated species. Diversity is appraised to be essential and received the
right amount of attention. Mainly, the impact of humans on diversity is the primary concern
of ecologists. There are three kinds of stability or resiliency in ecosystems:
Page | 49
College of Arts and Sciences Education
2nd Floor, DPT Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 118
One of the essential aspects of community structure is its partition between one
habitat to another. These relationships are called edge effects. The edge of the land of
habitat is sometimes relatively distinct and sharp. There is a dramatic change when crossing
borders of the woodland patch into grassland or even cultivated fields, from the dark, quiet
forest into a sunny, open space. Ecologists call the boundaries between adjacent
communities ecotones.
DYNAMICS OF COMMUNITIES
Nature of Communities
They argued that both communities and organisms started out being simple and
primitive, slowly maturing until it develops into a highly integrated and complex community
- it is the organismal theory of community. Still, it was opposed by Clements’
contemporary, H. A. Gleason (1882-1975). Gleason saw community history as an
unpredictable process. He argued that species are individual, each establishing in an
environment according to its ability to colonize, tolerate the environmental conditions, and
reproduce. It includes the association of animals and plants of the environment and the
species in the given area.
. Imagine this; it's a time-lapse movie of a busy airport terminal. Passengers arrive
and depart; groups form and dissolve; patterns and assortments which thought to be
significant did not mean much after some time. Gleason proposed in our mindset that
ecosystems are uniformed and stable because our lifetimes are too short. Our geographic
scope is also limited to understand their actual dynamic nature.
Page | 50
College of Arts and Sciences Education
2nd Floor, DPT Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 118
Ecological Succession
One of the most important ecological processes is succession, and its patterns have
many management implications. In any habitat, the history of biological communities is
distinguishable. The method of ecological series reveals that history. Organisms settle
down into an area and cause a change in the environmental conditions.
In primary succession, land free of soil – a sandbar, rock face, mudslide, and
volcanic flow – is found occupied by new living organisms where there used to be
none. The first colonists are pioneer species, mosses, microbes, and lichens since
they can stand up against unfavorable conditions. Primary succession aims to
establish and develop a new ecosystem when one was not present before.
Disrupting an existing community will cause a new community to rise from the
biological legacy of the previous one. This process is called secondary succession.
Both kinds of sequences lead to changes in the environment by altering food
supplies, light levels, soil, and microclimate. Secondary succession is the
reestablishment of a new ecosystem after perturbations. Remnants of the previous
biological community, such as organic matter and seeds, may still be found during
secondary succession.
Patterns in Succession
Succession follows specific general patterns. Ecologists focused on three cases
involving forests when the series was first studied. First, on dry dunes along the shores of
Great Lakes in North America, next was in a northern freshwater bog, and lastly, in an
abandoned farm field.
Introduced Species
BIOMES
Biomes are diverse biological communities where various plants and animal species
share common characteristics for the environment they are thriving in. They are formed in
response to a shared physical climate and on the world's different continents. While these
local communities have distinctive characteristics, they can understand concerning a few
general groups with the same climate conditions, patterns of growth, and vegetation types.
Page | 51
College of Arts and Sciences Education
2nd Floor, DPT Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 118
https://socratic.org/questions/how-do-biomes-change-with-latitude-1
The tropical moist forest supports the world's one of the most complex and
biologically rich biome. These forests do share standard features such as rainfall and
unchanging temperatures. One type of moist forest is the cool cloud forests found in high
mountains where fog and mist provide sufficient moisture for the vegetation. On the other
hand, the tropical rainforest has an abundant rainfall per year (more than 200 cm.) and warm
to hot temperatures all year round.
Page | 52
College of Arts and Sciences Education
2nd Floor, DPT Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 118
Tropical Seasonal
Although the temperatures are hot throughout the year, wet and dry seasons are
the distinct characteristics of many tropical regions. These are the areas that support
drought-tolerant forests that are dormant and appear to be brown during the dry season;
however, they will turn into the vibrant green during rainy months. Tropical seasonal forests
have annual dry seasons but with periodic rain to support tree growth. The trees and shrubs
that grow in these forests are drought-deciduous in which during drought or water is
unavailable, will lose their leaves and cease to grow. Moreover, seasonal forests are often
open woodlands that grade into savannahs.
http://w3.marietta.edu/~biol/biomes/tropdry.htm
Both grasslands and savannahs are areas with too little rainfall to support forests.
However, unlike grasslands, the savannahs have thin tree cover. Like tropical seasonal
forests, most tropical savannahs and grasslands have a rainy season, but typically, rains are
less abundant than in a forest. The plants in these areas have adaptations to survive
drought, heat, and even fires. Many of these plants have long-lived roots that seek deep
groundwater and can persist even the leaves and stems die.
https://grasslandsbiomeproject6.weebly.com/tropical-savanna.html
Page | 53
College of Arts and Sciences Education
2nd Floor, DPT Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 118
Deserts
Deserts occur when rainfall is rare and unpredictable (less than 30 cm) and hot or
cold yet always dry. The vegetation in deserts is remarkably diverse, although sparse. Well-
adapted plants have water-storing leaves and stems, thick epidermal layers to prevent
excessive water loss and salt tolerance. Most desert plants and animals are adapting to
prolonged droughts, and both extreme heat and cold. Whenever spring rainfalls, most of
these plants blossom and rapidly dispose of seeds.
The Dessert of the North”La Paz Sand Dunes”, Ilocos Norte, Philippines.
https://www.vigattintourism.com/tourism/articles/The-Dessert-of-the-North-La-Paz-Sand-Dunes
Temperate Grasslands
https://study.com/academy/lesson/temperate-grassland-biome-climate-plants-animals-locations.html
Page | 54
College of Arts and Sciences Education
2nd Floor, DPT Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 118
Temperate Shrublands
Dry environments can be biologically rich, where they can support drought-adapted
trees, shrubs, and grasses. In Mediterranean areas, hot season coincides with dry season
creating warm, dry summers and cold, moist winters. Dense thickets are forming from
evergreen shrubs with small, leathery, hard, and waxy (sclerophyllous) leaves—a cluster of
shrub oaks, dry-resistant pines, or other small trees in sheltering valleys. Due to fuel-rich
plant assemblage, periodic fires burn ferociously, allowing plant succession and spring
flowers to bloom abundantly. Temperate shrublands or chaparral (Sp. Thicket) have
summer droughts.
Temperate Forests
Boreal Forests
Since conifers can survive winter cold, they tend to limit the existence of
boreal forest or northern forest between about 50° and 60° north. Numerous
qualities and types of boreal forest in the mountainous areas are at a lower latitude
where dominant trees are pines, hemlocks, spruce, cedar, and fir. Boreal forest,
such as taiga (snow forest), known by its Russian name, describe as extreme, and
ragged edge where forest progressively gives way to open tundra. In this area,
extreme cold and short summer limit the growth rate of trees. About 10 cm diameter
Page | 55
College of Arts and Sciences Education
2nd Floor, DPT Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 118
of trees may be over 200 years old in the far north. Boreal forests occur at high
latitudes.
https://depositphotos.com/stock-photos/boreal-forest.html
Tundra
https://alaskaconservation.org/protecting-alaska/priorities/protecting-lands-waters/arctic/
Page | 56
College of Arts and Sciences Education
2nd Floor, DPT Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 118
https://sites.google.com/site/biomesapes/home/tundra/alpine-tundra
MARINE ECOSYSTEMS
The diversity of organism in oceans and seas are no seen effectively. However, they
are also as diverse and complex as terrestrial biomes. The oceans cover three-fourths of the
Earth's surface, and it has an essential role but often unrecognized compared to terrestrial
ecosystems. Most of the marine species depend on photosynthetic organisms the same as
terrestrial animals.
https://sciencing.com/marine-ecosystem-classification-38170.html
Page | 57
College of Arts and Sciences Education
2nd Floor, DPT Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 118
Open Oceans
Coastal Zones
Mangroves are trees that grow in saltwater. They take place along calm,
shallow, tropical coastlines around the world. Swamps help stabilize
shorelines, and they are also significant nurseries for fish, shrimp, and other
commercial species.
Estuaries are bays where river water meets the sea; hence, there is a mixing
of saltwater and freshwater. Salt marshes are shallow wetlands flooded
regularly or occasionally and drained by seawater, usually on shallow
coastlines, including estuaries.
Barrier islands are low, narrow, sandy islands that form parallel to a
coastline. They occur where the continental shelf is shallow, and rivers or
Page | 58
College of Arts and Sciences Education
2nd Floor, DPT Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 118
FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS
Freshwater environments are not that wide as the marine ecosystem, but they are
abundant and center of biodiversity. Most of the terrestrial communities rely relatively on
freshwater habitats. In the desert, isolated pools, streams, and even underground water
systems support astounding biodiversity and land animals with water.
https://ucanr.edu/blogs/blogcore/postdetail.cfm?postnum=28066
Lakes
Like marine environments, freshwater lakes have distinct vertical zones.
Close to the surface, a subcommunity of plankton, primarily microscopic plants,
animals, and protists (single-celled organisms such as amoebae), float freely in the
water column. Some insects may live at the air-water interface such as water strider
and mosquitoes. The fish move through the water column, sometimes close to the
surface and sometimes at depth. Finally, a variety of snails, burrowing worms, fish,
and other organisms occupy the bottom or benthos. They make up the benthic
community. They are reducing the levels of oxygen in the benthic environment,
primarily because there is little mixing to introduce oxygen to this zone. Anaerobic
bacteria (not using oxygen) may exist in low-oxygen sediments. In the littoral zone,
arising of plants such as cattails and rushes grow in the bottom sediment.
Lakes, unless shallow, have a warmer upper layer mixed with wind and
warmed by the sun. This layer is the epilimnion. The epilimnion is the hypolimnion
(hypo = below), a colder, deeper layer that is not combined. You may have found
the sharp temperature limit known as the thermocline between these layers on the
off chance that you have swum in a moderately deep lake. Underneath this limit, the
water is a lot colder. This limit is likewise called the mesolimbic.
Page | 59
College of Arts and Sciences Education
2nd Floor, DPT Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 118
Wetlands are shallow biological systems where the land surface is saturated or
lowered in the late part of the year. Wetlands have vegetation that is adjusted to
develop under saturated conditions. These are shallow and beneficial. These
relatively small systems rich in biodiversity and are essential for both breeding and
migratory birds. Wetlands catch, and often purify industrial and farm wastewater,
while bacteria and plants consume the nutrients and pollutants in the water. Its
biodiversity as wetlands. Wetlands may gradually convert to terrestrial communities
as they with sediment, and as the vegetation slowly fills in towards the center. This
process often accelerated by increased sediment loads from urban development,
farms, and roads.
HUMAN DISTURBANCE
Humans have become dominant organisms over most of the Earth, damaging or disturbing
more than half of the world's terrestrial ecosystems to some extent. The conversion of
natural habitat to human uses is the most significant single cause of biodiversity losses.
Marten. G.G. 2008. Human Ecology: Basic Concepts for Sustainable Development.
Earthscan, USA
Cunningham, W. P., and Cunningham, M., 2010. Environmental Science: A Global Concern.
11th Edition. McGraw Hill, New York.
Botkin, D., and Keller, E., 2011. Environmental Science: Earth as a Living Planet. 8 th Edition.
John Wiley and Sons, USA
Page | 60
College of Arts and Sciences Education
2nd Floor, DPT Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 118
Activity 3.
1. How species and communities evolve? Does evolution significantly influence the
structure of the future community and population structure?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. What is adaptation? How organisms adapt in a pressing environmental situation?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3. Are natural resource have effect on the species composition, structure, and function.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
4. Why speciation happens? How speciation affects biological diversity.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
5. What is ecological succession? Does succession happen in an urban environment?
If yes, how? If no, why?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
6. Why organisms compete? Can competition favors or eliminate biological species.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
7. Differentiate primary succession and secondary succession. What are their
similarities and differences?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
8. What are biomes? Identify and discuss at 3 types of biomes and their significant
features. and How these biomes support biological communities.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
9. Differentiate marine ecosystems from terrestrial ecosystems?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
10. What is coral bleaching? How these phenomena affect biological diversity in marine
ecosystems.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Page | 61
College of Arts and Sciences Education
2nd Floor, DPT Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 118
Activity No. 3. In this activity, you require to elaborate your answer once again to each of
the questions provided below.
2. Identify physical and biological factors that are most important in shaping the biotic
community.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Page | 62
College of Arts and Sciences Education
2nd Floor, DPT Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 118
2. Species interactions are important in the process of natural selection. Through these
processes, the unique set of organisms and environmental conditions will determine
key organisms that can continue to flourish and pass off their genes to their
offsprings, which will be the second line of resilient organisms that will shape a new
set of biological communities.
YOUR TURN
3. ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
4. ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
5. ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
6. ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
7. ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
8. ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
9. ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
10. ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Page | 63
College of Arts and Sciences Education
2nd Floor, DPT Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 118
Q and A LIST
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
KEYWORDS INDEX
BIG PICTURE IN FOCUS: U.L.O. -1. Discuss the distribution, movement, , and fate of
toxins in the environment, explain some principles of toxicology, and summarize their
implications for the agriculture sector.
In this section, the essential terms relevant to the study environmental science ULO-
1 will be operationally defined to establish a standard frame in the field of natural sciences
about the global issues of environmental toxicology. Pollution as well occurrence of global
diseases affecting human health and also the implications of toxic substances to the food
and agriculture sector. You will encounter these terms as we go through environmental
science studies with how people, and development and intimately connected, and the
implications to ecological health and safety. It involves a broader understanding of toxic
and hazardous substances and their corresponding disposal and treatment processes.
Please refer to the definition in case you will encounter difficulty in the knowledge of
environmental science concepts.
Page | 64