BIOLOGY DAY 1 - Bacteria in the body: normal flora

4 basic types of tissues: Normal flora can be harmful during:

1. Connective 1. Immunodeficiency
2. Epithelial 2. Enters areas where it is not
3. Nerve supposed to be
4. Muscle a. CSF (cerebral spinal fluid) is
sterile
Stratified squamous epithelial cell – type i. Can have meningitis
of epithelial tissue in the skin and encephalitis if
normal flora can enter
Thymus – organ that regresses when you
get older Bacteria – have peptidoglycan
- Can form thymoma (tumor)

Neoplasia – new growth

- Depends on the type of tissue
TAXONOMY
Da King Philip Came Over For Green Soup
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order,
Family, Genus, Species
CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS
Archaea
- have membranes of branched
hydrocarbon chains attached to
glycerol
- Cell wall don’t have peptidoglycan
- Not sensitive to antibiotics that affect
bacteria but sensitive to antibiotics
that affect eukarya
 Live in extreme environments:
methanogens (grow in oxygen-
deprived environments), halophiles
- Have ether linkages which is more
stable than ester linkages found in
bacteria and eukarya
o They are able to withstand
high temperatures and high
salt concentrations
Eubacteria
- true bacteria
Eukarya kingdoms:
1. Protista - slime
2. Fungi – sac fungi, club fungi, yeast
(unicellular, cannot grow in room
temp), mold (multicellular, can grow
in room and body temp)
a. Dimorphic – can exist in two
forms in different
temperatures (room temp –
mold, body temp – yeast)
3. Plantae
4. Animalia
a. They don’t have cell walls
b. Do not carry out
photosynthesis
c. Get nutrients by eating
d. E.g., sponges, worms,
vertebrates
Homo luzonensis – discovered in Calao
cave, Tuguegarao
Phylogeny – evolutionary relationships
BIOCHEMISTRY
Carbohydrates
- C, H, O
- General formula: (CH2nO)n
- Polyhydroxylated compounds
- Provide energy via oxidation
reactions for the synthesis of
components
- Able to store energy
 - Serve as structural components
(chitin, cellulose)
Monosaccharides: Glucose, fructose,
galactose
 Chiral carbon - Asymmetric carbon
where four different groups are
attached
o 2n – number of asymmetric
carbons or chiral carbons
Disaccharides: sucrose (glucose + fructose
// non-reducing sugar because it does not
have a free anomeric hydroxyl group),
lactose (glucose + galactose), maltose
(glucose + glucose)
Types of stereoisomers:
1. Enantiomer – mirror images
a. Monosaccharide
i. D form if the
penultimate carbon is
found on the right
ii. L form if the
penultimate carbon is
found on the left
2. Diastereomer
a. Not mirror images
Different sugar derivatives:
1. Glucose family
a. Glucose-6-phosphate (G6P)
i. used in glycolysis
b. Glucosamine – amino sugar
i. Formation for lipids
c. Acetylmuramic acid
d. Subglucoranate
Polysaccharides – mostly non-reducing
- More than 10
Homopolysaccharide – cellulose,
glycogen, chitin, inulin
Starch – alpha-d-glucose
- Has amylose (linear) and
amylopectin (branched and more
common)
Glycogen – similar to amylopectin
- Storage in animals
Inulin – for bowel movements
- For overall digestion
DIFFERENT METABOLIC PATHWAYS
1. Glycolysis – pathway to oxidize
glucose to provide energy as ATP
a. Intermediates other
metabolic pathways
b. aerobic – pyruvate
c. anaerobic – lactate
2. Citric Acid Cycle, Kreb’s Cycle
a. Generate energy through
oxidation of acetate
b. Acetyl CoA formation
c. Rate limiting enzyme:
isocitrate dehydrogenase
3. Gluconeogenesis
a. Glucose is formed from non-
carbohydrate precursors
4. Glycogenesis
5. Glycogenolysis – glycogen to
glucose
Fat-soluble vitamins – A, D, E, K
CLINICAL LIPID CHEMISTRY
Cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene –
nucleus of cholesterol
27 – number of cholesterol
Proteins
- Structure dictates the function
- Amino acid is the building block
linked by peptide bonds (covalent
bond)
o Peptide bond - has a partial
double bond character
  Uncharged and does
not ionize

Collagen - most abundant protein in the

body

Two types of bond:

1. Phi bond – alpha carbon and
nitrogen
2. Psi bond – alpha carbon and the
carbon of the carbonyl group

Denaturation – destroying secondary,

tertiary and quaternary structures without
destroying the primary structure