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ACI 440.5-08

Specification for Construction

with Fiber-Reinforced Polymer
Reinforcing Bars
An ACI Standard

Reported by ACI Committee 440

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First Printing
July 2008
American Concrete Institute ®

Advancing concrete knowledge

Specification for Construction with

Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Reinforcing Bars

Copyright by the American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. All rights reserved. This material
may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other
distribution and storage media, without the written consent of ACI.

The technical committees responsible for ACI committee reports and standards strive to avoid ambiguities,
omissions, and errors in these documents. In spite of these efforts, the users of ACI documents occasionally
find information or requirements that may be subject to more than one interpretation or may be
incomplete or incorrect. Users who have suggestions for the improvement of ACI documents are
requested to contact ACI. Proper use of this document includes periodically checking for errata at
www.concrete.org/committees/errata.asp for the most up-to-date revisions.

ACI committee documents are intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate the
significance and limitations of its content and recommendations and who will accept responsibility for the
application of the material it contains. Individuals who use this publication in any way assume all risk and
accept total responsibility for the application and use of this information.

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Most ACI standards and committee reports are gathered together in the annually revised ACI Manual of
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ACI 440.5-08

Specification for Construction with Fiber-Reinforced

Polymer Reinforcing Bars
An ACI Standard
Reported by ACI Committee 440

John P. Busel Carol K. Shield*

Chair Secretary
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Tarek Alkhrdaji Russell Gentry James G. Korff Andrea Prota

Charles E. Bakis Janos Gergely Michael W. Lee Hayder A. Rasheed
Lawrence C. Bank* William J. Gold Maria Lopez de Murphy Sami H. Rizkalla
Abdeldjelil Belarbi Nabil F. Grace Ibrahim M. Mahfouz Morris Schupack
Brahim Benmokrane Mark F. Green Orange S. Marshall Rajan Sen
Luke A. Bisby Zareh B. Gregorian Amir Mirmiran Khaled A. Soudki
Gregg J. Blaszak Doug D. Gremel* Ayman S. Mosallam Samuel A. Steere III*
Timothy E. Bradberry* Shawn P. Gross John J. Myers Gamil S. Tadros
Gordon L. Brown Jr. H. R. (Trey) Hamilton III Antonio Nanni† Jay A. Thomas
Vicki L. Brown Issam E. Harik Kenneth Neale Houssam A. Toutanji
Raafat El-Hacha Kent A. Harries John P. Newhook J. Gustavo Tumialan
Garth J. Fallis* Mark P. Henderson* Ayman M. Okeil Milan Vatovec
Amir Z. Fam Bohdan N. Horeczko Carlos E. Ospina* Stephanie L. Walkup
Edward R. Fyfe Vistasp M. Karbhari Max L. Porter David White

*Contributing
authors.
†
Task group Chair.
The committee also thanks Nick Carino, Bernard Drouin, and Renato Parretti for their contributions.

This Reference Specification covers construction using fiber-reinforced
polymer reinforcing bars that the Architect/Engineer can make applicable
to any construction project by citing it in the Project Specifications. The
Architect/Engineer supplements the provisions of this Reference Specification
as needed by designating or specifying individual project requirements.
Keywords: concrete; concrete construction; fiber-reinforced polymer
reinforcement; placing; specification; tolerance.
NOTE TO SPECIFIER
This Specification is incorporated by reference in the
Project Specification using the wording in P3 of the Preface
and including information from the Mandatory Requirements,
Optional Requirements, and Submittals Checklists
following the Specifications.
PREFACE
P1. ACI Specification 440.5-08 is intended to be used by
reference or incorporation in its entirety in the Project
Specification. Do not copy individual Parts, Sections, Articles,
or Paragraphs into the Project Specification, because taking
them out of context may change their meaning.
P2. If Sections or Parts of ACI Specification 440.5-08 are
copied into the Project Specification or any other document,
do not refer to them as an ACI Specification, because the
specification has been altered.
P3. A statement such as the following will serve to make
ACI Specification 440.5-08 a part of the Project Specification:
“Work on (Project Title) shall conform to all requirements of
ACI 440.5-08, “Specification for Construction with Fiber-
Reinforced Polymer Reinforcing Bars,” published by the
American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Michigan,
except as modified by these Contract Documents.”
P4. Each technical Section of ACI Specification 440.5-08
is written in the three-part Section format of the Construction
Specifications Institute, as adapted for ACI requirements.
The language is imperative and terse.
ACI 440.5-08 was adopted April 30, 2008, and published June 2008.
Copyright © 2008, American Concrete Institute.
All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any
means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by electronic or
mechanical device, printed, written, or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduction
or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing
is obtained from the copyright proprietors.

440.5-1
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440.5-2 ACI STANDARD
P5. The Specification is written to the Contractor. When a
provision of this Specification requires action by the
Contractor, the verb “shall” is used. If the Contractor is
allowed to exercise an option when limited alternatives are
available, the phrasing “either...or...” is used. Statements
provided in the Specification as information to the Contractor
use the verbs “may” or “will.” Informational statements
typically identify activities or options that “will be taken” or
“may be taken” by the Owner or Architect/Engineer.
CONTENTS
Preface, p. 440.5-1
Part 1—General, p. 440.5-2
1.1—Scope
1.2—Definitions
1.3—Reference standards
1.4—Submittals
1.5—Materials delivery, storage, and handling
Part 2—Products, p. 440.5-2
2.1—Materials
2.2—Fabrication
Part 3—Execution, p. 440.5-3
3.1—Preparation
3.2—Bar placement
3.3—Repair of fiber-reinforced polymer bars
3.4—Field cutting of fiber-reinforced polymer reinforcement
3.5—Concrete placement
Foreword to checklists, p. 440.5-5
Mandatory requirements checklist, p. 440.5-5
Optional requirements checklist, p. 440.5-5
Submittals checklist, p. 440.5-5
PART 1—GENERAL
1.1—Scope
1.1.1 Work specified—This Specification covers cast-in-
place structural concrete reinforced with fiber-reinforced
polymer (FRP) bars except where other provisions are
specified in the Contract Documents.
1.1.2 Work not specified—The subjects covered by ACI
301 are not in the scope of this Specification.
1.2—Definitions
acceptable or accepted—determined to be satisfactory by
the Architect/Engineer.
acceptance—acknowledgment by Architect/Engineer
that submittal or completed work is acceptable.
Architect/Engineer—the architect, engineer, architectural
firm, or engineering firm issuing Contract Documents or
administering the Work under Contract Documents, or both.
dielectric—a substance, such as porcelain, glass, and
most plastics, that is a poor conductor of electricity but an
efficient supporter of electrostatic fields.
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1.3—Reference standards
1.3.1 Reference standards—Standards of ACI referred to
in this Specification are listed with serial designation
including year of adoption or revision, and are part of this
Specification.
1.3.1.1 ACI standards
117-06 Specifications for Tolerances for Concrete
Construction and Materials
301-05 Specifications for Structural Concrete
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440.6-08 Specification for Carbon and Glass Fiber-Reinforced
Polymer (FRP) Bar Materials for Concrete
Reinforcement
1.4—Submittals
Unless otherwise required by Contract Documents, submit
data and drawings specified in 1.4.1 through 1.4.3 for review
and acceptance before fabrication and execution:
1.4.1 Submit the data specified in 1.4.1.1 through 1.4.1.4
unless otherwise specified:
1.4.1.1 FRP reinforcement—Submit FRP bar manufac-
turer’s certified test report.
1.4.1.2 Placing drawings—Submit placing drawings
showing fabrication dimensions and placement locations of
FRP reinforcement and reinforcement supports.
1.4.1.3 Splices—Submit a list of splices and request to
use splices not indicated in Contract Documents.
1.4.1.4 Supports—Submit description of reinforcement
supports and materials for fastening reinforcement not
described in 2.1.3.
1.4.2 FRP reinforcement relocation—When alternatives
are proposed, submit a request to relocate any FRP reinforce-
ment that exceeds specified placement tolerances. Include
new arrangement of reinforcement and justification for new
arrangement.
1.4.3 Inspection and quality control—Submit quality
assurance/quality control program of plant manufacturing
FRP reinforcement unless otherwise specified.
1.5—Materials delivery, storage, and handling
1.5.1 Prevent bending, coating with earth, oil, or other
material, or otherwise damaging the FRP reinforcement.
1.5.2 When handling FRP reinforcement, use equipment
that avoids damaging or abrading the FRP bar. Lift bundles
of FRP reinforcement at multiple pickup points. Do not drop
or drag FRP reinforcement.
1.5.3 FRP reinforcing bars shall be stored above the
surface of the ground on platforms, skids, or other supports
as close as possible to the point of placement. If stored
outdoors for more than 4 months, the FRP reinforcing bars
shall be covered with opaque plastic or other types of cover
that protect the bars from ultraviolet rays.
1.5.4 Prevent exposure of FRP reinforcing bars to
temperatures above 120 °F during storage.
PART 2—PRODUCTS
2.1—Materials
2.1.1 FRP reinforcing bars—FRP reinforcement shall be
deformed, sand coated, or both to provide bond with
concrete unless otherwise stated in the Contract Documents.
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SPECIFICATION FOR CONSTRUCTION WITH FRP REINFORCING BARS 440.5-3

FRP reinforcement shall be the types and sizes required by Table 3.1—Concrete cover requirements for FRP
Contract Documents and shall conform to ACI 440.6-08. reinforcement
2.1.1.1 Permitted damage—The maximum total Specified cover, in.
unrepaired visible damage permitted on each linear foot of Slabs and joists
each FRP bar shall not exceed 2% of the surface area in that Top and bottom bars
linear foot of bar. The depth of the permissible damage shall No. 10 bars and smaller 3/4
not exceed 0.04 in. Formed concrete surfaces exposed to earth and for bottoms bearing on
work mat, or slabs supporting earth cover
2.1.2 Grids and gratings—Premanufactured grids and
No. 5 bars and smaller 1-1/2
gratings are not covered by this Specification. Mat reinforce-
No. 6 through 10 bars 2
ment made of preassembled FRP bars is covered by this
Beams, formed
Specification.
Stirrups, spirals, and ties 1-1/2
2.1.3 FRP reinforcement supports—Use reinforcement Primary reinforcement 2
supports made of dielectric material or, if ferrous, coated Exposed to earth
with dielectric material, including epoxy or another polymer. Stirrups and ties 2
2.1.4 Precast concrete reinforcement supports—Use Primary reinforcement 2-1/2
concrete supports that have a surface area of not less than 4 in.2 Walls
and a compressive strength and durability properties equal to No. 10 bars and smaller 3/4
or greater than the specified compressive strength of the Formed concrete surfaces exposed to
2
concrete being placed. earth or in contact with ground
Footings and base slabs
2.2—Fabrication At formed surfaces and bottoms bearing
2
on concrete work mat
2.2.1 FRP reinforcement—No field fabrication is
At unformed surfaces and bottoms in
permitted except tying of FRP reinforcing bars, field cutting 3
contact with earth
in accordance with the design or placement drawings, or Top of footings Same as slabs
both. Field cutting shall be performed as described in 3.4. Over top of piles 2

PART 3—EXECUTION 3.2.4.1 Use precast concrete reinforcement supports to

3.1—Preparation
3.1.1 When concrete is placed, FRP reinforcement shall be
free of materials deleterious to mechanical bond.
3.2—Bar placement
3.2.1 Tolerances—Place, support, and fasten FRP rein-
forcement as shown on the Project Drawings. Do not exceed
the placing tolerances specified in ACI 117 before concrete
is placed. Placing tolerances shall not reduce cover require-
ments except as specified in ACI 117.
3.2.2 FRP reinforcement relocation—When it is necessary
to move FRP reinforcement beyond the specified placing
tolerances to avoid interference with other reinforcement,
conduits, or embedded items, submit the resulting reinforce-
ment arrangement for approval.
3.2.3 Concrete cover—Unless otherwise specified,
concrete cover for FRP reinforcement shall be as indicated in
Table 3.1. Table 3.1 reports specified concrete cover require-
ments for FRP reinforcement for all exposure conditions
except those required for additional fire protection. For
bundled FRP bars, specified concrete cover shall be equal to
the equivalent diameter of the bundle, but need not be greater
than 2 in., except the specified cover shall not be less than
indicated in Table 3.1. The equivalent diameter of the bundle
shall be computed based on the total area of the bundle.
Tolerances on specified concrete cover shall meet the
requirements of ACI 117.
3.2.4 FRP reinforcement supports—Unless otherwise
permitted, use the reinforcement supports as given in 3.2.4.1
through 3.2.4.7.
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support reinforcement from the ground or a mud mat.
3.2.4.2 Use wire reinforcement supports that are galva-
nized, coated with dielectric material, or made of dielectric
material (including FRP) to support FRP reinforcement.
3.2.4.3 Reinforcement and embedded steel items used
with FRP reinforcement shall be zinc-coated (galvanized) or
coated with nonmetallic materials, or stainless steel or stain-
less steel clad. In the case of carbon FRP (CFRP) bars, zinc
coatings, stainless steel, or stainless steel clad shall not be
used in direct contact with CFRP bars.
3.2.4.4 Use steel wires or dowels coated with dielectric
material or stainless steel when precast concrete reinforce-
ment supports with embedded steel tie wires or dowels are
used with FRP reinforcement.
3.2.4.5 Reinforcement used as supports for FRP rein-
forcement shall be epoxy-coated or made of FRP.
3.2.4.6 In walls, use spreader bars that are epoxy-coated
steel or made of FRP. Proprietary combination bar clips and
spreaders used in walls with FRP reinforcement shall be made
of corrosion-resistant material or coated with dielectric material.
3.2.4.7 Tie wire shall be plastic- or polymer-coated wire.
For applications requiring complete electromagnetic
neutrality, glass FRP (GFRP) bars shall be tied in place using
nylon or plastic wire (zip) ties. Alternatively, thermoplastic
injection molded clips are permitted.
3.2.5 Mat reinforcement—For slabs-on-ground, extend
FRP mat reinforcement to within 2 in. of the concrete edge.
Lap splice edges and ends of FRP mat reinforcement sheets
as shown on the Project Drawings. Unless otherwise specified
or permitted, do not extend FRP mat reinforcement through

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440.5-4
Table 3.2—Minimum radius of prefabricated bends
FRP bar size
No. 3 through 8
No. 9 and 10
contraction joints. Support FRP mat reinforcement during
placing of concrete to maintain specified elevation in the
slab. Do not place FRP mat reinforcement on grade and
subsequently raise into position in concrete.
3.2.6 Splices—Form lap splices as indicated on the Project
Drawings. Mechanical splices for FRP reinforcement are not
permitted.
3.2.7 Field bending or straightening—If the plans require
bent FRP bars, the bends shall be incorporated during bar
manufacture. Field bending or straightening of FRP bars are
not permitted.
3.2.8 Factory-formed bends—Minimum inside bend radii
shall conform to the requirements of Table 3.2. In addition,
the beginning of the bend shall not be closer to the concrete
surface than the minimum diameter of the bend.
3.2.9 FRP reinforcement through expansion joint—Do
not continue FRP reinforcement or other embedded FRP
items bonded to concrete through expansion joints. FRP
dowels that extend through a joint or waterstop shall be
unbonded or bonded to only one side of a joint or waterstop.
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ACI STANDARD
3.3—Repair of fiber-reinforced polymer bars
Minimum inside bend diameter
3.3.1 Damage to an FRP bar resulting in visible fibers
Three bar diameters
(other than at cut ends) or a cut or defect greater than 0.04 in.
Four bar diameters
deep shall be cause for rejection of a bar. Visible damage to
the FRP bars exceeding 2% of surface area per foot of bar
and not resulting in rejection by the Architect/Engineer shall
be repaired. The remedy for a damaged FRP bar shall be to
lap splice a new FRP bar adjacent to the damaged portion
with the appropriate lap length on either side of the damage.
3.4—Field cutting of fiber-reinforced polymer
reinforcement
3.4.1 Field cut FRP reinforcement only when specifically
permitted using cutting methods specified by or acceptable
to the Architect/Engineer. When FRP reinforcing bars are
cut in the field, shear cutting is not permitted.
3.4.2 Cut ends shall be sealed if required by the FRP bar
manufacturer or the Architect/Engineer, and all surface
damage due to cutting shall be inspected by the Architect/
Engineer and repaired.
3.5—Concrete placement
If FRP reinforcement is not adequately supported or tied to
resist settlement, floating upward, or movement in any direction
during concrete placement, concrete placement shall be
halted until corrective measures are taken.
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SPECIFICATION FOR CONSTRUCTION WITH FRP REINFORCING BARS 440.5-5

FOREWORD TO CHECKLISTS
F1. This Foreword is included for explanatory purposes
only; it does not form a part of ACI Specification 440.5-08.
F2. ACI Specification 440.5-08 may be referenced by the
Specifier in the Project Specification for any building
project, together with supplementary requirements for the
specific project. Responsibilities for project participants
must be defined in the Project Specification. The ACI
Specification cannot and does not address responsibilities
for any project participant other than the Contractor.
F3. Checklists do not form a part of ACI Specification
440.5-08. Checklists assist the Specifier in selecting and
specifying project requirements in the Project Specification.
F4. The Specifier shall make adjustments to the needs of a
particular project by reviewing each of the items in the
checklists and including the items the Specifier selects as
mandatory requirements in the Project Specification.
F5. The Mandatory Requirements Checklist indicates
work requirements regarding specific qualities, procedures,
materials, and performance criteria that are not defined in
ACI Specification 440.5-08.
F6. The Optional Requirements Checklist identifies Specifier
choices and alternatives. The checklists identify the
Sections, Parts, and Articles of the Reference Specification
and the action required or available to the Specifier.
F7. The Submittal Checklist identifies Specifier choices
for information or data to be provided by the Contractor
before, during, or after construction.

MANDATORY REQUIREMENTS CHECKLIST

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Section/Part/Article Notes to Specifier
2.1.1 FRP State in the Contract Documents where the use of FRP reinforcing bars is required. State the types and sizes of FRP bars.
reinforcing bars
3.4 Field cutting of Specify the permitted method of cutting FRP bars. Acceptable methods include cutting with high-speed grinder or
fiber-reinforced circular blade saw. Carborundum or diamond blades are preferred.
polymer reinforcement

OPTIONAL REQUIREMENTS CHECKLIST

Section/Part/Article Notes to Specifier

1.4 Submittals Specify which items, if any, listed in 1.4.1 through 1.4.3 are not required to be submitted.
2.1.1 FRP Specify where FRP reinforcement shall not be deformed or sand coated. Smooth FRP bars should be used as dowels
reinforcing bars where the intent is to transfer shear force while allowing bar sliding.
3.2.3 Concrete cover Specify where concrete cover for FRP reinforcement shall be different from the values specified in Table 3.1.
3.2.4 FRP Specify permitted reinforcement supports other than those listed in 3.2.4.1 through 3.2.4.7.
reinforcement supports
3.2.5 Mat Specify where FRP mat reinforcement is permitted to extend through a contraction joint.
reinforcement

SUBMITTALS CHECKLIST

Section/Part/Article Notes to Specifier

1.4.1.1 FRP FPR bar manufacturer’s certified test report.
reinforcement
1.4.1.2 Placing Placing drawings showing fabrication dimensions and placement locations of FRP reinforcement and reinforcement
drawings supports.
1.4.1.3 Splices A list of splices and request to use splices not indicated in Contract Documents.
1.4.1.4 Supports Description of reinforcement supports and materials for fastening reinforcement.
1.4.2 and 3.2.2 Reinforcement arrangement when it is necessary to move FRP reinforcement beyond the specified placing
FRP reinforcement tolerances to avoid interference with other reinforcement, conduits, or embedded items.
relocation
1.4.3 Inspection and Quality assurance/quality control program of plant manufacturing FRP reinforcement.
quality control

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American Concrete Institute ®

Advancing concrete knowledge

As ACI begins its second century of advancing concrete knowledge, its original chartered purpose
remains “to provide a comradeship in finding the best ways to do concrete work of all kinds and in
spreading knowledge.” In keeping with this purpose, ACI supports the following activities:

· Technical committees that produce consensus reports, guides, specifications, and codes.

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· Spring and fall conventions to facilitate the work of its committees.

· Educational seminars that disseminate reliable information on concrete.

· Certification programs for personnel employed within the concrete industry.

· Student programs such as scholarships, internships, and competitions.

· Sponsoring and co-sponsoring international conferences and symposia.

· Formal coordination with several international concrete related societies.

· Periodicals: the ACI Structural Journal and the ACI Materials Journal, and Concrete International.

Benefits of membership include a subscription to Concrete International and to an ACI Journal. ACI
members receive discounts of up to 40% on all ACI products and services, including documents, seminars
and convention registration fees.

As a member of ACI, you join thousands of practitioners and professionals worldwide who share a
commitment to maintain the highest industry standards for concrete technology, construction, and
practices. In addition, ACI chapters provide opportunities for interaction of professionals and practitioners
at a local level.

American Concrete Institute

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Farmington Hills, MI 48331
U.S.A.
Phone: 248-848-3700
Fax: 248-848-3701
www.concrete.org

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Specification for Construction with

Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Reinforcing Bars

The AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE

was founded in 1904 as a nonprofit membership organization dedicated to public
service and representing the user interest in the field of concrete. ACI gathers and
distributes information on the improvement of design, construction and
maintenance of concrete products and structures. The work of ACI is conducted by
individual ACI members and through volunteer committees composed of both
members and non-members.

The committees, as well as ACI as a whole, operate under a consensus format,

which assures all participants the right to have their views considered. Committee
activities include the development of building codes and specifications; analysis of
research and development results; presentation of construction and repair
techniques; and education.
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Individuals interested in the activities of ACI are encouraged to become a member.

There are no educational or employment requirements. ACI’s membership is
composed of engineers, architects, scientists, contractors, educators, and
representatives from a variety of companies and organizations.

Members are encouraged to participate in committee activities that relate to their

specific areas of interest. For more information, contact ACI.

www.concrete.org

American Concrete Institute ®

Advancing concrete knowledge

Copyright American Concrete Institute

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