SHEAR STRESS FOR BEAMS

The allowable shear stress for rolled and The shear stress distribution across any
fabricated shapes may be taken as section subjected to bending can be
computed using the equation

VQ
The effective area in resisting shear is taken as fv 
the overall depth times the web thickness Ib
Shear flow formula :
Therefore,
VQ
V fv 
fv   Fv I
d  tw
 BASIC FORMULAS USED IN
STEEL DESIGN
Allowable Stress Design (ASD)
Note:
Average web Shear formula: Radius of Gyration
𝑉 𝐼 If not given:
𝐹𝑣 = 𝑅 =
𝑑 𝑡𝑤 𝐴 Fb = 0.60 Fy
Varignon’s Theorem Fv = 0.40 Fy
General Shear Stress Formula:
Fy = 248 Mpa for A36 steel
𝑉𝑄
𝐹𝑣 = 𝐴 𝑌 = 𝐴 𝑦 Fu = 400 Mpa for A36 steel
𝐼𝑏 Es = 200000MPa
Shear flow formula Moment of Inertia (transfer formula)
𝑉𝑄
𝑄 = 𝐼 . . = 𝐼 . . + 𝐴𝑑
𝐼

Bolt Spacing:
𝑅𝐼
𝑆 =
𝑉𝑄
where:
R = Fv bolts x Area x no. of bolts
 Example:

Compute the shear capacity of a wide flange Given:

section having a flange thickness of 10 mm,
bf  200 mm, t f  10 mm , t w  20 mm, d  300 mm
flange width of 200 mm, and web thickness of
20 mm. Distance from top to bottom of the Fy  300 MPa
flange is 300 mm. Fy = 300 MPa
 Solution:

V V V
FV   0.4 Fy   0.4(300) 
d  tw dt w 300(20)

V  720000 N  720kN
 Example:

W 24 x 94 beam is subjected to a shear force of 900 kN.

Properties of W Section:
A = 17870 mm2 d = 616.97 mm
tw= 13.11 mm bf = 230.15 mm
tf = 22.15 mm Ix = 1119.7x106 mm4

a) Compute the shear stress at junction of flange and web.

b) Compute the shear stress at neutral axis.
c) Compute the shear force carried by the flange.
d) Compute the shear force carried by the web.
e) Compute the average shear stress on web.
Properties of W Section:
Solution:
A = 17870 mm2 d = 616.97 mm
tw= 13.11 mm bf = 230.15 mm
tf = 22.15 mm Ix = 1119.7x106 mm4

a) Shear stress at junction of flange and web:

𝑉𝑄
𝑓 =
𝐼𝑏

𝑄 = 230.15 (22.15)(297.41)
𝑄 = 1.52 𝑥 10 𝑚𝑚

𝑏 = 230.15 𝑚𝑚 𝑏 = 13.11 𝑚𝑚
𝑉𝑄 900,000(1.52𝑥10 ) 𝑉𝑄 900,000(1.52𝑥10 )
𝑓 = = = 5.31 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑓 = = = 93.19 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐼𝑏 1119.7𝑥10 (230.15) 𝐼𝑏 1119.7𝑥10 (13.11)
Properties of W Section:
Solution:
A = 17870 mm2 d = 616.97 mm
tw= 13.11 mm bf = 230.15 mm
tf = 22.15 mm Ix = 1119.7x106 mm4

b) Shear stress at neutral axis:

𝑉𝑄
𝑓 =
𝐼𝑏

𝑄 = 230.15 22.15 297.41 + 286.335 13.11 152.1675

𝑄 = 2.05 𝑥 10 𝑚𝑚

𝑉𝑄 900,000(2.05𝑥10 )
𝑓 = = = 125.69 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐼𝑏 1119.7𝑥10 (13.11)
Properties of W Section:
Solution:
A = 17870 mm2 d = 616.97 mm
tw= 13.11 mm bf = 230.15 mm
tf = 22.15 mm Ix = 1119.7x106 mm4

c) Shear force carried by flanges: (two flanges)

𝐹(2)
𝑓 = −≫ 𝐹 = 𝐹𝑣 𝐴 = 5.31 230.15 22.15 = 27069𝑁
𝐴(2)

d) Shear force carried by the web:

𝐹 = 900000 − 27069 = 872931 𝑁

e) Average shear stress on web:

𝑉 900000
𝑓 = = = 111.27 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑑 𝑡 616.97(13.11)
 Example:

A wide flange and a channel has the following properties.

Wide Flange: Channel:

A = 18,400mm2 A = 6430mm2
d = 470mm Ix = 131x106mm4
Ix = 726x106mm4 Iy = 3.4x106mm4
Iy = 93.6x106mm4 x = 20mm
tw = 12mm tw = 10mm
Fv bolt = 100 MPa Fb channel = 118 MPa
Diameter of bolt = 16mm Fb WF = 138 MPa

•Find the moment of Inertia

•Determine the moment capacity of the section
•Determine the safe uniform load that the beam could carry over a 9m simple span.
•Determine the radius of gyration of the built up section in the axis parallel to the plane of the web of the flange
•Determine the spacing of bolts
 Solution:
Wide Flange: Channel:
A = 18,400mm2 A = 6430mm2
d = 470mm Ix = 131x106mm4
Ix = 726x106mm4 Iy = 3.4x106mm4
Iy = 93.6x106mm4 x = 20mm
tw = 12mm tw = 10mm
Fv bolt = 100 MPa Fb channel = 118 MPa
Diameter of bolt = 16mm Fb WF = 138 MPa

a) Moment Of Inertia

Locate the 𝑁. 𝐴. using Varignon’s Theorem:

18400(235) + 6430(460) = (18400 + 6430)𝑦

𝑦 = 293.27 𝑚𝑚

Use the transfer formula:

I . . =I + Ad → add the moment of Inertia of the wide flange and the channel.
I . . = I + Ad + I + Ad
= 726x10 + 18400 293.27 − 235 + 3.4x10 + 6430 460 − 293.27
I . . = 970.62x10 mm
 Solution:
Wide Flange: Channel:
A = 18,400mm2 A = 6430mm2
d = 470mm Ix = 131x106mm4
Ix = 726x106mm4 Iy = 3.4x106mm4
Iy = 93.6x106mm4 x = 20mm
tw = 12mm tw = 10mm
Fv bolt = 100 MPa Fb channel = 118 MPa
Diameter of bolt = 16mm Fb WF = 138 MPa

b) Moment Capacity of the Section

𝑓𝑏 = 𝑀𝑐 𝐼

For Wide Flange:

𝑀𝑐 𝑀 293.27
𝑓𝑏 = → 138 = → 𝑀 = 456.73𝑥10 𝑁 𝑚𝑚 = 456.73𝑘𝑁 𝑚
𝐼 970.62𝑥10

For Channel:

𝑀𝑐 𝑀 470 + 10 − 293.27
𝑓𝑏 = → 118 = → 𝑀 = 613.36𝑥10 𝑁 𝑚𝑚 = 613.36𝑘𝑁 𝑚
𝐼 970.62𝑥10
𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
 Solution:
Wide Flange: Channel:
A = 18,400mm2 A = 6430mm2
d = 470mm Ix = 131x106mm4
Ix = 726x106mm4 Iy = 3.4x106mm4
Iy = 93.6x106mm4 x = 20mm
tw = 12mm tw = 10mm
Fv bolt = 100 MPa Fb channel = 118 MPa
Diameter of bolt = 16mm Fb WF = 138 MPa

c) Safe Uniform Load

𝑀 = 456.73𝑘𝑁 𝑚

𝑤𝐿 𝑤 9
𝑀 = → 456.73 = → 𝑤 = 45.11 𝑘 𝑁 ⁄𝑚
8 8

d) Radius of gyration

𝐼 𝐼 . . = 93.6𝑥10 + 121𝑥10 𝐼 224.6𝑥10

𝑟 = 𝑟 = = = 95.11𝑚𝑚
𝐴 = 224.6𝑥10 𝑚𝑚 𝐴 18400 + 6430

𝐼 𝐼 970.62x10
𝑟 = 𝐼 . . = 970.62x10 mm 𝑟 = = = 197.713𝑚𝑚
𝐴 𝐴 18400 + 6430
 Solution:
Wide Flange: Channel:
A = 18,400mm2 A = 6430mm2
d = 470mm Ix = 131x106mm4
Ix = 726x106mm4 Iy = 3.4x106mm4
Iy = 93.6x106mm4 x = 20mm
tw = 12mm tw = 10mm
Fv bolt = 100 MPa Fb channel = 118 MPa
Diameter of bolt = 16mm Fb WF = 138 MPa

e) Spacing of Bolts
𝑅𝐼
𝑠=
𝑉𝑄

For Shear capacity:

𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = =
.
→ 𝑉 = 202995𝑁 For𝑄, consider the highlighted area:

𝑄 = 𝐴𝑦 = 6430 460 − 293.27

Force carried by the bolt: = 1072073.9𝑚𝑚

𝑃 𝑅
𝑓𝑣 = → 100 = = 40212.39𝑁
𝐴 𝜋 16 𝑅𝐼 40212.39(970.62 𝑥10 )
(2 𝑠= = = 179.35𝑚𝑚
4 𝑉𝑄 202995(1072073.9)
 Example:

A steel beam is made up of a wide flange section whose total depth is

600mm, width of the flange is 300mm and has a flange thickness of
20mm. Its web thickness is 10mm and has a simple span of 9m. A 40
kN/m uniform load is loaded throughout its span and 200kN load acting
at midspan. Fb = 0.60Fy.

•Determine the required section modulus without exceeding the

allowable bending stress.
•Determine the Section Modulus of the section.
•Determine the width of the top and bottom reinforcing plates 12mm
thick if necessary.
•Determine the length of the top and bottom reinforcing plates if
necessary.
 Solution:
LOADS: Dimensions:
w = 40kN/m d = 300 mm
P =200kN @midspan bf = 300 mm
tf = 20 mm
L = 9m tw = 10 mm
Fb = 0.60 Fy

𝑀
a) Req’d Section Modulus 𝐹𝑏 =
𝑆𝑥
𝑤𝐿 𝑃𝐿
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = + 𝐼
8 4 b) Section Modulus: 𝑆𝑥 =
=
40(9)
+
200 9 𝑐
8 4
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 855 𝑘𝑁 𝑚
300 600 145 560
𝐼 . . = − 2 = 1.16𝑥10 𝑚𝑚
12 12
𝐹𝑏 = 0.60 (𝐹𝑦) = 0.6(248) = 148.8 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐼 1.16𝑥10
𝑆𝑥 = = = 3866666.67𝑚𝑚 < 𝑆
𝑐 300
𝐹𝑏 = → 148.8 =

→ 𝑆 = 5745967.74 𝑚𝑚
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑑
 Solution:
LOADS: Dimensions:
w = 40kN/m d = 300 mm
P =200kN @midspan bf = 300 mm
tf = 20 mm
L = 9m tw = 10 mm
Fb = 0.60 Fy

c) width of the top and bottom reinforcing plates

12mm thick if necessary

Use the corresponding moment of inertia with the reinforcing plates

𝐼 . . = 𝐼𝑥 + 𝐼 + 𝐴𝑑
𝑏(12)
𝐼 . . = 1.16𝑥10 + + (𝑏)(12)(306) 2
12

Substitute the required section modulus:

𝐼
𝑆𝑥 = 5745967.74 = → 𝐼 = 5745967.74(𝑐)
𝑐
𝑏 12
𝐼 . . = 5745967.74 312 = 1.16𝑥10 + + 𝑏 12 306 2
12
𝑏 = 281.52𝑚𝑚
 Solution:
LOADS: Dimensions:
w = 40kN/m d = 300 mm
P =200kN @midspan bf = 300 mm
tf = 20 mm
L = 9m tw = 10 mm
Fb = 0.60 Fy

d) length of the top and bottom reinforcing plates

∑𝐹𝑣 = 0
2𝑅 − 200 − 40 9 = 0
𝑅 = 280 𝑘𝑁

Moment Capacity of the Beam alone:

𝑆𝑥 = 3866666.67𝑚𝑚
𝑀 𝑀
𝐹𝑏 = → 148.8 =
𝑆𝑥 3866666.67
𝑀 = 575.36𝑘𝑁 𝑚

Moment Equation:

𝑀 = 280𝑥 − 40𝑥 → 573.36 = 280𝑥 − 20𝑥 → 𝑥 = 2.5𝑚

𝐿 = 9 − 2(𝑥) = 9 − 2(2.5) = 4𝑚