Series 02

Some convergence tests
S Sial
Dept of Mathematics
LUMS
Fall 2022
S Sial (LUMS) Some convergence tests MATH 102 Fall semester 2022-202
Outline
Outline
A condition for convergence of all series
A condition for convergence of all

series
A condition for convergence of all series
A condition for convergence of all series Theorem
Theorem
X
an converges → lim an = 0
A condition for convergence of all series Theorem
Equivalently
X
lim an 6= 0 → an diverges
A condition for convergence of all series Example
Example
Prove divergence of
∞
X n
n=1
n+1
A condition for convergence of all series Example
Convergence of a positive series and boundedness
Convergence of a positive series

and boundedness
Convergence of a positive series and

boundedness
Convergence of a positive series and boundedness Theorem
Theorem: convergence of a
positive series and boundedness
P
If an ≥ 0 for n ≥ 1, then an converges if and
only if the sequence of partial sums is bounded
above.
Convergence of a positive series and boundedness Example
Example
Consider the sequence
∞
X 1
=
n=1
(n)(n + 1)
∞
X 1 1
−
n=1
n n+1
Example contd
The partial sums are

1
Sn = 1 − < 1
n+1
Example contd
The terms of the series are positive and the

partial sums are bounded above by 1 so, by the
theorem, the series converges.
Comparison test for positive series
Comparison test for positive series Theorem
Theorem: Comparison test for

positive series
P P
Suppose that we have series an and bn
with:
1) an ≥ 0 and bn ≥ 0 (for n ≥ 1 );
2) an ≤ cbn for c > 0;
P
3) bn converges.
P
Then an converges.
Comparison test for positive series Example
Example
Establish convergence of
∞
X 1
n=1
n · 2n
by comparison to
∞
X 1
n=1
2n
Comparison test for positive series Comparison test for positive series continued
Theorem: Comparison test for

positive series
P P
with:
1) an ≥ 0 and bn ≥ 0 (for n ≥ 1 );
2) an ≤ cbn for c > 0;
P
3) an diverges.
P
Then bn diverges.
Example
Establish divergence of
∞
X 1 + | sin(n)|
n=1
n
by comparison to the harmonic series
∞
X 1
n=1
n
Limit comparison test for positive series
Limit comparison test for positive

series
Limit comparison test for positive series
Theorem: Limit comparison test for positive
Limit comparison test for positive series series
Theorem: Limit comparison test

for positive series
P P
with:
1) an ≥ 0 and bn ≥ 0 (for n ≥ 1 );
2) lim bann = c for c > 0.
P P
Then an converges if and only if bn
converges.
Limit comparison test for positive series Example
Example
Establish convergence of
∞
X 1
n=1
[4 + 1/n]n
by comparison to
∞
X 1
n=1
4n
Limit comparison test for positive series Example
Integral test for positive series
Integral test for positive series Theorem: Integral test for positive series
Theorem: Integral test for positive

series
Let f be a positive decreasing function, defined
for all x ≥ 1. Then
∞
X Z ∞
f (k) and f (x) dx
k=1 1
converge or diverge together.
Integral test for positive series Example
Example
Show divergence of the harmonic series
∞
X 1
n=1
n
by the integral test using
f (x) = 1/x
Integral test for positive series p-series
p-series
Apply the integral test to

∞
X 1
n=1
np
For what values of p does a p-series
converge/diverge?
Integral test for positive series p-series
Answer
p-series converge for p > 1 and diverge

otherwise.
Example
Converges for what values of p?

∞
X 1
n=1
n(log n)p
Root test for positive series Theorem: root test for positive series
Theorem: Root test for positive

series
P 1/n
Consider an , an ≥ 0. Suppose an → R as
n → ∞. Then
P
1) R < 1 → a converges.
P n
2) R > 1 → an diverges .
3) R = 1 is inconclusive.
Root test for positive series Example
Example
Establish the convergence of

∞ n
X n
n=1
2n + 1
using the root test.
Root test for positive series Example
Ratio test for positive series
Ratio test for positive series Theorem: ratio test for positive series
Theorem: Ratio test for positive

series
an+1
If an > 0 and an → R as n → ∞, then
P
1) R < 1 → a converges.
P n
2) R > 1 → an diverges.
3) R = 1 is inconclusive.
Ratio test for positive series Example
Example
Establish divergence of
∞
X n!
n=1
3n
using the ratio test
Ratio test for positive series Example
Problems
Problems
Problems
Problems Problem
Problem 1
Investigate convergence of
∞
X n! · n!
n=1
(2n)!
Problems Problem
Problem 2
∞
X 4n
n=1
n 4 3n
Problems Problem
Problem 3
∞
X 5n + 7
n=1
n4 + 2n3 + 3n2 + 8n + 1
Problems Problem
Problem 4
∞
X 1
n=3
(log n)n
Problems Problem
Problem 5
∞
X 2
ne −n
n=1
Problems Problem
Problem 6
∞
X 0.3n
n=1
n+1
Problems Problem
Problem 7
∞ √ 4
X n −1
n=1
n3 + 1

Series 02

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Series 02

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Some convergence tests

A condition for convergence of all

A condition for convergence of all series

Convergence of a positive series

Convergence of a positive series and

The partial sums are

The terms of the series are positive and the

Comparison test for positive series

Comparison test for positive series

Theorem: Comparison test for

Theorem: Comparison test for

Limit comparison test for positive

Limit comparison test for positive series

Theorem: Limit comparison test

Integral test for positive series

Integral test for positive series

Theorem: Integral test for positive

converge or diverge together.

Apply the integral test to

p-series converge for p > 1 and diverge

Converges for what values of p?

Theorem: Root test for positive

Establish the convergence of

Ratio test for positive series

Ratio test for positive series

Theorem: Ratio test for positive

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