Earth Science: ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE (Lecture 2)
GeNeSis ~ “The God looked over all He had made,
and He saw that it was very good!”
1st day – God separated light from darkness
2nd – God made a dome and separated water under it
from the water above it.
3rd – God made Earth. He named the water sea. He
then made fruits grow on Earth.
4th – God made lights to shine throughout the day.
5th – God filled the air and sea with creatures.
6th – God placed animals of many kinds on the land
of the Earth.
RIGVEDA ~ cyclical or oscillating universe
~ a “cosmic egg” or Brahmanda, containing the
whole universe, expands out of a single concentrated
point called Bindu, and eventually collapse again.
! Note: oscillating – back and forth (may pinagmulan
at babalikan)
PRIMORDIAL UNIVERSE ~ Anaxagoras of
Clazomenae (ca. 500-480)
~ Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher of the 5th century
~ believed that the original state of the cosmos was a
mixture of all ingredients, which existed in
infinitesimally small fragments of themselves
~ This mixture was set in motion by the action of the
“nous” or mind producing a whirling motion which
separated the ingredients
~ a cosmos of separate material objects with
different properties are produced
! Note: puro hypothesis
ATOMIC UNIVERSE – Leucippus of Miletus (480 –
420 BC) and Democritus of Adbera (460 – 370 BC)
~ Greek Philosophers
~ Leucippus formulated the atomic theory of
indivisibles developed later by Democritus
~ the universe was composed of very small,
indivisible, and indestructible atoms
GEOCENTRIC UNIVERSE ~ Aristotle (384 BC-322
BC) & Claudius Ptolemy (100 AD-170 AD)
~ the Earth is motionless in the heavens and
everything is moving around it
HELIOCENTRIC UNIVERSE ~ Nicolaus Copernicus
(1473-1543)
~ Celestial motions are uniform, infinite and
circular
~ Planets revolve around the sun
~ Earth spins on a tilted axis, which accounts for the
seasons
INFINITE UNIVERSE ~ Giordano Bruno (1548 –
1600)
~Italian Dominican friar, philosopher,
mathematician, poet, cosmological theorist, and
Hermetic occultist
~ the stars were distant suns surrounded by their
own planets
~ raised the possibility that these planets might
foster life of their own
~ the universe is infinite and could have no
“center”
NEWTON’S UNIVERSE ~ Sir Isaac Newton (1643-
1727)
~ an English mathematician, physicist, astronomer,
theologian and author
~ static, steady-state and infinite universe
~ matter on the large scale is uniformly distributed
and the universe is gravitationally balanced but
essentially unstable
VORTEX UNIVERSE ~ Rene Descartes (1596 –
1650)
~ a French philosopher, mathematician and scientist
~ Cartesian vortex model of the universe
~ the vacuum of space was not empty at all but was
filled with matter that swirled around in large and
small vortices
~ involved a system of huge swirling whirlpools of
fine matter – gravitational effects
EINSTEINS’ UNIVERSE ~ Albert Einstein (1879-
1955)
~ a German-born theoretical physicist who
developed the theory of relativity
~ same idea as Newton – static, dynamically stable
universe which was never expanding nor contracting
BIG BANG THEORY (1927) ~ Georges Edouard
Lamaitre (1894-1966)
~ Belgian Roman Catholic Priest, mathematician,
astronomer and professor of physics at the Catholic
University of Louvain
~ The “Father of the Big bang”
~ “All the matter and energy in the universe are
crammed into a tiny compact called singularity,
Then suddenly, from this singularity, expansion or
explosion took place sending space, time, matter and
energy in all directions.”
BIG BANG THEORY (1927) ~ Edwin Powell
Hubble (1889-1953)
~ American astronomer
~ supporter of Lemaitre
~ demonstrated the continuous expanding of the
universe through his observation of Galactic
Redshift (1929)
~ Noticed that the spectrum of the galaxies he was
studying showed spectral lines that were shifted
towards the end of the spectrum.
~ The redshift happens because the light’s
wavelengths becoming longer. It indicates that an
object is receding from us.
BIG BANG THEORY (1927) ~ Arno Allan Penzias
(1933) and Robert Woodrow Wilson (1936)
~ is an American astronomer and physicist
~ discovered cosmic microwave background
radiation (CMB) in 1965
~ won the 1978 Nobel prize in physics for their
discovery
Time begins
~ The universe begins 13.7 Billion years ago
~ The universe begins as the size of a single atom
~ The universe began as a violent expansion
- All matter and space were created from a
single point of pure energy in an instant
In a Fraction of a Second
* Fundamental Forces of Nature in a Stellar
Nursery
~ This infrared image shows the heat released
throughout a nebula as the fundamental forces
combine to form new stars from massive clouds of
interstellar matter.
1.) Gravity ~ dense hot clouds collapse as gravity
starts the star formation process
2-3.) Strong Nuclear force & Weak Nuclear force
~ these forces work on the nuclear level fueling the
core of new stars
4.) Electromagnetic force ~ this force also works at
the atomic level enabling stars to shine
3 minutes after Big Bang
~ the universe has grown from the size of an atom to
larger than the size a grapefruit
~ cooling down
~ protons and neutrons started to fuse together
~ nucleus Hydrogen and Helium atoms
Three Hundred thousand years after Big Bang
~ universe was cool enough to completely form the
Hydrogen and Helium atom
~ ATOMS were formed
~ photons escaped and light existed for the very
first time
! Note: photons ~ compact of light
MUCH, MUCH, MUCH LATER
300 million years after Big Bang ~ 1st stars and
galaxies form
4.6 billion years ago ~ Our solar system forms
Other THEORIES of the Birth of the Universe:
1.) Oscillating Universe ~ Albert Einstein (1879-
1955)
~ a German-born theoretical physicist who
developed the theory of relativity
~ followed the general theory of relativity equations
of the universe with positive curvature
~ curvature results in the expansion of the universe
for a time, and then to its contraction due to the pull
of its gravity in a perpetual cycle of big bang and big
crunch
! Note: big bang means expansion while big crush
means collapse
2.) Steady State Theory ~ this theory was proposed
by:
1.) Hermann Bondi ~ Anglo-Austrian
mathematician and cosmologist
2.) Thomas Gold ~ Austrian-born astrophysicist, a
professor of astronomy at Cornell University, a
member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences,
and a Fellow of the Royal Society
3.) Sir Fred Hoyle ~ an English Astronomer and
Cosmologist
Steady State Theory
~ believes that the universe doesn’t change in its
appearance and is homogeneous
~ when an old star dies, new star replaces it –
everything remains the same
~ The universe has neither any beginning nor any
end. Universe was and will always be the same
through the whole time
Big Bang Model ~ density of galaxies falls as
universe expands
Steady State Model ~ density of galaxies remains
more or less constant as universe expands (spaces
filled in by new galaxies)
! Note: steady state – hindi nagbabago; walang
pinaggalingan; walang babalikan
Homogeneous means pare-pareho; alang
nagbabago
3.) Inflation Theory ~ proposed by the following
physicist:
1.) Alan Guth of Massachusetts Institute of
Technology (M.I.T.)
2.) Andrei Linde of Stanford
3.) Paul Steinhardt of Princeton
4.) Neil Turok, South African physicist
~ regarded as an extension of Big Bang that proposes
a period of exponential expansion of the universe
prior to the more gradual big bang expansion
~ Evidence: existence of gravitational waves
4.) Multiverse ~ proposed by:
1.) Hugh Everett III was an American physicist who
first proposed the many-worlds interpretation
(MWI) of quantum physics, which he termed his
“relative state” formation.
2.) Bryce Seligman DeWitt was an American
theoretical physicist who studied gravity and field
theories.
~ initially developed and popularized the concept of
“many worlds” structure of the universe in the
1960s and 1970s.