ERIONE MITZRAEL A.

GARZOTA

BSCRIM 2B

1. Primary Classification defines as the sum of all the numerical value assigned to whorl
appearing in the fingerprint card expressed as numerator and denominator plus (=) the
pre-established fraction of 1/1 to complete the primary division. Also look for the whorl
patterns only. Whorl has a numerical value while Arch/loop has no numerical value. The
secondary classification is shown by CAPITAL LETTER symbols representing the basic
types of patterns appearing in both index Fingers. The symbol of the right-hand index is
placed in the numerator (above the line), and that for the left-hand index is placed in the
denominator (below the line). While the secondary classification by small letter group
explains that the prints with an arch, tented arch or a radial loop in any of the other
eight digits except the index fingers constitute the small-letter group of the secondary
classification. They are represented by the lower-case letters “a”, “t”, and “r”
respectively. A dash is used to indicate the absence of each small letter between the
index fingers and another small letter or between two small letters.

2.Fingerprints are classified into five categories: arch, tented arch, left loop, right loop
and whorl. The algorithm extracts singular points (cores and deltas) in a fingerprint
image and performs classification based on the number and locations of the detected
singular points.

3. Blocking applies only to loop pattern either as ulnar or radial loop; means designating
by symbol the type of patterns which each finger and thumb bears and recording for
each respective finger and thumb. "Blocking Out” step identifying all 10 fingers as to
pattern type.

4. The classification formula is composed of the following divisions:

(1) Primary, for example, the right ring finger is number 4 and the left middle finger is
number 8.

(2) Secondary, for example, the Secondary classification by capital letter is W/W since
the patterns appearing in the index Fingers is 29W/19W.

(3) Sub secondary (may be replaced by the “Small Letter” classification.), for example,
there is no secondary by small letter since “a”, “t”, and “r” plain arch, tented arch and
radial loop are not present. Like this, 1 rU-2a/ tR3a.
(4) Major, for example

(5) Final, for example

S 32 U IOM 10
M 32 U IOM

(6) Key plus Extensions.

5. RIDGE TRACING, it refers to the process counting the ridges intervening between the
tracing ridge (flows from the left delta to the right delta) and the right delta. This
process is used to determine the three (3) subdivisions of Whorls into Inner, Outer and
Meeting which is represented by capital I, M, O. Whereas,

RULES IN RIDGE TRACING

a. Tracing always begins at the left delta and goes toward the right delta.

b. An uninterrupted ridge can be traced from the left delta to the right delta.

c. When the tracing ridge suddenly ends, the tracing may be continued on the ridge
below.

d. When a ridge bifurcates, the tracing is continued on the lower branch or the
bifurcation.
e. When the delta is dot, the tracing begins on the type line, which is the ridge
immediately below the delta.