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Electronic Circuits 2
Syllabus
log a
ln a, e = 2.71828 . . . .
Using the calculator, determine the logarithm of the following numbers to the base
indicated:
a. log10 106 = ?
b. loge e3 = ?
c. log10 10-2 = ?
d. loge e = ?
The logarithm of a number taken to a power is simply the power of the number if
the number matches the base of the logarithm.
a. log10 106 = 6
d. loge e = 1
8000 is 125 times larger than 64, but the logarithm of 8000 is only about 2.16 times
larger than the magnitude of the logarithm of 64,
Semilog: The term semi (meaning one-half) indicates that only one of the two scales
is a log scale,
• The decibel rating is a measure of the difference in magnitude between two power
levels.
10.03.2021 İTİCU - EEE - EEE311 EC2 - Asst.Prof.Dr. Vedat Tavas 19
Decibels
• Terminal (output) power (P2), reference power level (P1).
• The reference level is generally accepted to be 1 mW.
• The resistance associated with the 1-mW power level is 600 Ω chosen because it
is the characteristic impedance of audio transmission lines.
• When the 1mW level is employed as the reference level, the decibel symbol
frequently appears as dBm.
Solution:
𝑉2
𝑃=
𝑅
Solution:
1. How coupling and bypass capacitors cause the gain of discrete-circuit amplifiers
to fall off at low frequencies, and how to obtain an estimate of the frequency fL
at which the gain decreases by 3 dB below its value at midband.
2. The internal capacitive effects present in the MOSFET and the BJT and how to
model these effects by adding capacitances to the hybrid-π or T model of each
of the two transistor types.
3. The high-frequency limitation on the gain of the CS and CE amplifiers, and how
the gain falloff and the upper 3-dB frequency fH are mostly determined by the
small capacitance between the drain and gate (collector and base).
4. Powerful methods for the analysis of the high-frequency response of amplifier
circuits of varying complexity.
Amplitude
Phase
• The band of frequencies over which the gain of the amplifier is almost constant,
to within a certain number of decibels (usually 3 dB), is called the amplifier
bandwidth.
• An STC network is one that can be reduced to, one reactive component
(inductance or capacitance) and one resistance.
These frequency-
response diagrams are
known as Bode plots
and the 3-dB frequency
(0) is also known as
the corner frequency,
break frequency, or
pole frequency.
10.03.2021 İTİCU - EEE - EEE311 EC2 - Asst.Prof.Dr. Vedat Tavas 41
(a) Magnitude and (b) phase
response of STC networks of
the high-pass type.
Here amplitude is
divided by a K factor
and frequency divided
by (0). This type of
plotting called as
normalized transfer
characteristics.
• A facility for the rapid determination of the time constant of an STC circuit.
1. Set the independent voltge or current source to zero;
2. “Grab hold” of the two terminals of the reactive element (capacitor C or
inductor L);
3. Determine the equivalent resistance R that appears between these two
terminals.
4. The time-constant is then CR or L/R.