GROUP 2:

LTURAL AND SOCIAL

IOCU EVO
N B LUT
MA IO
HU N
 AGENDA

Recognize national, local

Explore the significance
and specialized museums and
Trace the of human material remains archaeological and historical
and artefactual evidence sites as venues to appreciate
biological and
in interpreting cultural and reflect on the
cultural evolution complexities of biocultural
and social, including
of early to modern and social evolution as part
political and economic
humans processes
of being and becoming
human.
 RESENTERS
P

Cepe, Jenny Cataluña, Miella Dela Cruz, Von Cariaga, Kyla

Leader Member Member Member
Society
 becomes something looks like an object itself
scientifically weighted, (sui generis or unique)
measured and dissected
A group of people living
together in a particular place or
at a particular time and having
many things in common.

SOCIETY What a biologist does to a living

we can examine it closely and
analyze it like any other subject
organism, or a geologist does to
a rock, so as a sociologist does
to a society.
If we analyze society, we determine what it is
made up. It is composed of culture, working
class and ethnicity. These components appear
on their own but they can be broken down
into pieces that makes the study of society
more challenging and confusing.
VISIONS OF SOCIETY THAT ACCOUNT FOR SOCIAL
CHANGE AND SOCIETAL EVOLUTION
(FOUR DIVERSE PERSPECTIVES)

Karl Marx
He looked at society that is in conflict (social conflict).
This is a struggle between segments of society over
valued resources.
 The capitalists are the people who own and
operate factories and other businesses in pursuit
of profits

Proletariat are people who sell their

productive labor for wages
 Social institutions include all the major spheres of
social life, or societal subsystems organized to meet
human needs:

Infrastructure – society’s economic system

Superstructure – other social institutions:

family, religion, political institution
 Marx rejected false consciousness or explanation of social
problems as the shortcomings of individuals rather than the flaws
of society
He believed that the history of all existing society is the history of
class struggle (or class conflict) – conflict between entire
classes over the distribution of a society’s wealth and power

Marx believed that worker must replace false consciousness with

class consciousness – workers’ recognition of themselves as a class
unified in opposition to capitalists and, ultimately, to capitalism
itself. Workers would then rise up and destroy capitalism in a
socialist revolution
 Marx’s Model of Society
Alienation – the experience of isolation and misery
resulting from powerlessness
Capitalism alienates workers in four specific ways:
Form the act of working Form the products of work
workers have no say in workers have no
production, work is ownership in the product
tedious and that is
repetitive merely sold for profit
Form other workers From human potential

work has become workers deny, not

competitive rather fulfill themselves in
than cooperative their work
Max Weber
Rationalization of Society. This is the historical change from
tradition – sentiments and beliefs passed from one generation to
another to rationality – deliberate, matter-of-fact calculation of
the cost effective means to accomplish a task as a dominant mode
of human thought.

Weber also believes in predestination and God’s favor, religious

ethic and transformed to work ethic.
 Weber’s Rational Social Organization
(Seven Characteristics)

Distinctive social institutions

Large scale organization Technical competence

Specialized tasks
Impersonality
Personal discipline
**They are expressed in
Awareness of time
bureaucracy and capitalism
 Emile Durkheim
He describes society as more than individuals. Society has a life of
its own – beyond our personal experiences

He also said that social facts, any patterns rooted in society rather
than the experience of individuals.

Society has an “objective reality” beyond our own subjective

perceptions of the world. Examples are norms, values, religious
beliefs, and rituals
 Society has the power to guide our thoughts and actions
Warned that modern society creates anomie - a condition in which
society provides little moral guidance to individuals
He said that change is from mechanical solidarity. Social bonds are
based on common sentiment and shared moral value that are strong
among members of industrial societies
To Organic solidarity, social bonds are based on specialization and
interdependence that are strong among members of industrial
societies.
He said that key to change is an expanding division of labor – a
specialization of economic activity.
Gerhard Lenski
He said that sociocultural evolution is the change that occurs as a
society acquires new technology

Societies range from simple to the technologically complex

Societies that are simple in technology tend to resemble one

another

More complex societies reveal striking cultural diversity.

 -Cultural Evolu
ocio tion
S High-tech societies are
capable of sustaining large
It is the change that numbers of people who
occurs as a society Technology shapes other
are engaged in a diverse
acquires new technology division of labor. cultural patterns and that
simple technology can
The greater amount of only support small
technology a society has within numbers of people who
its grasp, the faster cultural live simple lives
change will take place
Types of Society
 ypes of Society
T
The society we live in did not spring up overnight.
Human societies have evolved slowly over millions of years.
However, throughout history, technological developments
have sometimes brought about dramatic change that has
boosted human society into its next age.
 a n d G a th e r in g
t in g S t
un ag
H During this stage, man used simple tools to e
hunt animals and vegetation.
The primary institution is the family,
which decides how food is to be
shared and how children are to be
socialized, and which provides for
the protection of its members.
Number of families in this society
tend to be small with fewer than fifty
members

Society members have

They were nomadic
very high level of
interdependence Hunting and in search of food

Division of labor is based

Gathering
on sex: men hunt,
women gather Characteristics
 ultural and Pastoral Soc
ortic ieties
H
Horticultural societies use hand tools to raise crops.
People started to stay in one place and grow their own
food.

Pastoral societies started the domestication and

breeding of animals for food.
 ricultural Societi
Ag es
The invention of the plow led to the establishment of agricultural
societies. Members of these societies tend crops with an animal
harnessed to a plow. The use of animals to pull a plow eventually led to
the creation of cities and formed the basic structure of modern societies.
 The Development of Agricultural Societies
followed this General Sequence:
A. Animals are used to pull plow
B. Larger areas of land can then be cultivated
C. More crops were yielded for longer periods of time
D. Productivity increased and people did not move to another place
with abundant supply of food for them
E. Towns form and then cities
 The Development of Agricultural Societies
followed this General Sequence:
F. When yields increased, members engaged in some other forms of
farming, thus developing other skills. Job specialization increased

G. When fewer people are directly involved with production of food,

the economy became more complex
 dustrial Societie
In s
Use advanced sources of energy, rather than humans and animals, to run
large machinery. Industrialization started in the mid-1700s, when the
steam engine was first used in Great Britain as a means of running other
machines. In the 20th century, industrialized societies had changed
dramatically.
 Industrial Societies
People and goods traversed much longer distances because of
innovations in transportation such as train and steamship
Rural areas lost population because people move to the cities as
factory workers
Societies became urbanized, which means that the majority of
population lived within commuting distance of a major city

Suburbs grew up around cities to provide city-dwellers with

alternative places to live
 tindustrial Societ
Pos ies
This type of society that has developed over the past few
decades, features an economy based on services and technology,
not production.
 Postindustrial Societies
These societies focus on ideas as tangible goods no longer drive the
economy
There has been a need for higher education for the postindustrial
societies because the new focus on information and technology
means that people must pursue higher education

There was a shift in working place from cities to homes because new
communications technology allows work to be performed from a
variety of locations.
Salamat!
Thank you for listening