ACADEMIC WORDS – SUBLIST 1d

WORD DEFINITION EXAMPLES

assess (v.) When you assess a person, thing,
or situation, you consider them in order to
make a judgement about them.
consist (v.) Something that consists of particular things
or people is formed from them.
define (v.) to describe something correctly and
thoroughly, and to say
what standards, limits, qualities, etc. it has
that make it different from other things
estimate (v.) (n.) If you estimate a quantity or value, you
make an approximate judgment or
calculation of it.
An estimate is an approximate calculation of
a quantity or value.
function (n.) (v.) the purpose that something has, or the job
that someone or something does
to work in the correct or intended way
involve (v.) If an activity or situation involves something,
that thing is part of it or a result of it.
method (n.) a planned way of doing something,
especially one that a lot of people know
about and use
proceed (v.) to continue to do something that has already
been planned or started
 The technique is being tried in
classrooms to assess what effects it
may have on student achievement.
 Her crew consisted of children from
Devon and Cornwall.
 He was asked to define his concept of
cool.
 Some analysts estimate its current
popularity at around ten per cent.
 This figure is five times the original
estimate.
 Bauhaus architects thought that
function was more important than
form.
 Conservation programs cannot
function without local support.
 I didn’t realize putting on a play
involved so much work.
 I think we should try again using a
different method.
 The government was determined to
proceed with the election.

section (n.) one of the parts that something such as  The plane’s tail section was found in a
an object or place is divided into cornfield.
structure (n.) the way in which something is made, built,  The chemical structure of this
or organized particular molecule is very unusual.

1d-A. Complete the sentences using the words in the box.

function consist estimate method involves

proceed structure assess define section

1. We will use the first week of classes to ___________________ your speaking ability.
2. The test will ___________________ of a series of true or false questions and two essay questions.
3. Nick’s job as a salesman ___________________ a lot of travelling around the province.
4. The traditional family ___________________ has undergone a great many changes in the last few
decades, due to the increase in divorce rates.
5. The ___________________ of the heart is to pump blood throughout the body.
6. The grammar notes appear in the back ___________________ of the book.
7. His ___________________ for the renovations to our house was £2.250.

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 8. Attention! Passengers on flight 514 to Honolulu, please ___________________to gate 33 where your
plane is now boarding.
9. It can be quite difficult to clearly ___________________ abstract ideas such as love or friendship.
10. I don’t think hitting children is a very effective ___________________ of teaching them anything.

1d-B. Complete the sentences using the words in the box.

method section proceeded assessed involved

functions estimated structure consists defined

1. I still don’t know how to use half the ___________________ of this computer program.
2. The polar bear’s diet ___________________ almost entirely of seals and fish.
3. The coach’s new ___________________ for teaching football skills to small children has been very
successful.
4. Fever is usually ___________________ as an oral temperature above 37.4 degrees.
5. The value of his art collection has been ___________________ at over €200.00.
6. The first ___________________ of the New York City subway was opened in 1900 after four years of work.
7. At an ___________________ population of 40 million, there are more than twice as many kangaroos as
people in Australia.
8. In August 1990, about 15.000 vehicles were ___________________ in the biggest traffic jam in Japan’s
history.
9. After loading our skis and bags, we ___________________ onto the bus.
10. The eye of an octopus is very similar in ___________________ to the human eye.

1d-C. Complete the sentences using the words in the box.

functional involvement proceed structural consisted

methodical sections definition underestimate assessment

1. She is very slow but ___________________ in her work. She certainly does an excellent job.
2. The power station should be fully ___________________by the end of the year.
3. The company is required to do a/an ___________________of the environmental damage that would be
done to the area before beginning the project.
4. The boys’ suppers for the three days they went camping together ___________________ of hamburgers,
chocolate bars and potato chips.
5. Research shows that people usually ___________________ the amount of time it will take them to learn a
second language.
6. The government has said that the construction of the factory will not be allowed to ___________________
until changes are made to reduce its impact on the environment.
7. The island of Cyprus is divided into two ___________________: Greek and Turkish.
8. The police have as yet no proof of this ___________________ in the robbery.
9. According to anthropologists, there appears to be a universal ___________________ of human beauty.
10. The buildings suffered significant ___________________ damage during the earthquake.

1d-D. Complete the sentences using the words in the box.

dysfunction sectioning redefined methodical restructures

unassessed proceeding underestimate inconsistency involved

1. Mark Twain once joked. “Why is it that we rejoice at a birth and grieve at a funeral? It is perhaps because we
are not the person ___________________.”
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 2. The ___________________ in the equality of food at that restaurant has discouraged me from continuing to
eat there.
3. The doctors diagnosed kidney and liver ___________________, so the patient had to get transplants or he
would die.
4. Experts warn that many parents continue to ___________________ the risks their children take using the
internet.
5. Humankind’s consumption of the Earth’s natural resources is ___________________ at a phenomenal pace.
6. A recent analysis predicts that the airline company will be obliged to shed unprofitable domestic routes as it
___________________ in order to survive.
7. Environmentalists believe that the damage to the river posed by the factory is as yet ___________________.
8. Online music stores such as iTunes have ___________________ the way people buy and listen to their
favorite songs.
9. Online dating services which allow users to exchange background information offer users a/an
___________________ approach to the search for love and romance.
10. Cross ___________________ of the tissue sample revealed a series of tiny tumors.

1d-E. Complete the sentences using the words in the box.

reassessment structural inestimable consisted define

sectioned proceeding functioned involved methodology

1. According to the Louvre, the value of the painting known as the Mona Lisa is simply ___________________.
2. This study employs a standardized ___________________ for evaluating the effectiveness of preventive
health care measures.
3. Some people believe that Stonehenge may have ___________________ to predict solstices, equinoxes, and
eclipses.
4. The government requires a/an __________________of properly values every 4 years to ensure that all
information is current, fair, and accurate.
5. Psychologists have proposed a number of criteria which are used to ___________________ abnormality.
6. One out of every five new car drivers is ___________________ in a crash during the first two years of
driving.
7. The cell is the basic ___________________ unit of all living things.
8. When World War I began, the U.S air force ___________________ of only fifty men.
9. The nation of Burma is a collection of states ___________________ by mountainous jungles and various
river valleys.
10. Everything is ___________________ exactly as planned.

ANSWER KEY

1d-A. 1.assess 2.consist 3.involves 4.structure 5.function 6.section 7.estimate 8.proceed 9.define 10.method

1d-B. 1.functions 2.consists 3.method 4.defined 5.assessed 6.section 7.estimated 8.involved 9.proceeded
10.structure

1d-C. 1.methodical 2.functional 3.assessment 4.consisted 5.underestimate 6.proceed 7.sections 8.involvement

9.definition 10.structural

1d-D. 1.involved 2.inconsistency 3.dysfunction 4.underestimate 5.proceeding 6.restructures 7.unassessed

8.redefined 9.methodological 10.sectioning

1d-E. 1.inestimable 2.methodology 3.functioned 4.reassessment 5.define 6.involved 7.structural 8.consisted

9.sectioned 10.proceeding

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ACADEMIC WORDS – SUBLIST 1e

WORD DEFINITION EXAMPLES

assume (v.) to think that something is true, although you
do not have definite proof  you’d gone out.
constitute (v.) to be considered to be something
derive (v.) If you derive something such
as pleasure or benefit from a person or from
something, you get it from them.
evident (adj.) easy to see, notice, or understand
identify (v.) to recognize and correctly name someone or
something
issue (n.) (v.) An issue is an important subject that people
are arguing about or discussing.
to officially make a statement, give an
order, warning, etc.
occur (v.) to happen
process (n.) a series of actions that are done in order
to achieve a particular result
sector (n.) a part of an area of activity, especially of
business, trade, etc.
theory (n.) a formal idea or set of ideas that
is intended to explain something
 I didn’t see your car, so I assumed
 The rise in crime rates constitutes a
threat to society.
 Medically, we will derive great benefit
from this technique.
 It was evident that she was unhappy.
 The police took fingerprints
and identified the body.
 Abortion is a highly controversial issue.
 Silva issued a statement denying all
knowledge of the affair.
 A third of accidental deaths occur in
the home.
 Repetition can help the learning
process.
 The growth in the number of home
computers has boosted the
electronics sector.
 Einstein formulated the Theory of
Relativity in 1905. 

1e-A. Complete the sentences using the words in the box.

evidence constitutes identify occurred issue

derived theorists assumed process sector

1. The police freed a suspected murderer because they didn’t have enough ___________________ to charge
him.
2. It is important to learn a ___________________ which will help you guess the meaning of new vocabulary
from context.
3. When you didn’t come to work I just ___________________ that you were sick.
4. Many words in English are ___________________ from French.
5. The woman was unable to ___________________ the man who stole her purse because it had been too
dark at the time of the robbery.
6. The accident ___________________ at about 9 this morning.
7. Canada’s aboriginal population ___________________ a small but important part of our country.
8. An important ___________________ under discussion in the world of sport today is the participation of
professional athletes in the Olympic Games.
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 9. Many ___________________ now believe that vocabulary development is even more important than
grammar study for second language learners.
10. Jobs in the tourism ___________________ have risen by over 5% this year.

1e-B. Complete the sentences using the words in the box.

sector process derive evidence constitute

assume issues identifies occur theories

1. About 16% of Americans work in the manufacturing ___________________.

2. Current ___________________trace our first human ancestors to Africa about 5 to 7 million years.
3. Bananas and coffee together ___________________ almost 38% of Costa Rica’s export earnings.
4. One can ___________________ some important conclusions using the results of a proper set of
experiments.
5. He doesn’t have enough ___________________ to support his theories just yet.
6. Our response to the controversial social ___________________ of our time will determine our future.
7. The music which the world ___________________ with Argentina is the music of the tango.
8. It will take at least a month to ___________________ your application for a visa.
9. Many people seem to ___________________ that Canadians are just the same as Americans.
10. Earthquakes ___________________ in the world about once every hour.

1e-C. Complete the sentences using the words in the box.

processed reoccur theorizes evidence constitutional

issuing unidentifiable sector derives assumptions

1. The president has resigned, and the country is in the middle of a ___________________ crisis.
2. The notion of the Big Bang ___________________ that the universe began as a huge explosion of matter.
3. A large percentage of the population of Paraguay ___________________ their living from agricultural
activity.
4. The body of the person killed in the fire was so badly burned that it was ___________________.
5. There is some ___________________ that a diet high in broccoli and cabbage reduces a woman’s risk for
breast cancer.
6. The union is ___________________ notices that there may be a strike as early as next week.
7. The data can be ___________________ by computer in a matter of seconds.
8. Unless safety procedures are improved immediately, an accident could easily ___________________.
9. We shouldn’t make any ___________________ until we have heard from everyone involved in the incident.
10. Tourism has been the biggest growth ___________________ in the Greek economy since the 1970s.

1e-D. Complete the sentences using the words in the box.

theories evidence deriving assumptions issued

sectors constitutive occurs unidentifiable processes

1. We often make ___________________ about people from foreign countries based on a very limited
knowledge of their culture.
2. Whether or not learning ___________________ depends on a variety of factors, including student
motivation and effectiveness of the presentation of materials.
3. Much ___________________ exists suggesting that the seafloors are constantly moving and continually
being created and destroyed.
4. The survival of our planet depends on a transformation from our current state of ___________________
90% of our energy from fossil fuels to developing less environmentally-destructive sources.

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 5. In order to understand our earth and the ___________________ which operate upon it, one must attempt
to comprehend time spans of millions of years.
6. “Canadian food” is largely ___________________ because this country is quite young and has not really
developed its own unique cuisine.
7. Many psychotherapists today follow the overall approach of Sigmund Freud, though they generally reject his
___________________.
8. In the study of physics, the stress-strain ___________________ relation for linear materials is commonly
referred to as Hooke’s law.
9. A report ___________________ by the International Labor Organization in 1996 said that Asia has the
greatest number of children working, which corresponds to 45 million.
10. In the Cote d’lvoire, an increasing number of women are employed in ___________________ of the
economy such as medicine, business, and university teaching.

1e-E. Complete the sentences using the words in the box.

theoretical identifying issued derivatives constituent

occurrence sectors evident process assumed

1. Earthquakes are a frequent daily ___________________ in many parts of Japan.

2. It is ___________________ from his acting that he was very nervous about this performance.
3. Recent studies reveal that the floral industry uses the highest level of pesticides of all agricultural
___________________.
4. Many carpets nowadays are produced using synthetic fibers made of petroleum ___________________.
5. One of the earliest U.S passports on record was ___________________ in France in 1778.
6. Students can learn more quickly by ___________________ their own weaknesses in the subject they are
studying and then taking steps to improve in those areas.
7. By the 19th century, Britain had ___________________ political control of virtually all of India.
8. I studied practical linguistics to become an ESL teacher, but some other people in my classes were
studying ___________________ linguistics in order to do research.
9. Society can be viewed as a/ an ___________________ in which human beings construct or negotiate
social order.
10. Breaking the sounds of a word into their ___________________ parts can help students with the
pronunciation of a new and difficult word.

ANSWER KEY

1e-A. 1.evidence 2.process 3.assumed 4.derived 5.identify 6.occurred 7.constitutes 8.issue 9.theorists
10.sector

1e-B. 1.sector 2.theories 3.constitute 4.derive 5.evidence 6.issues 7.identifies 8.process 9.assume 10.occcur

1e-C. 1.constitutional 2.theorizes 3.derives 4.unidentifiable 5.evidence 6.issuing 7.processed 8.reoccur

9.assumptions 10.sector

1e-D. 1.assumptions 2.occurs 3.evidence 4.deriving 5.processes 6.unidentifiable 7.theories 8.constitutive

9.issued 10.sectors

1e-E. 1.occurrence 2.evident 3.sectors 4.derivatives 5.issued 6.identifying 7.assumed 8.theoretical 9.process
10.constituent

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ACADEMIC WORDS – SUBLIST 1f

WORD DEFINITION EXAMPLES

authority (n.) the power you have because of your official  Only the president has the authority to
position declare war.

context (n.) the situation, events, or information that  The meaning of ‘mad’ depends on its
is related to something and that helps you context.
understand it
distribute (v.) If you distribute things, you hand them or  Thousands of soldiers are working to
deliver them to a number of people. distribute food and blankets to the
refugees.
export (v.) (n.) the business of selling and sending goods to  The nation also exports rice.
other countries  Ghana's main export is cocoa.
Exports are goods which are sold to another
country and sent there.
income (n.) the money that you earn from your work or  People on higher incomes should pay
that you receive from investments, the more tax.
government, etc.
labor (n.) work, especially physical work  Many women do hard manual labor.
percent (n.) You use percent to talk about amounts.  Sixteen percent of children live in
poverty in this country.
require (v.) to need something  Most houseplants require regular
watering.
If a law or rule requires you to do something,
you have to do it.  You are required by law to wear a seat
belt.
significant (adj.) having an important effect or influence  His most significant political
achievement was the abolition of the
death penalty.
vary (v.) If things vary, they are different from each  As they're handmade, each one varies
other in size, amount, or degree. slightly.

1f-A. Complete the sentences using the words in the box.

varies authority context labor export

requires income significant percentage distribute

1. Management is meeting with ___________________ to begin discussion on a new contract.

2. He is a well-known ___________________ on the language used by bees to communicate the location of
food.
3. Could you please ___________________ the answer sheets while I hand out the tests?
4. The amount of rain we receive ___________________ from year to year of course, but this year has been
very dry.
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 5. Vocabulary is generally easier to understand if you look at it in ___________________.
6. This airline seat-sale ___________________ you to book your ticket at least a month in advance.
7. We have noticed a/an ___________________ improvement in Teddy’s attitude since you had a talk with
him.
8. I think that the ___________________ of students that have to repeat a level in this program is usually
about 25% or less.
9. In the future, Canada will be under great pressure to ___________________ fresh water to the United
States.
10. It is generally quite difficult to raise a family on a single ___________________ in Canada today, so very
often both parents work full-time.

1f-B. Complete the sentences using the words in the box.

distribute export labor percentage required

significant context varies income authority

1. One’s values should be viewed in the ___________________ of one’s culture.

2. Every Christmas, she works hard to ___________________ food and blankets to the homeless.
3. The diet of brown bears ___________________ depending on what foods are available in that particular
season or habitat.
4. Oman’s economy is based on petroleum, which accounts for 99 percent of ___________________ revenues.
5. Studies show that women are much less likely than men to occupy positions of ___________________ at
work.
6. Visas are not ___________________ for Americans who plan to stay in England for less than three months.
7. Our family ___________________ was lower than usual last year because my wife quit work in August to
have our baby.
8. Huang and van Naerssen have found that reading outside class is the most ___________________ predictor
of speaking ability in a second language.
9. She invests a certain ___________________ of her earrings in the stock market each month.
10. The ___________________ of wedding the garden was too much for his weak back.

1f-C. Complete the sentences using the words in the box.

income percent contextualize exportation various

distribution significantly requirements laborer authorize

1. You have to ___________________ the remark in the overall discussion to fully understand what was
meant.
2. I am not allowed to ___________________ any purchases. You will talk to my boss.
3. The ___________________ of raw logs to Asia and the U.S continues to be one of this province’s most
important industries.
4. Highly unequal income ___________________ remains a serious problem in Brazil.
5. Denmark has the highest rate of ___________________ tax in the world, which corresponds to 68%.
6. Inflation has risen by less than 1 ___________________ this year.
7. Obviously, one of the first ___________________ of being a firefighter is that you must be in excellent
physical shape.
8. Her English improved ___________________ after she got a Canadian boyfriend.
9. He works as a/an ___________________ on a road-building crew for the city.
10. This restaurant has a wonderful buffet with dishes from ___________________ countries.

1f-D. Complete the sentences using the words in the box.

redistributes percentage variation contextualize income

laboring authority insignificant requires exporting
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 1. Around the age of 50, the human body ___________________ its supplies of fat, weakening the muscles and
causing skin to sag.
2. In order to teach technical writing, it is important that the instructor ___________________ the task so that
students are writing authentic-looking reports, business letters, etc.
3. In the thirteenth century, the church was seen as the supreme ___________________, not only in regards to
faith and morals, but also in intellectual and political affairs.
4. In writing an essay, sentence ___________________ is important. Too many simple sentences will make
your paper sound as if it were written for children.
5. Learning a second language ___________________ a lot of patience and hard work.
6. He is not interested in the taste of beer; he just wants whatever has the highest ___________________ of
alcohol.
7. Studies show that when mothers control a greater share of household___________________, they tend to
invest that money back into their families.
8. The old man spent his life ___________________ in the fields, planting and harvesting food for his family.
9. The amount of damage after the rainstorm was ___________________.
10. The Canadian province of Nova Scotia leads the world in ___________________ lobster, wild blueberries
and Christmas trees.

1f-E. Complete the sentences using the words in the box.

distributional incomes authoritarian laborers significant

export required variety percent context

1. The factory has hired a number of ___________________ to work the night shift.
2. The corporation made a/an ___________________ profit in the last quarter.
3. Studies show that people with highly ___________________ attitudes tend to be more prejudiced against
others than the general population.
4. Bird droppings are the chief ___________________ of Nauru, an island nation in the Western Pacific.
5. In the tourist areas of Spain, ___________________ are on average 20% higher than in the industrial
regions.
6. The tags put on young salmon by biologists provide ___________________ data on individual fish as they
are caught.
7. You took what I said totally out of ___________________. You know very well that I was just teasing you.
8. In Sparta in the 4th century, men over the age of 20 were ___________________ to eat a kilo of meat per day
to give them courage.
9. One ___________________ of our company’s profits are given to local charities.
10. River systems are the major agents by which the Earth’s surface is sculptured into a/an
___________________ of land forms.

ANSWER KEY

1f-A. 1.labor 2.authority 3.distribute 4.varies 5.context 6.requires 7.significant 8.percentage 9.export
10.income

1f-B. 1.context 2.distribute 3.varies 4.export 5.authority 6.required 7.income 8.significant 9.percentage
10.labor

1f-C. 1.contextualize 2.authorize 3.exportation 4.distribution 5.income 6.percent 7.requirements 8.significantly

9.laborer 10.various

1f-D. 1.redistributes 2.contextualize 3.authority 4.variation 5.requires 6.percentage 7.income 8.laboring

9.insignificant 10.exporting
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1f-E. 1.laborers 2.significant 3.authoritarian 4.export 5.incomes 6.distributional 7.context 8.required 9.percent
10.variety

NOUN VERB ADJECTIVE ADVERB

assessment, assessor assess assessable, assessed,
unassessed
consistency, consist consistent, inconsistent consistently,
inconsistency inconsistently
definition define, redefine definable, indefinable indefinably
estimate, estimation estimate, overestimate, inestimable
underestimate
function function functional functionally
involvement involve involved, uninvolved

method, methodology methodical, methodically,

methodological methodologically
procedure, proceedings proceed procedural
section sectional
structure structure, restructure structural structurally
assumption assume assumed, assuming assumedly, assumingly
constituency, constitute constitutional, constitutionally,
constituent, constitution unconstitutional unconstitutionally
derivation derive derivative
theory theorize theoretical theoretically
authority authorize authoritative authoritatively
context contextualize contextualized
distribution, distributor distribute, redistribute distributional,
distributive
export, exporter export
income
labor, laborer, laboring labor laborious laboriously
percent, percentage
requirement require
significance, signify significant, insignificant significantly,
insignificance insignificantly
variety, variable, vary various, variant variably, invariably
variation, variance,
variant, variability,
invariable

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