1.

1 Water

WATER
a) Illustrate the structure of water
STRUCTURE
Shape Polar molecule
- Wide V shape - Opposite ends of water molecule have
➔ 1 O atom and 2H atom opposite charge
- covalent bonds - O : partial negative charge
- bond angle: 104.5° - H : partial positive charge

Covalent bond

Why oxygen is partially negative and hydrogen is

partially positive?
O is more electronegative charge than H, shared
electron are pulled more toward O
This result in partial negative charge on O and partial
positive charge on H
Hydrogen bond
- Polarity allow water to form hydrogen bond
- H atom of 1 water is attracted to O atom of other water by hydrogen bond
- 1 water molecule form hydrogen bond to max of 4 water molecules

Between 2 water molecule Between 4 water molecule

• Hydrogen bonds are weaker

than covalent bonds but, strong
enough to hold water molecules
together

b) State the properties of water

PROPERTIES
PROPERTIES DESCRIPTION
1. Universal solvent - Water is polar molecule / due its polarity
- Dissolve ionic and polar molecule
- Importance : universal solvent for most solute and
provide an aqueous medium for biochemical reaction
2. Low viscosity - Hydrogen bonds between water molecule is
continuously form, break and reform
- Importance : as lubricant to lubricates movement of
substance
3. High specific heat - High amount of heat energy that must be absorbed or
capacity released for 1g of water molecule to change its
temperature by 1oC
- High amount heat energy is
➔ absorbed to break all hydrogen bonds between
water molecule to increase the temperature
➔ released to form hydrogen bonds between water
molecule to decrease the temperature
- Importance : stabilize the ocean temperature, thus
enable aquatic organism to survive
4. High latent heat of - High amount of heat energy that must be absorbed for
vaporization 1g of water molecule to change liquid water to water
vapor
- High amount heat energy is absorbed to break all
hydrogen bonds between water molecule to change
liquid water into water vapor
- Importance : give cooling effect
5. High surface tension - Is a measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a
liquid
- Surface tension is related to cohesive forces between
water molecule
- Importance : allow insects to walk on the water surface
6. Max density at 4oC - At 0oC, liquid water transform into ice
- Ice is less dense than liquid water at 4oC
- Ice float in liquid water because hydrogen bond keeps
the molecules for enough apart making ice less dense
- Water reaches its greatest density at 4oC
- Importance : as ice floats, it acts as insulator to prevent
ponds, lakes, oceans from freeze, thus allow aquatic
organism to survive under the floating ice