UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, LAHORE

HMT LAB
MUHAMMAD HAMZA KHAN| 2019-ME-19

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 UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, LAHORE

Table of Contents
1. Objective 3
2. Introduction 3
2.1 Temperature Profile 3
2.2 Effect of change in cross-sectional area 3

3. Theory 3
3.1 Radial steady conduction 3

3.2 Fourier’s Law derivation 4

3.3 Assumptions 5
3.4 Derivation for this experiment 5

4. Apparatus 5

4.1 Transformer 6

4.2 Calibration Unit 6

4.3 Test Unit 6

5. Procedure 6

6. Observations 6

7. Graph 7

7.1 Using Excel 7

7.2 Using MATLAB 7

8. Calculations 8

9. Results 9

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EXPERIMENT 4
1. Objective:
To examine the temperature profile and determine the rate of heat
transfer resulting from radial steady conduction through wall of
cylinder.

2. Introduction:
The Radial Heat Conduction experiments allows the basic laws of heat transfer by
conduction through a cylindrical solid to be investigated. Steady-state conduction is the
form of conduction that happens when the temperature difference driving the conduction
are constant, so that the spatial distribution of temperatures (temperature field) in the
conducting object does not change any further.

2.1 Temperature profile

A temperature profile is how temperature of something changes as a function of
distance. Temperature differences cause heat flows. These heat flows, in turn, cause
different temperature profiles inside the considered material depending on its
geometry. Temperature profiling has been used for basic thermal-cure quality-
assurance purposes in the finishing industry for many years. In addition to typical
uses for QA programs, thermal profiling can be a valuable tool for process control,
optimization and proactive problem solving. Changes in technique and innovative
developments in data collection, interpretation and reporting are being implemented
that will advance this technology into the new millennium.

2.2 Fourier Law

The Fourier Law is a rate equation that allows determination of the conduction heat
flux from knowledge of the temperature distribution in a medium. A heat flux or
thermal flux is the amount of heat energy passing through a certain surface. We know
that the conduction of heat takes place when the molecules of matter vibrate. Heat
energy is transferred from a higher temperature area to a lower one. This process
abides by Fourier’s law. Fourier’s law states that the negative gradient of temperature
and the time rate of heat transfer is proportional to the area at right angles of that
gradient through which the heat flows. Fourier’s law is the other name of the law of
heat conduction. Fourier’s law states that heat flux is proportional to thermal gradient:

q = -kA dT/dx
where k is thermal conductivity.

3. Theory

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3.1 Radial steady conduction

Cylindrical and spherical systems often experience temperature gradients in the
radial direction only and may therefore treat as one dimensional. A common
example is the hollow cylinder, whose inner and outer surfaces are exposed to fluids
at different temperatures. For radial conduction, the electrical heating element is
bonded to the center part of a circular brass plate (heat source). The cooling water
flows through the edge of the plate that acts as a heat sink for heat discharge. The
other surfaces of the plate are well insulated to simulate radial heat conduction from
the plate center to its edge when the heating element is switched on. Thermocouples
are embedded in the circular plate.
Steady-state conduction is the form of conduction that happens when the
temperature difference(s) driving the conduction are constant, so that (after an
equilibration time), the spatial distribution of temperatures (temperature field) in the
conducting object does not change any further.

3.2 Fourier’s Law derivation

The derivation of Fourier’s law was explained with the help of an experiment which
explained the Rate of heat transfer through a plane layer is proportional to the
temperature gradient across the layer and heat transfer area. Flow of heat per unit
area is proportional to the temperature difference per unit length i.e.

Fig 4.1 Fourier’s Law Experiment

( Area)(Temperature Difference)
Rate of heat conduction ∝
Thickness

Let T1 and T2 be the temperature difference across a small distance Δx of area A.
k is the conductivity of the material. Therefore, in one dimensional, the following
is the equation used:
kA ∆ T
q=
∆x

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When Δx → 0, the following is the equation in a reduced form to a differential

form:
dT
lim q=kA
∆ x →0 dx

3.1 Assumptions
Following are the assumptions for the Fourier law of heat conduction.
i. The thermal conductivity of the material is constant throughout the
material.
ii. There is no internal heat generation that occurs in the body.
iii. The temperature gradient is considered as constant.

3.2 Derivation for this experiment

Since,
kAdT
q=
dr

k (2 πL)∆ T
q=
dr

q 1
×∫ dr=∫ dT
2 πKL r

q 1
×∫ dr=∫ dT
2 πKL r

q
×(ln r 2−ln r 1 )=(T 2 −T 1 )
2 πKL
So, we have;

(T ¿ ¿ 1−T 2)×2 πKL

q= ¿
r2
ln ( )
r1

4 Apparatus
The apparatus used is Heat Conduction Unit, which consists of three items.

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Fig 3.2 Heat Conduction Unit apparatus

4.1 Transformer
The transformer has two cords which connect it to an AC outlet and to the
second item, the calibration unit.

4.2 Calibration unit

The calibration unit has two basic functions. It delivers power to the heater
element within the test unit and it calibrates and displays the temperatures at
nine locations along the test unit.

4.3 Test unit

The test unit consists of two test geometries: an insulated brass bar which
allows a sample to be placed between the two ends, and an insulated disk. The
test unit is also equipped with a cooling water hose. The purpose of the cooling
water running through the unit at the cold end of the bar is to remove heat that
is produced at the hot end and transferred by conduction to the cold end,
keeping the cold end at a constant temperature.

5 Procedure
i. Connect the equipment making sure that the calibration unit is switched off before
connecting the transformer to the AC outlet.
ii. Apply a very small amount of thermal conducting paste to make a thin layer on each
side of the test unit surface and spread it uniformly.
iii. Insert the brass sample into the unit and allow cooling water to flow through the test
unit.
iv. Connect all thermocouples in the appropriate order.
v. Switch the calibration unit on and adjust the power and deliver 5 W. Change this
power constantly and note the corresponding values for temperatures.

6. Observations
Distance r
(m) Temperature at Temperature at Temperature at Temperature at

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q =10 W q= 15 W q = 20 W q = 25 W
0.01 38 39 43 46
0.02 34 37 39 39
0.03 33 36 36 37
0.04 33 34 35 36
0.05 32 33 34 34
0.06 32 32 33 33

7. Graph
a. Using Excel

Temperature variati on against

distance from heater
q=10 W q=15 W q=20 W q=25 W
50
45
40
35
Temperature (C)

30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Distance r (m)

Fig 3.3. Graph of Temperature variation against distance from heater using Excel

b. Using MATLAB

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Fig 3.4. Graph of Temperature variation against distance from heater using MATLAB
8. Calculations
Specimen
r1 = 0.004 m
r2 = 0.054 m
Length = L = 3 mm
Assume k = 118.8 W/m.K
Finding value of q using,
(T ¿ ¿ 1−T 2)×2 πKL
q= ¿
r2
ln ( )
r1

At q = 10W, T1 = 38C, T2 = 32C

( 38−32 ) ×2 π (118.8)( 0.003)
q=
0.054
ln( )
0.004

q=5.16 W

At q = 15W, T1 = 39C, T2 = 32C

( 39−32 ) ×2 π (118.8)( 0.003)
q=
0.054
ln ( )
0.004

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q=6.02 W

At q = 20W, T1 = 43C, T2 = 33C

( 43−33 ) × 2 π (118.8)(0.003)
q=
0.054
ln ( )
0.004

q=8.60 W

At q = 25W, T1 = 46C, T2 = 33C

( 46−33 ) ×2 π (118.8)(0.003)
q=
0.055
ln( )
0.004

q=11.19 W

9 Results

Sr. No q T1 T2 T3 T5 T7 T8 qcal %
(W) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (W) Error
1. 10 38 34 33 33 32 32 5.16 48.4%
2. 15 39 37 36 34 33 32 6.02 59.87%
3. 20 43 39 36 35 34 33 8.60 57%
4. 25 46 39 37 36 34 33 11.19 55.24%

The graphs plotted verify the Fourier’s law. The values of overall heat transfer
coefficient increase with the increase in power supply as depicted in calculations. The
temperature decreases with the increase in distance from the center. The reason being that
more and more material added corresponds to an increase in the thermal resistance. The
heat passing through each successive cylindrical isothermal radial surface is same but due
to increase in radius in the outer direction, the heat gradient as well as the heat flux
decreases.