University of Engineering and Technology - VNU

Semiconductor devices and Integrated Circuit

Dr. Tran Cuong Hung

Email: tchung@vnu.edu.vn

9/9/2022
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Chapter 2
Semiconductor Diodes

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Content

• Semiconductor Materials
• N-Type and P-Type Semiconductors
• Semiconductor Diode
• Diode Equivalent Circuits
• Diode Applications

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Diode Models

• The Ideal Diode Model: The ideal model of a diode is the least accurate
approximation and can be represented by a simple switch
▫ Closed (ON) switch → Forward Bias
▫ Open (OFF) switch → Reverse Bias
• The barrier potential and the forward dynamic resistance are neglected
Forward Bias

Reverse Bias

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Diode Models

• The Practical Diode Model: The practical model includes the barrier
potential. When the diode is forward-biased, it is equivalent to a closed
switch in series with a small equivalent voltage source (VF) equal to the
barrier potential (0.7 V) with the positive side toward the anode.

Forward Bias

Reverse Bias

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Diode Models

• The Complete Diode Mode: The complete model of a diode is the most
accurate approximation and includes the barrier potential, the small forward
dynamic resistance and the large internal reverse resistance

Forward Bias

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Example

• Example 1:

(a) Determine the forward voltage and forward current for the diode in Figure (a)
for each of the diode models. Also find the voltage across the limiting resistor in
each case. Assume r 'd = 10  at the determined value of forward current

(b) Determine the reverse voltage and reverse current for the diode in Figure (b)
for each of the diode models. Also find the voltage across the limiting resistor in
each case. Assume IR=1µA.

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Diode and applications

• Diode Rectifier
• Zener Diode
• Varactor Diode
• Schottky Diode
• Tunnel Diode
• Light – emitting diode
• Diode arrays

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Basic DC power Supply

Mạch lọc
Biến áp nguồn
Mạch chỉnh lưu Mạch ổn áp

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Basic DC power Supply

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Rectifier Diode

• A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC),

which periodically reverses direction, to direct current (DC), which flows in
only one direction

Half-wave rectifier with Center-tapped full-wave rectifier

transformercoupled input voltage
Sơ đồ chỉnh lưu nửa chu kỳ Sơ đồ chỉnh lưu cả chu kỳ

Bridge Full-Wave Rectifier

Sơ đồ chỉnh lưu cầu

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Half-wave rectifier

Half-wave rectifier operation

During the positive

alternation

During the negaitive

alternation

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Half-wave rectifier

When the sinusoidal input voltage (Vin) goes positive,

the diode is forward-biased and conducts current
through the load resistor Vin

wt

When the input voltage goes negative during the

second half of its cycle, the diode is reverse-
biased. There is no current, so the voltage across
the load resistor is 0 V

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Half-wave rectifier

Effect of the Barrier Potential on the Half-Wave Rectifier Output

When the practical diode model is used with the barrier potential of 0.7 V taken into account, this is
what happens. During the positive half-cycle, the input voltage must overcome the barrier potential
before the diode becomes forward-biased. This results in a half-wave output with a peak value that is
0.7 V less than the peak value of the input.

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Half-wave rectifier

• Example 2:

Draw the output voltage Vout

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Half-wave rectifier

• Example 2:
The 1N4001 and 1N4003 are specific rectifier diodes.

Draw the output voltage Vout

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Full-wave rectifiers

Center Tapped Full Wave Rectifier Bridge Full Wave Rectifier

2 diodes 4 diodes

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Full-wave rectifiers

During the positive half- During the negative half-

cycle of the input cycle of the input
- D1, D2 are forward-biased - D1, D2 are reverse-biased
- D3, D4 are reverse-biased - D3, D4 forward-biased

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Full-wave rectifiers

During the positive half-cycle of the

input, D1 and D2 are forward- biased
and conduct current. D3 and D4 are
reverse-biased.

During the negative half-cycle of the

input, D3 and D4 are forward-biased
and conduct current. D1and D2 are
reverse-biased.

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Full-wave rectifiers

During the positive half-cycle of the input

Full-wave
rectifiers

During the negative half-cycle of the input

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Center-Tapped Full-Wave Rectifier

During positive half-cycles During negative half-cycles

• D1 is forward-biased • D1 is reverse-biased
• D2 is reverse-biased • D2 is forward-biased

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Center-Tapped Full-Wave Rectifier

Center-tapped full-wave rectifier with
a transformer turns ratio of 1

Example

Center-tapped full-wave rectifier with

a transformer turns ratio of 2
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Summary

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Summary

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Power supply filters and regulators

A power supply filter ideally eliminates the fluctuations in the output voltage of
a halfwave or full-wave rectifier and produces a constant-level dc voltage.

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Capacitor-Input Filter

Larger ripple (blue) means less effective filtering

Initial charging of the capacitor (diode is forward-

biased) happens only once when power is turned on

The larger the capacitor

value, the smaller the ripple
for the same input and load
The capacitor discharges through RL after peak of
positive alternation when the diode is reverse-biased.

The capacitor charges back to peak of input when

the diode becomes forward-biased.

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Example

Example 3:

Determine the ripple factor for the filtered bridge rectifier with a
load as indicated in Figure.

The ripple factor (r) is an indication of the effectiveness of the

filter and is defined as:

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Voltage regulators

While filters can reduce the ripple from power supplies to a low value, the most effective
approach is a combination of a capacitor-input filter used with a voltage regulator. A
voltage regulator is connected to the output of a filtered rectifier and maintains a constant
output voltage (or current) despite changes in the input, the load current, or the
temperature. The capacitor-input filter reduces the input ripple to the regulator to an
acceptable level. The combination of a large capacitor and a voltage regulator helps
produce an excellent power supply.

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Diode limiters and clampers

Diode limiter (clipper) Biased Limiters

A positive limiter

A negative limiter
The level to which an ac voltage is limited can
be adjusted by adding a bias voltage

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Example

• Example 4:

What would you expect to see displayed on an oscilloscope connected across RL in the
limiter shown in Figure below.

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Diode limiters and clampers

Turning the diode around

Turning the diode around

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Example

• Example 5:

Determine the output voltage waveform

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Diode limiters and clampers

Positive clamper operation

Negative clamper
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Zener Diode

• A zener diode is a silicon pn junction device that is designed for operation

in the reverse-breakdown region.

Zener diode symbol

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Breakdown Characteristics

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Zener Equivalent Circuits

ZZ Zener impedance

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Zener Equivalent Circuits

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Zener Diode Applications

• Zener regulation with variable load

The Zener diode maintains a nearly constant voltage across as long as the Zener
current is greater than and less than IZM
IZK ≤IZ ≤IZM

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Zener Diode Applications

• Zener Regulation with a Variable Input Voltage

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Example

• Example 6:

Diode 1N4740A
IZK=0.25 mA
IZM=PD(max)/VZ=1/10=100 mA
Determine Vin min and Vin max ?

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Varactor Diode

• A varactor is a diode that always operates in reverse bias and is doped to

maximize the inherent capacitance of the depletion region. The depletion
region acts as a capacitor dielectric because of its non conductive
characteristic. The p and n regions are conductive and act as the capacitor
plates.

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Varactor Diode

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Schottky Diode

• Schottky diodes are high-current diodes used primarily in high-frequency

and fast-switching applications.

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Tunnel Diode

• The tunnel diode exhibits a special characteristic known as negative

resistance.This feature makes it useful in oscillator and microwave amplifier
applications.

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LED – Light Emitting Diode

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LED – Light Emitting Diode

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SEE YOU NEXT TIME

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