Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications

3rd Edition
Yunus A. Cengel, John M. Cimbala
McGraw-Hill, 2014

Chapter 2
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
(Continued)
Contents
• Objectives
• Introduction
✓ Continuum
• Density and Specific Gravity
✓ Density of Ideal Gases
• Compressibility and Speed of Sound
✓ Coefficient of Compressibility
✓ Coefficient of Volume Expansion
✓ Speed of Sound and Mach Number
• Vapor Pressure and Cavitation
• Viscosity
• Surface Tension and Capillary Effect
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A drop forms when
liquid is forced out of a
small tube. The shape
of the drop is
determined by a
balance of pressure,
gravity, and surface
tension forces.
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 Objectives
• Have a working knowledge of the basic properties of
fluids and understand the continuum approximation.
• Have a working knowledge of viscosity and the
consequences of the frictional effects it causes in
fluid flow.
• Calculate the capillary rise (or drop) in tubes due to
the surface tension effect.

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 2–4 ■ VAPOR PRESSURE
• Saturation temperature Tsat: The temperature at which a pure substance changes
phase at a given pressure.
• Saturation pressure Psat: The pressure at which a pure substance changes phase at a
given temperature.
• Vapor pressure (Pv): The pressure exerted by its vapor in phase equilibrium with its
liquid at a given temperature. It is identical to the saturation pressure Psat of the liquid
(Pv = Psat).
• Partial pressure: The pressure of a gas or vapor in a mixture with other gases. For
example, atmospheric air is a mixture of dry air and water vapor, and atmospheric
pressure is the sum of the partial pressure of dry air and the partial pressure of water
vapor.

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Saturation Pressure and Temperature

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Saturation Pressure and Temperature

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 The vapor pressure (saturation pressure)
of a pure substance (e.g., water) is the
pressure exerted by its vapor molecules
when the system is in phase equilibrium
with its liquid molecules at a given
temperature.

At an absolute pressure of 1 standard atmosphere (1 atm or 101.325 kPa), for

example, the saturation temperature of water is 100°C. Conversely, at a
temperature of 100°C, the saturation pressure of water is 1 atm.

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 CAVITATION
• There is a possibility of the liquid pressure in liquid-
flow systems dropping below the vapor pressure at
some locations resulting in an unplanned
vaporization.
• The vapor bubbles (called cavitation bubbles since
they form “cavities” in the liquid) collapse as they
are swept away from the low-pressure regions,
generating highly destructive, extremely high-
pressure waves.
• This phenomenon, which is a common cause for
drop in performance and even the erosion of
impeller blades, is called cavitation, and it is an
important consideration in the design of hydraulic
turbines and pumps. Cavitation damage on a 16-mm by 23-mm
aluminum sample tested at 60 m/s for 2.5 h.
The sample was located at the cavity
collapse region downstream of a cavity
generator specifically designed to produce
high damage potential.
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Cavitation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ON_irzFAU9c&feature=emb_logo

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